Duplication

In this paper we present a novel, computationally efficient algorithm for nonrigid 2D image registration based on the work of Haker et al. . We formulate the registration task as an Optimal Mass Transport (OMT) problem based on the Monge-Kantorovich theory. This approach gives a number of advantages over other conventional registration methods: (1) It is parameter free and no landmarks need to be specified, (2) it is symmetrical and the energy functional has a unique minimiser, and (3) it can register images where brightness constancy is an invalid assumption. Our algorithm solves the Optimal Mass Transport program via multi-resolution, multi-grid, and parallel methodologies on a consumer graphics processing unit (GPU). Although solving the OMT problem has been shown to be computationally expensive in the past, we show that our approach is almost two orders magnitude faster than previous work and is capable of finding transport maps with optimality measures (mean curl) previously unattainable by other works (which directly influences the quality of registration). We give results where the algorithm was used to register 2D short axis cardiac MRI images and to morph two image sets from a SOHO solar flare image sequence.

The evolution of User Interface (UI) tools has generally regarded the UI as separable from the underlying application it represents. This viewpoint leaves the UI having to restate invariants already specified in other subsystems of an application, and any discrepancy between the versions in the UI and those in the subsystems leads to errors. This paper explores a sample of real world subsystems in use by enterprise applications today, and underscores the problem of duplication between them and the UI. It then surveys the prevalence of this issue within mainstream software development.

The emergence of dramatic morphological differences (disparity) and the ensuing bewildering increase in the number of species (diversity) documented in the fossil record at key stages of animal and plant evolution have defied, and still defy, the explanatory powers of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Among the best examples that have captured the imagination of the layman and the interest of scores of scientists for  years are the origins of land plants from aquatic green plants, of flowering plants from seed plants, of chordates from non-chordates and of tetrapod vertebrates from non-tetrapods; and the conquest of the land by amphibians; the emergence of endotherms from ectotherm animals; the recurrent invention of flight (e.g. in arthropods, birds and mammals) from non-flying ancestors; and the origin of aquatic mammals from fourlegged terrestrial ancestors.

DUPLICIDAD URETRAL INCOMPLETA EN UN VARON. APORTACIÓN DE UN NUEVO CASO La duplicidad uretral es una rara malformación congénita que afecta mayoritariamente al varón y que se diagnostica en los primeros años de la vida. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 20 años de edad que consultó por la presencia de un doble chorro y de un doble orificio uretral a nivel del glande. La uretro-cistografía retrógrada y miccional mostró la presencia de una uretra con un origen vesical único que se bifurcaba en su porción más anterior, correspondiéndose con una duplicidad tipo IIA2 de la clasificación de Effmann. Descartadas la presencia de otras anomalías, se decidió por la abstención terapéutica.

Conventional hybrid RF and optical wireless communication systems make use of parallel Free Space Optical (FSO) and Radio Frequency (RF) channels to achieve higher reliability than individual channels. True hybridization can be accomplished when both channels collaboratively compensate the shortcomings of each other and thereby improve the performance of the system as a whole. In this paper, we propose a novel coding paradigm called "Hybrid Channel Coding" that not only optimally achieves the capacity of the combined FSO and RF channels but also can potentially provide carrier grade reliability (99.999%) for hybrid FSO/RF systems. The proposed mechanism uses non-uniform and rate-compatible LDPC codes to achieve the desired reliability and capacity limits. We propose a design methodology for constructing these Hybrid Channel Codes. Using analysis and simulation, we show that by using Hybrid Channel Codes, we can obtain significantly better availability results in terms of the required link margin while the average throughput obtained is more than 33% better than the currently existing systems. Also by avoiding data duplication, we preserve to a great extent the crucial security benefits of FSO communications. Simulations also show that Hybrid Channel Codes can achieve more than two orders of magnitude improvement in bit error rate compared to present systems.

Background: Autosomal dominant dopa-responsive dystonia is commonly caused by mutations in the guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase-1 gene. Methods: We report a British family that has been followed for more than 20 years in which no mutations were previously identified. Results: Reanalysis of this pedigree detected a duplication of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase-1 exon 2 in affected family members. mRNA analysis showed a mutant transcript with a tandem exon 2 duplication. Four family members developed dopa-responsive dystonia, with onset in their late teens, and subsequently developed restless leg syndrome and migraine.

