Variation

Although less complete research has been accomplished on the rhythm of Naser Khosrow's poems, literary scholars and poetry researchers has always paid attention to the rhythm of his poems and has always known him by the rhythmic features of his poetry. Through a careful analysis on each verses of Naser Khosrow, it has been trying in present essay; to find and categorize the rhythmic variations have happened in his poems and to provide a more accurate image of his personal style reviewing the frequency of these variations. The most important rhythmic variation in Naser Khosrow's poetry is converting two short syllables in to a long syllable, what is called Relief in some prosodic books and is outstanding in his poetry for two reasons: first, for its high frequency; and second, for its position in prosodic chain of the verse. This study is also a step to codify the rules of ancient Persian prosody that naturally seek their criteria in old texts instead of the words of prosodists. Of the most important none-codified rules can point to the use of Relief in the first pillar of hemistich that has not yet pointed to and have not entered in the books of prosody.

In this paper I explore the variation in symbolic value of Upper Palaeolithic art in Western Europe. Drawing inspiration from Jesus Altuna's demonstration of the complex relationship between animal frequencies in art and in animal bones, I summarise several of my studies based on analysis of the art and animal bones from Parpallo in Valencia. I show that the relationship between art and bones is more complex and varies regionally across western Europe. At Parpallo the relationship varied through time, and the major change in relationship corresponds with a change in the pattern of importance of plaquettes across the same region, and seems to suggest that the major change corresponds to the change archaeologists recognise between the Solutrean and Magdalenian industries. This suggests that the stone industry changes may really correspond to change in more comprehensive aspects of culture.

In this pilot-study, which was designed to assess the range of isotopic variation in English medieval populations, we present the results of stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen of human and animal bone collagen from three later medieval sites in Northern England. The isotopic values observed for the rural hospital of St. Giles by Brompton Bridge (N. Yorks.), the

It has been argued that depending on gender language is used in different ways in society, and the fact that language is surveyed differently leads to the thesis that men and women have ‘differentiated communicative competence’ (Coates, 2004). A distinct pronunciation variant that is widely used and ‘has recently been noted as spreading through non-standard accents in England’ (cf. Trudgill, 1988: 43), is that of th-fronting. The form th- fronting has become more and more integrated into the speech patterns of many speakers across the United Kingdom although it has ‘not ‘officially’ entered RP yet’ (Altendorf, 1999: 5). This study focused on whether or not gender is associated with variation in the usage of th-fronting in the urban and multicultural locality of Nottingham, United Kingdom. The analysis was undertaken in order to assess how urban youth culture in Nottingham utilizes and applies the form th-fronting in everyday dialogue such as day-to-day conversations, and whether their mode of expression varies according to gender. The study aimed to gain an insight into the relationship between spoken language and identity, and to recognise whether the social backgrounds/ cultural practices people have influence their use of ethnically and age-coded variables. From the results, it was established that th-fronting does vary according to gender and that increased formality does limit the amount of th-fronting used.

Human activity in the Peruvian Amazon causes native vegetation fragmentation into smaller units resulting on the increase of agricultural systems. Understanding the level, the structure and the origin of morphologic within and among populations variation is essential for planning better management strategies aimed at sustainable use and conservation of Inga edulis Mart. species. We evaluated the genetic variability in wild and domestic population to unfold cultivation changes over the species genetic resources. We have studied 400 adult trees: 200 cultivated on arable land and 200 wild growing in untouched lowland rain forest. The individuals were randomly selected. Sampling sites were selected and defined on the basis of the geographical coordinates: longitude, latitude and altitude. Phenotypic variation was monitored using the proposed descriptor of qualitative and quantitative features (e.g., weight of hundred seeds). For each individual a voucher specimen was kept. The total gen...

[mémoire du Master LOPHISS (Logique, Philosophie et Histoire des sciences) de Paris 7, dirigé par Etienne Klein et Marc Lachièze-Rey et présenté en septembre 2009]
J'étudie dans ce mémoire les différentes propriétés du temps en physique en m'appuyant sur l'article de Lautman et en distinguant clairement entre celles qui relèvent de la variation et celles qui relèvent de la durée - deux concepts qui sont antinomiques, de sorte que l'unité du concept de temps se révèle finalement illusoire.

