Electronics and Communications

https://www.ijert.org/enhancement-of-underwater-images

https://www.ijert.org/research/enhancement-of-underwater-images-IJERTV9IS080003.pdf

Underwater photography becomes an important research area in Ocean Engineering, Computer Graphics and Surveillance. But underwater images appear blue-green and hazy since the longer wavelength of sunlight cannot penetrate deep in the water due to salinity and high concentration of dissolve impurities in the seawater. The paper proposes Multi-scale Fusion technique in order to remove hazing effects and to enhance visibility of such images. An input underwater image is processed for deriving two images from Gamma Correction and sharpening filter. The associated weight maps are then computed and merged together using Gaussian and Laplacian pyramids. Patch-based Contrast Quality Index (PCQI) and Underwater Color Image Quality Evaluation (UCIQE) are used for determining the quality of recovered underwater images. The experimental results indicate that the final image has better visibility and contrast than the original image.

https://www.ijert.org/automated-waste-sorter-with-robotic-arm-using-arduino-uno

https://www.ijert.org/research/automated-waste-sorter-with-robotic-arm-using-arduino-uno-IJERTV10IS070174.pdf

Due to population explosion and urbanization, annual waste generation is forecasted to increase by 70%. Current waste management systems are unable to cope with the volumes of waste generation. Intending to maximize waste segregation and recycling and minimize human interference, we propose a model, an automated waste sorter system that is implemented to segregate the waste into various categories like dry, wet, and metallic waste.

Reversible logic has become an emerging field for research. The main advantage of reversible logic is power reduction and this advantage have drawn up a significant interest in this field. The aim of the paper is to realize the decoder using Fredkin gate which is basically a reversible gate. There are many reversible logic gates i.e Fredkin gate, Feynman gate, Double Feynman gate, Peres gate, New gate, Toffoli gate and many more. In the reversible logic, reversibility have a special condition which is reversible computing and it is based on the principle of bijection device with a same no of inputs and outputs which means one to one mapping. It finds its application in various fields including quantum computing, optical computing, nanotechnology, computer graphic, cryptography, digital signal processing and many more. Reversible logic is gaining importance in recent years largely due to its property of low power consumption. A comparative study in terms of the number of gates, number of constant inputs, number of garbage outputs and quantum costs is also presented. The circuit has been implemented and simulated in Xilinx.

— Now a days there is a huge rush in the toll plazas in order to pay the toll tax. Therefore in order to reduce the traffic and to save time this paper mainly focuses on to make an intelligent toll-tax system using PLC. In this system sensors are provided which able to sense the type of vehicle. It also provides over speeding fine collection which automatically added to toll tax of vehicle and amount of money that user have to pay will automatically displayed on operator's screen. This system can be used on highways for collecting toll tax and provides more efficient toll collection.

A design of small sized, low profile patch antenna is proposed for BLUETOOTH applications at 2.4GHz frequency with inset feeding technique. The patch is design with different parameters like return loss, VSWR, directivity along two directions, radiation pattern in 2-D and 3-D, smith cart , impedance matching are simulated using CST Microwave Studio simulation software. Designed antenna is simulated on FR4 substrate with loss tangent tanδ=0.02. The proposed antenna based on co-axial feed configuration has the maximum achievable bandwidth obtained about 818 MHz (2.35-2.44 GHz) at -10 dB reflection coefficient which corresponds to Bluetooth 2.4 GHz frequency band and the maximum achievable directivity is 6.32 dBi. Simulation and measurement results are compared and discussed.

— The main work of the system will be control the flow of traffic as per the flow and indicate that which lane will be open next by seven segment LED and we can manually open that lane and close other lanes for ambulance with the indication light that indicates next cross road carries heavy traffic. As we know Traffic signals are the most convenient method of controlling traffic in a busy junction. Present traffic signals fail to control the traffic effectively when a lane has got more traffic than the other lanes. In this paper an intelligent traffic control system using PLC is proposed. System measures the traffic density on each road by counting the number of vehicles and then takes the decision. Programming is done using ladder diagram. RSLogix PLC is been used for the system implementation.