Microsatellite flanking regions have been compared in two butterfly species. Several microsatellite flanking regions showed high similarity to one another among different microsatellites within a same species, but very few similarities were found between species. This can be the consequence of either duplication /multiplication events involving large regions containing microsatellites or of microsatellites imbedded in minisatellite regions. The multiplication of microsatellites might also be linked to mobile elements. Furthermore, crossing over between nonhomologous microsatellites can lead to the exchange of the flanking regions between microsatellites. The same phenomenon was observed in both studied butterfly species but not in Aphis fabae (Hemiptera), which was screened at the same time using the same protocol. These findings might explain, at least partially, why microsatellite isolation in Lepidoptera has been relatively unsuccessful so far.

Economic diversification is a crucial issue in most developing economies because of the global fall in the price of crude oil since 2014. This study therefore investigates the approaches to market innovation by KIBS for economic diversification in a developing economy based on the Resource-Based View (RBV). KIBS are broadly consultancy and problem-solving firms which performs for clients or clients-firms the services that are highly intellectual and value-added driven. A framework is built in which KIBS small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) employed invention, extension, duplication and synthesis approaches for market innovation to diversify. Four hypotheses were developed and tested. Data was collected from 840 SMEs in KIBS sector of Lagos and analysed. The findings indicate that the approaches are very significant for market innovation. The result would assist in framing programs to encourage market innovation by KIBS SMEs in developing economies. It is therefore, among others, suggested that there should be sensitization programme for the public and law makers on the relevance of KIBS for diversification as well as policy makers to provide supportive structures and infrastructures for KIBS in a developing economy.

We have determined the empirical reproductive risks for heterozygous carriers of complex chromosome rearrangements (CCRs). CCRs are structural rearrangements involving at least three chromosomes and three or more chromosomal breakpoints. Pregnancy outcome, the frequency and type of chromosomal imbalance in the offspring, and the localization and distribution of chromosome breakpoints were analyzed in 25 CCR families ascertained by the birth of a malformed child or repeated spontaneous abortions. This study included two newly ascertained familial CCRs and a total of 67 informative pregnancies. Analysis of the data, after correction for ascertainment bias, showed that the incidence of spontaneous abortions in CCR families was 48.3%. Approximately one in ten pregnancies and 18.4% of all live births to CCR carriers resulted in phenotypically abnormal offspring. One-half of all CCR carrier liveborn offspring were also CCR carriers. There was a 53.7% incidence of an abnormal pregnancy outcome to CCR carriers. We failed to detect any evidence for a non-random involvement of specific chromosomes in CCRs. However, we did observe a non-random distribution of specific breakpoints at sites lq25,4q13, 6q27, 7p14, 9q12, l l p l l , llp15,12q21,13q31,and 18q21.

In this paper, we investigate the possibility that a Near Field Communication (NFC) enabled mobile phone, with an embedded secure element (SE), could be used as a mobile token cloning and skimming platform. We show how an attacker could use an NFC mobile phone as such an attack platform by exploiting the existing security controls of the embedded SE and the available contactless APIs. To illustrate the feasibility of these actions, we also show how to practically skim and emulate certain tokens typically used in payment and access control applications with a NFC mobile phone. We also discuss how to capture and analyse legitimate transaction information from contactless systems. Although such attacks can also be implemented on other contactless platforms, such as custom-built card emulators and modified readers, the NFC enabled mobile phone has a legitimate form factor, which would be accepted by merchants and arouse less suspicion in public. Finally, we propose several security countermeasures for NFC phones that could prevent such misuse.

Cases of congenital double anus are very rare. The number of cases of hindgut duplication of all kinds is slightly higher, and some series include patients with genitourinary and genitalia duplications but with a single anus. However, double termination with tubular duplication is rarely heard of. We report on the case of a patient with 2 well-formed ani, total colon duplication, and 2 vaginas. D

We report on the case of a male child with autistic disorder, postnatal overgrowth, and a minor brain malformation. Karyotyping and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed the presence of an extra copy of the distal portion of chromosome 15q (15q25.2-qter) transposed to chromosome 15p leading to 15q25.2-qter pure trisomy. This karyotype-phenotype study further supports the evidence for a specific phenotype related to trisomy 15q25 or 26-qter and suggests that distal chromosome 15q may be implicated in specific behavioral phenotypes.