East Gojjam is one of the major tef seed growing areas of Ethiopia. The main themes of this study were to assess the physical, physiological and health quality of seed in Gozzamin and Enarji Enawga districts, Amhara Regional state, in 2009/2010 cropping season. Data were done by employing SAS (9.0) softwares to analyse the physical, physiological and health quality of seed samples. There was a significat difference in physical purity among seed samples. The analytical purity of the tef seed grown in all PAs was above the national standards for commercial seed. The most abundant seeds of other species in purity analysis were Vitgroe, Sitaria spp, Trampgrass samples which appeared in 31% (4), 23% (3) and 15% (2), respectively. The overall average mean germination percentage was 88.2% with the range of 76.6% to 93.0% and the highest value was recorded for seed obtained from Enarji Enawga F8 (93.0%) followed by F1 (92.3) from Gozzamin. The lowest vigor index 1 was recorded for F7 from Enarji Enawga because of short root length (199.99cm). The highest vigor index II was recorded for samples collected from ESE with 1.68mg mean because of higher seedling dry weight. There was a positive and highly significant correlation (r = 0.603**, p < 0.001) between germination percent and seedling emergence percent. These indicated that as the germination percent increased and seedling emergence percent also increased. Seed storage facilities at farmers are inferior to those at the Ethiopian Seed Enterprise but during shipments should therefore be timed so that seeds can be sown with the minimum delay after receipt. So, shipment of sensitive seeds by air is desirable. Other, wise in conclusion, to enhance tef productivity in east Gojjam zone through supply of improved varieties and quality seed it is important to integrate formal and farmer (informal) seed system.

Variation in construction projects are very common and likely to occur from different sources, by various causes, at any stage of a project, and may have considerable negative impacts on items such as costs and schedule delays. This study is aimed to assess the causes of variation on construction project, the factors influencing the occurrence of variation on project and to determine the impacts of variation on project delivery in relation to cost and time. Questionnaire survey was used; out of 80 questionnaires that were sent out 78 questionnaires were retrieved from respondents in the contracting firm, consulting firms and government parastatals in Oyo state. The findings showed that; owner's financial problem, change in specification by owner, change in scope of the project, care the most important causes of variation. The presence of specialist works, unforeseen conditions, and incompleteness of design are the top factors influencing the occurrence of variation. The most important impacts of variation on project delivery in relation to cost are quality degradation, increase in project cost, delay in completion and logistics delays while the most important impacts of variation on project delivery in relation to time are logistics delays, delay in completion and quality degradation.

""This paper investigates the loan suffix –aro in Modern Greek word-formation and focuses on the rivalry with other Modern Greek verb forming processes, the variety of  meanings in –aro verbs and the variation exhibited in their inflectional paradigm. It is argued that –aro verbs tend to be reformed in  -arizo and that the development of present stems in –arizo can be attributed to analogy (e.g. alatismenos-alatistika - alatisa - alatizo ‘to salt’ = sokarismenos - sokaristika – sokarisa – sokarizo to ‘shock’). It is also suggested that some meanings of  -aro verbs seem to be more frequent than others. Finally, it is shown that, although  aro seems to be quite productive, its productivity is balanced by its selectional restrictions and the competition with  more productive Modern Greek suffixes like  -ízo, - óno, - évo, the semi-suffix  -poio and the so-called light verb-strategy, which integrates loan verbs in Modern Greek.

Στο άρθρο αυτό εξετάζεται η πολυτυπία των ρημάτων σε  άρω (π.χ. μπανιάρω/μπανιαρίζω, τσεκάρω/τσεκαρίζω, σοκάρω/σοκαρίσω), καθώς οι διάφορες σημασίες τους, όπως για παράδειγμα οι σημασίες ‘καλύπτω με αυτό που δηλώνει η βάση’ (π.χ. πουδράρω). ‘χρησιμοποιώ αυτό που δηλώνει η βάση’ (π.χ. λιμάρω), ‘κάνω αυτό που δηλώνει η βάση’ (π.χ. μπλοφάρω). Εξετάζεται επίσης η παραγωγικότητα του  άρω, καθώς και η ανταγωνιστικότητά του σε σχέση με τα υπόλοιπα βασικά ρηματικά επιθήματα της Νέας Ελληνικής και άλλους παραγωγικούς μηχανισμούς παραγωγής νέων ρημάτων ή ενσωμάτωσης νέων λέξεων.""

LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CLASS {Research Note) Basil Bernstein IT HAS BEEN suggested in earlier papers that associated with the organization of particular social groups are distinct forms of spoken lan- guage.1 Linguistic differences, other than dialect, occur in the ...

A 13-million-year continuous record of Oligocene climate from the equatorial Pacific reveals a pronounced “heartbeat” in the global carbon cycle and periodicity of glaciations. This heartbeat consists of 405,000-, 127,000-, and 96,000-year eccentricity cycles and 1.2-million-year obliquity cycles in periodically recurring glacial and carbon cycle events. That climate system response to intricate orbital variations suggests a fundamental interaction of the carbon cycle, solar forcing, and glacial events. Box modeling shows that the interaction of the carbon cycle and solar forcing modulates deep ocean acidity as well as the production and burial of global biomass. The pronounced 405,000-year eccentricity cycle is amplified by the long residence time of carbon in the oceans.

Apres un rappel des principes fondamentaux sur lesquels repose l&#39;approche culturelle de la terminologie, cet article presente une methodologie detaillee et pragmatique de la terminologie culturelle dans le contexte du developpement des langues africaines.