— This paper illustrates a street light system based on vehicle movement. India faces a major problem regarding power consumption and power production. This paper presents an idea on how power consumption can be reduced in the street light systems using laser source as sensor and PIC microcontroller. LASER sensors are implanted at a distance away from the street light systems which detects the vehicle and street light then glows. Until then, street light will be in dim state. Thus this proposed system helps in saving a lot of energy. A programmable microcontroller controls light intensity according to the need.

— AC and DC drives play a vital role in each and every industry. This research paper shows the methodology to interface stepper, servo, AC and DC motor on a single platform. GUI is designed in MATLAB to control all motors. Directions and speed of DC motor are controlled by electromechanical relay and H BRIDGE respectively. AC motor is controlled by solid state relay, stepper motor is controlled by ULN2003 current driver and servo motor is controlled by timers of the ATMEL controller. In a nut shell, all the motors are controlled using MATLAB GUI and Arduino controller. This instrument is best for the Power electronics lab for educational purpose.

In the recent days With the advent of the Internet, there is an infinite expansion in the field of Electronics and Communications.. The Internet is a worldwide electronic computer network that connects people and information. But every technology has its own advantages and disadvantages. Internet has several advantages but it is considered as a heaven for cyber criminals. The anonymity over the internet and the jurisdictional issues has given rise to cyber crimes where crime is committed with the aid assistance of computer.

— before there was no system to track the water in the tank, then there came a secondary problem that is when their water pump is started they have no idea when it gets filled as it needs to be checked. There are situations where the pump keeps on pumping water to the tank and the water starts spilling out from the tank. There is wastage of energy as well as wastage of water. To overcome this problem we came up with a solution Automatic water level indicator which indicates the water levels at various levels through LEDs using microcontroller.

— Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier modulation technique which divides the available spectrum into many carriers. OFDM uses the spectrum efficiently compared to FDMA by spacing the channels much closer together and making all carriers orthogonal to one another, to prevent interference between the closely spaced carriers. The main advantage of OFDM is their robustness to channel fading in wireless environment. The principles of OFDM modulation have been around since 1960s. However, recently the attention toward OFDM has grown dramatically in the field of wireless and wired communication systems. In parallel, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is also emerging as a fundamental paradigm in the implementation of these standards. This is due to their increased capabilities (speed and resources). The objective of this project is to design and implement OFDM transmitter and receiver on FPGA hardware. This project concentrates on developing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), in an efficient way. The work also includes design of a mapping module (Modulator), serial to parallel and parallel to serial converter module. The design uses 64-point FFT and IFFT for the processing module, which indicate that the processing block contain 64 inputs data. In this work, a pure VHDL design, integrated with some intellectual property (IP) blocks, is employed to implement an OFDM transmitter and receiver. The proposed design is map and test on Xilinx Spartan 3E FPGA and for simulation, synthesis and implementation XILINX ISE 13.2 software is used.

— The Reversible logic synthesis technique is most important part of the long-term future of computing due to its low power dissipating characteristic. In recent years, reversible logic circuits have attracted considerable attention in improving some fields like nanotechnology, quantum computing, cryptography, optical computing and low power design of circuits due to its low power dissipating characteristic. In this paper we proposed the design of 3-bit Gray Code counter which uses reversible gates and derived quantum cost, constant inputs, garbage output and number of gates to implement it.

— At present LED light sources are gradually applied to LCD backlighting and video projection. This is a simple and low-cost circuit for a multiple colour generator that can be built easily with a few components. The main objective of the paper is to generate multiple colour from RGB primary colours are used in Television display, computer monitor, and other colour display for LED projectors. The microcontroller other regulates LED light output current and changes the light colour with the ratio of red, green, and blue LED.