A locus for the slow conducting form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (CMT1 A) was localised to the proximal short a r m of chromosome 17, in band p11.2, distal to D17S58. Linkage studies of CMTlA in 3 large Australian families with the marker loci D17S58, D17S71, and D17S57 suggested the order, pter-CMTlA-Dl7S7l-Dl7S58-centromere-D17S57. However, the estimate of the recombination fraction between CMTlA and D175122, also assigned to p11.2, was incompatible with known map distances. The impasse was resolved when the D175122 genotypes were revised to take into account a dosage effect due to a duplication. After correction of the genotypes, the maximum lod score between CMTlA a n d D17S122 increased from 0.53 at a recombination fraction of 0.3 to 34.28 at zero recombination. This result emphasizes that genotypes for markers in the p12-p11.2 region should be examined very carefully as ignoring the duplication changes the linkage results dramatically. The fact that no crossovers were found between CMTlA and D17S122 suggests that the duplication may cause the disease phenotype.

This study investigates approaches to market innovation by Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS) for economic diversification in a developing economy, based on the Resource-Based View (RBV). A framework is built in which KIBS employed invention, extension, duplication and syntheses approaches for market innovation to diversify. A survey was carried out in Lagos, Nigeria with the sample consisting of 1788 KIBS and analysed using Principal Component Analysis, Pearson-Moment correlation and multiple linear regressions. The findings indicate that the four approaches are significantly related to market innovation; however, duplication is the most frequently used. The results would assist in framing programs to encourage market innovation by KIBS in developing economies.

Conventional hybrid RF and optical wireless communication systems make use of parallel Free Space Optical (FSO) and Radio Frequency (RF) channels to achieve higher reliability than individual channels. True hybridization can be accomplished when both channels collaboratively compensate the shortcomings of each other and thereby improve the performance of the system as a whole. In this paper, we propose a novel coding paradigm called "Hybrid Channel Coding" that not only optimally achieves the capacity of the combined FSO and RF channels but also can potentially provide carrier grade reliability (99.999%) for hybrid FSO/RF systems. The proposed mechanism uses non-uniform and rate-compatible LDPC codes to achieve the desired reliability and capacity limits. We propose a design methodology for constructing these Hybrid Channel Codes. Using analysis and simulation, we show that by using Hybrid Channel Codes, we can obtain significantly better availability results in terms of the required link margin while the average throughput obtained is more than 33% better than the currently existing systems. Also by avoiding data duplication, we preserve to a great extent the crucial security benefits of FSO communications. Simulations also show that Hybrid Channel Codes can achieve more than two orders of magnitude improvement in bit error rate compared to present systems.

Biliary tract duplication cysts with heterotopic gastric mucosa are rare congenital anomalies, with our case representing only the fourth reported case in the literature. An 8-year-old girl with several months of abdominal pain was found to have a complex cystic mass communicating with the biliary system via the common hepatic duct. Intraoperatively, inflammation caused by the cystic mass was found to have resulted in a Mirizzi-like syndrome, with a nearly complete obstruction at the confluence of the left and right hepatic ducts. Histopathologic examination of the biliary mass revealed it to be a duplication cyst lined by heterotopic gastric mucosa with secondary ulceration and fibrosis. Biliary duplication cysts are a rare but important process that should be considered in a child with a mass in the portal triad and biliary obstruction.

| Many organisms are currently polyploid, or have a polyploid ancestry and now have secondarily 'diploidized' genomes. This finding is surprising because retained whole-genome duplications (WGDs) are exceedingly rare, suggesting that polyploidy is usually an evolutionary dead end. We argue that ancient genome doublings could probably have survived only under very specific conditions, but that, whenever established, they might have had a pronounced impact on species diversification, and led to an increase in biological complexity and the origin of evolutionary novelties. PersPecTives nATurE rEvIEWS | Genetics voluME 10 | oCToBEr 2009 | 725

Anatomical variations in the femoral vein are of great clinical importance especially in cases of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Knowledge of the variable anatomy of the femoral vein is important to minimise false-negative findings on ultrasound examination in patients with DVT and help to explain the 'silent' DVT. Furthermore, the presence of a duplicated femoral vein itself is associated with higher incidence of DVT. These venous anomalies are usually due to the truncular venous malformation. In the present study, while dissecting the right lower limb, we found a case of variation of the femoral vein. In this case, besides a duplicated femoral vein, we also noticed a 3 rd interconnecting channel near the apex of the femoral triangle joining the two veins. This variation has not been reported previously by other authors. Considering its uniqueness and clinical importance, we decided to report this case. (Folia Morphol 2013; 72, 1: 82-85)