Majority of  engineering  colleges, universities and
the technical institutions are undertaking all initiatives to stay competitive. Efforts are exerted to continuously improve the curriculum in order to provide quality and relevant education for the students in response to global call for outcomes-based education. This paper presents the procedures, techniques, methods,  and advantages of using Altium Designer software in teaching electronic circuits. Altium Designer is a schematic capture, simulation, and PCB design software, dedicated to analyzing electronic circuits which is based on interconnected icons of electronic components. The approach makes it easier for the students to visualize the system they are attempting to design, model, and study. Likewise, it makes debugging and error correction simpler. Moreover, an example has been provided  also  to show how to use  the software for teaching and research in electronic circuits.

— This research/study is to show how even using a single system it is possible to drive different motors simultaneously. Nowadays it is seen that to drive motors for example Ac motor, dc motor, servo and stepper motor, each motor needs a separate drive which in other words make it a single application oriented system. Therefore problem that will be solved using multi motor drive would be that instead of using separate drive/system for every single motor this can be done using a single drive/system and this system consists of Relay card , H bridge and tip 120 MOSFET drive that drives dc motor , solid state relays to control ac motor , sbto811 for control of stepper motor and all this will be interfaced with a microprocessor .This way it will require less materials compared to using separate system for separate drives which in turn will lead to cost reduction also would reduce size of system.

Wireless sensor network is an important part of wireless communication. It is a group of a large number of sensor nodes that are placed in remote places. The sensors have capability to do a common task. So energy consumption plays an important role in maintaining a stable network. To increase the network lifetime, a various energy-efficient algorithm is required which increases the network lifetime and makes the network more energy efficient. For the maximizing, the lifetime of the network different routing technique has been used which help in increasing the lifetime of the network. This paper describes the various routing protocol which helps in energy-efficient routing in a wireless sensor network.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier modulation technique which divides the available spectrum into many carriers. OFDM uses the spectrum efficiently compared to FDMA by spacing the channels much closer together and making all carriers orthogonal to one another, to prevent interference between the closely spaced carriers. The main advantage of OFDM is their robustness to channel fading in wireless environment. The principles of OFDM modulation have been around since 1960s. However, recently the attention toward OFDM has grown dramatically in the field of wireless and wired communication systems. In parallel, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is also emerging as a fundamental paradigm in the implementation of these standards. This is due to their increased capabilities (speed and resources). The objective of this project is to design and implement OFDM transmitter and receiver on FPGA hardware. This project concentrates on developing Fast Fourier Tr...

https://www.ijert.org/women-security-system

https://www.ijert.org/research/women-security-system-IJERTV10IS070247.pdf

The Woman Security System(WSS) is used to intimate the parents/concerned person as well as police about the current location of the women who is in emergency and crisis .Our WSS model will help women to protect themselves from harassment in future in India and across the Globe as crimes are increasing day by day. The mai advantage of this device is ,it kept separate from emergency switch button. The emergency switch button is tied to one of the buttons of attire which can be hide from attacker. The main device includes GPS & GSM module. The GPS system will track the current location, while GSM system will send the message to the numbers saved in the system. When system switched on, it tracks location by GPS & send messages to the person who can help her. This security system have the facility to record audio which can be used later for investigation purpose and can send an alert call and message to the pre-set person's contact with the instant location every 2 minutes and can be tracked live using this application.

This paper attempts to explore the possibility of using sound signatures for vehicle detection and classification purposes. Sound emitted by vehicles are captured for a two lane undivided road carrying moderate traffic. Simultaneous arrival of different types vehicles, overtaking at the study location, sound of horns, random but identifiable back ground noises, continuous high energy noises on the back ground are the different challenges encountered in the data collection. Different features were explored out of which smoothed log energy was found to be useful for automatic vehicle detection by locating peaks. Melfrequency ceptral coefficients extracted from fixed regions around the detected peaks along with the manual vehicle labels are utilised to train an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The classifier for four broad classes heavy, medium, light and horns was trained. The ANN classifier developed was able to predict categories well.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier modulation technique which divides the available spectrum into many carriers. OFDM uses the spectrum efficiently compared to FDMA by spacing the channels much closer together and making all carriers orthogonal to one another, to prevent interference between the closely spaced carriers. The main advantage of OFDM is their robustness to channel fading in wireless environment. The principles of OFDM modulation have been around since 1960s. However, recently the attention toward OFDM has grown dramatically in the field of wireless and wired communication systems. In parallel, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is also emerging as a fundamental paradigm in the implementation of these standards. This is due to their increased capabilities (speed and resources). The objective of this project is to design and implement OFDM transmitter and receiver on FPGA hardware. This project concentrates on developing Fast Fourier Tr...

https://www.ijert.org/design-and-implementation-of-4-bit-alu-for-low-power-using-adiabatic-logic-based-on-finfet

https://www.ijert.org/research/design-and-implementation-of-4-bit-alu-for-low-power-using-adiabatic-logic-based-on-finfet-IJERTV9IS070238.pdf

With the aggressive scaling of device technology, the leakage power has become the main part of power consumption, which seriously reduces the energy recovery efficiency of adiabatic logic. In this paper, a novel low-power adiabatic logic based on FinFET devices has been proposed.ALU is the core of all microprocessors. Now a days ALU is getting more complex and smaller in size to make the development of smaller and most powerful computer systems. An ALU which acts as core part of CPU is a combinational digital electronic. The design of 4-bit ALU, performs three arithmetic and four logical operations. The four arithmetic operations include ADD,SUBTRACT and COMPARE. The four logical operations such as AND, OR, XOR and NOT. For validating the proposed idea we have also designed power gated adiabatic inverter circuits using techniques like ECRL. In the implementation of adiabatic logic FinFET based ALU , it is possible to operate at lower operating voltages because FinFET has lower threshold voltages, power consumption is expected to be reduced and speed performance is expected to be improved.

— In present era, we come across an immerging technology – IOT (Internet Of Things) with which we can contribute to our environment. Nowadays due to global warming there are abrupt changes in the atmosphere. There is sudden increase in temperature which has an adverse effect on wildlife, especially birds and they are facing a lot of snags. One of the serious issues is unavailability of water for the birds as the water in the vessels kept by the user gets dried up and due to improper management, no accounts are taken on that note. Especially in summer numerous birds died due to lack of drinking water in the water vessel. In order to avoid this problem, we are introducing a whole new system which will not only ensures24*7 availability of water but will also provide exact data to the user. We will connect the water vessel with the SERVER which we will be continuously monitoring the level of water in the vessel with help of WATER LEVEL SENSORS. The moment the water level in the vessel becomes inadequate, it will send notification on the server so that user can send a command to PUMP to add more water. Hence this project will keep an account of water level in the vessel of birds so that if the vessel gets empty it can be automatically refilled from anywhere across the world using an immerging technology-Internet Of Things (IOT). This project will provide a new look & shape to wildlife.

n this paper, the performance of different
windowing techniques and Doppler shift on polyphase codes
viz., P3 and P4 codes without and with woo filter along with
SNR loss and ISL has studied. A new modified woo filter
form-III is proposed which gives better sidelobes suppression
for some windows.

https://www.ijert.org/identification-of-brain-tumor-using-image-processing-and-neural-networks

https://www.ijert.org/research/identification-of-brain-tumor-using-image-processing-and-neural-networks-IJERTV9IS090038.pdf