Genomic instability is a feature of the human Xp22.31 region wherein deletions are associated with X-linked ichthyosis, mental retardation and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A putative homologous recombination hotspot motif is enriched in low copy repeats that mediate recurrent deletion at this locus. To date, few efforts have focused on copy number gain at Xp22.31. However, clinical testing revealed a high incidence of duplication of Xp22.31 in subjects ascertained and referred with neurobehavioral phenotypes. We systematically studied 61 unrelated subjects with rearrangements revealing gain in copy number, using multiple molecular assays. We detected not only the anticipated recurrent and simple nonrecurrent duplications, but also unexpectedly identified recurrent triplications and other complex rearrangements. Breakpoint analyses enabled us to surmise the mechanisms for many of these rearrangements. The clinical significance of the recurrent duplications and triplications were assessed using different approaches. We cannot find any evidence to support pathogenicity of the Xp22.31 duplication. However, our data suggest that the Xp22.31 duplication may serve as a risk factor for abnormal phenotypes. Our findings highlight the need for more robust Xp22.31 triplication detection in that such further gain may be more penetrant than the duplications. Our findings reveal the distribution of different mechanisms for genomic duplication rearrangements at a given locus, and provide insights into aspects of strand exchange events between paralogous sequences in the human genome.

In this article we are going to discuss about how genetic programming can be used for record deduplication. Several systems that rely on the integrity of the data in order to offer high quality services, such as digital libraries and ecommerce brokers, may be affected by the existence of duplicates, quasi-replicas, or near-duplicates entries in their repositories. Because of that, there has been a huge effort from private and government organizations in developing effective methods for removing replicas from large data repositories. This is due to the fact that cleaned, replica-free repositories not only allow the retrieval of higher-quality information but also lead to a more concise data representation and to potential savings in computational time and resources to process this data. In this work, we extend the results of a GP-based approach we proposed to record deduplication by performing a comprehensive set of experiments regarding its parameterization setup. Our experiments show that some parameter choices can improve the results to up 30%. Thus, the obtained results can be used as guidelines to suggest the most effective way to set up the parameters of our GP-based approach to record deduplication.

We present a simple term calculus with an explicit control of erasure and duplication of substitutions, enjoying a sound and complete correspondence with the intuitionistic fragment of Linear Logic’s proof-nets. We show the operational behaviour of the calculus and some of its fundamental properties such as confluence, preservation of strong normalisation, strong normalisation of simply-typed terms, step by step simulation of β-reduction and full composition.

17Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD17B1) is a key enzyme of 17beta-estradiol biosynthesis, and in rodents is additionally involved in testosterone biosynthesis. The human HSD17B1 gene, located on chromosome 17q12-21, is duplicated in tandem, with the 3'-copy being the functional gene. Here we show by sequencing the gene from a diverse set of related species that this duplication is of very recent evolutionary origin, having occurred in the common ancestor of Hominoidae (apes and humans) while being absent in the closely related Old World monkeys (Macaca) and the outgroup species Tupaia belangeri and Mus musculus. By computational analysis of the conserved regulatory elements in the 5'-untranslated (5'-UTR) and putative promoter region of the HSD17B1 gene and, where present, pseudogene, across our broad sample of species we can show significant differences that might point to the origin of the divergent substrate specificity of human and rodent HSD17B1 and hig...

Centriole stability and distribution during the mammalian cell cycle was studied by microinjecting biotinylated tubulin into early G~ cells and analyzing the pattern of incorporation into centrioles. Cells were extracted and cold treated to depolymerize labile microtubules, allowing the fluorescent microscopic visualization of the stable centrioles. The ability to detect single centrioles was confirmed by use of correlative electron microscopy. Indirect hapten and im-munofluorescent labeling of biotinylated and total tubulin permitted us to distinguish newly formed from preexisting centrioles. Daughter centrioles incorporated biotinylated tubulin, and at mitosis each cell received a centrosome containing one new and one old centriole. We conclude that in each cell cycle tubulin incorporation into centrioles is conservative, and centriole distribution is semiconservative.

A patient with duplication of a short segment of 3q (3q21→26) without apparent deletion of 3 or of other chromosomes provided a further opportunity to study manifestations of this abnormality. The proposita had a broad nasal bridge, anteverted nostrils, webbed neck, and clinodactyly V in addition to congenital heart disease, limb abnormalities, cleft palate, and severe developmental delay. The infant did not have the hirsutism and synophrys present in other cases.

The sequence of the mouse genome allows one to compare the conservation of synteny between the human and mouse genome and exploration of regions that might have been involved in major rearrangements during the evolution of these two species (evolutionary genome rearrangements). Recent segmental duplications (or duplicons) are paralogous DNA sequences with high sequence identity that account for about 3.5-5% of the human genome and have emerged during the past 35 million years of evolution. These regions are susceptible to illegitimate recombination leading to rearrangements that result in genomic disorders or genomic mutations. A catalogue of several hundred segmental duplications potentially leading to genomic rearrangements has been reported. The authors and others have observed that some chromosome regions involved in genomic disorders are shuffled in orientation and order in the mouse genome and that regions flanked by segmental duplications are often polymorphic. We have compared the human and mouse genome sequences and demonstrate here that recent segmental duplications correlate with breaks of synteny between these two species. We also observed that nine primary regions involved in human genomic disorders show changes in the order or the orientation of mouse/human synteny segments, were often flanked by segmental duplications in the human sequence. We found that 53% of all evolutionary rearrangement breakpoints associate with segmental duplications, as compared with 18% expected in a random location of breaks along the chromosome (P < 0.0001). Our data suggest that segmental duplications have participated in the recent evolution of the human genome, as driving forces for evolutionary rearrangements, chromosome structure polymorphisms and genomic disorders.

Instructors in higher education are disseminating instructional content via podcasting, as many rally behind the technology's potential benefits. Others have expressed concern about the risks of deleterious effects that might accompany the adoption of podcasting, such as lower class attendance. Yet, relatively few studies have investigated students' perceptions of podcasting for educational purposes, especially in relation to different podcasting forms: repetitive and supplemental. The present study explored students' readiness and attitudes towards these two forms of podcasting to provide fundamental information for future researchers and educators. The results indicated that students may not be as ready or eager to use podcasting for repetitive or supplemental educational purposes as much as we think they are, but they could be persuaded.

Spider diversity is partitioned into three primary clades, namely Mesothelae, Mygalomorphae, and Araneomorphae. Mygalomorph cytogenetics is largely unknown. Our study revealed a remarkable karyotype diversity of mygalomorphs. Unlike araneomorphs, they show no general trend towards a decrease of 2n, as the chromosome number was reduced in some lineages and increased in others. A biarmed karyotype is a symplesiomorphy of mygalomorphs and araneomorphs. Male meiosis of some mygalomorphs is achiasmatic, or includes the diffuse stage. The sex chromosome system X1X20, which is supposedly ancestral in spiders, is uncommon in mygalomorphs. Many mygalomorphs exhibit more than two (and up to 13) X chromosomes in males. The evolution of X chromosomes proceeded via the duplication of chromosomes, fissions, X-X, and X-autosome fusions. Spiders also exhibit a homomorphic sex chromosome pair. In the germline of mygalomorph males these chromosomes are often deactivated; their deactivation and pairing is initiated already at spermatogonia. Remarkably, pairing of sex chromosomes in mygalomorph females is also initiated at gonial cells. Some mygalomorphs have two sex chromosome pairs. The second pair presumably arose in early-diverging mygalomorphs, probably via genome duplication. The unique behaviour of spider sex chromosomes in the germline may promote meiotic pairing of homologous sex chromosomes and structural differentiation of their duplicates, as well as the establishment of polyploid genomes.

Studies of cophylogenetic associations between hosts and parasites have become increasingly common. Historically, congruence between host and parasite phylogenies has been seen as evidence for cospeciation. Analyses of such coevolutionary relationships, however, are made extremely dif®cult by the complex interplay of cospeciation, host switching, sorting (extinction), duplication (intrahost speciation) and inertia (lack of parasite speciation) events, all of which may produce incongruence between host and parasite phylogenies. Here we review several methods of analysing cospeciation. We illustrate these methods with an example from a Procellariiformes (seabird) and chewing louse (Halipeurus) association. q

Two amino acid substitutions in acetylcholinesterase 1 (AChE1), G119S and F290V, are responsible for resistance to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in Culex pipiens mosquitoes. These mutations generate very different levels of insensitivity to insecticide inhibitors. We described here a biochemical method that rapidly identifies AChE1 variants (susceptible, G119S and F290V, named S, R and V, respectively) present in individual mosquitoes. We investigated the frequency of AChE1 phenotypes in 41 field samples collected around the Mediterranean Sea. F290V substitution was found only in 15 samples and at low frequency, whereas G119S was highly spread in all samples. However, seven V distinct alleles were identified whereas only one R allele was present. The [V] enzymatic phenotype was never observed alone, and the V allele was always found associated with the susceptible and/or G119S AChE1 ([VS], [VR] or [VRS] phenotypes). Furthermore, we showed the presence of duplicated alleles, associating a susceptible and a V copy of the ace-1 gene, in most individuals analyzed for its presence. Evolutionary forces driving the large number of F290V ace-1 alleles and their low frequency in Mediterranean countries are discussed.