Machine learning, evolution computation, vision, robotics, speech processing, natural language process and planning are some of the building blocks of artificial intelligence (AI). Over the years AI has developed a lot and contributed its own share to make human life easy and compact. Technology happens to be a term with various definitions and it keeps changing with time. From a computer as big as a room to a computer on your finger tips technology has developed and so has the human race. The need of the time is quick results with accurate answers in the easiest way possible. AI is the current most developing field and has shown some extra ordinary results which have proved its importance. Use of AI has been adapted in almost all fields and where ever possible. Neural network is one of the small components under this big umbrella of artificial intelligence. Medical field has also developed itself over the time and has increased the life expectancy. The entire idea behind this project is to use neural networks and the medical knowledge hand in hand.

https://www.ijert.org/precision-agriculture-robot-for-seeding-function-and-leaf-disease-detection

https://www.ijert.org/research/precision-agriculture-robot-for-seeding-function-and-leaf-disease-detection-IJERTV9IS080024.pdf

Agriculture, allied with various sectors has been the largest livelihood provider for India. It also contributes to about 15-17% of the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of India. There is a need to decipher the issues like controlled use of pesticides, proper leaf disease detection. The automation of agriculture has emerged as a futuristic technology. This implementation of precision agriculture concept will lead to revolutionary change in the domain of agriculture. The automation concept helps the farmers in increasing the gain from the soil and saving time. Automation has been able to lower the energy required for performing physical tasks. Improvement in the quality of life of the farmers and reducing heavy labor and tedious tasks is the main aim of this work. A prototype of the precision agriculture robot is presented which is designed for performing the functions like ploughing, seeding, sowing, water sprinkling and pesticide spraying function. The robot is a four wheeled module controlled by LPC2148 Microcontroller. The robot also inhabits a leaf disease detection module based on advanced image processing and machine learning which will be used to detect the type of disease affected. Further, suitable pesticide is sprayed to the affected part of the plant depending on the type of disease.

— Reliability of life critical missions which is an important criterion for any system is achieved by proper fault detection techniques. Digital filters are most often integrated in modern digital signal processing systems for the processing of signals. According to Moore's law, number of integrated circuits used in signal processing as well as communication systems are becoming more circuitous and their productions are doubling, per year. This triggered the need for fault tolerant executions. This paper replaces the conventional Error Correction Code based protection scheme to an efficient coding scheme for making the Digital FIR filters fault tolerant with less number of redundant filters and to improve the performance of the filters. Fault tolerance requires hardware redundancy and all the existing systems uses redundant modules for that. For any number of filters number of redundant modules will be least in the proposed technique.

In this paper various reference current prediction methods, current control methods and dead time compensation methods are reviewed for shunt active power filter applications. The Active Power Filter (APF) can be implemented with current controlled Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). Three level voltage source inverter can be used for the shunt active power filter. Three level inverter can be used for high power & high voltage application. Various reference current generation control techniques compared in this paper.  It is found that FFT method is best among all other methods. FFT method has been discussed in the paper. FFT algorithm can give three reference current generations. It is input for current control strategies. In this paper two current control methods discussed as per literature refereed. PI based current control & Vector Based Hysteresis current controls are discussed in this paper. VSI need dead time to put between to inverted switches of the same leg, to avoid dc link to be short circuited. This paper includes dead time effect on performance of VSI. Effect of dead time can be minimized using dead time compensation methods. Pulse Based Dead Time Compensation (PBDTC) method has been discussed in the paper for Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) Three Level Inverter.

https://www.ijert.org/iot-based-environmental-monitoring-system

https://www.ijert.org/research/iot-based-environmental-monitoring-system-IJERTV10IS060401.pdf

Today environment monitoring becomes important for humans to ensure a safe and wealthy life. Monitoring requirements are extremely different depending on the environment, leading to specially appointed usage that needs adaptability. The proposed system describes an implementation of Wireless Sensor Network that can be adjusted to various applications. And it also inserts the adaptability required to be conveyed and updated without necessity of arranging complex infrastructures. The solution is based on small autonomous wireless sensor nodes, small wireless receivers connected to the Internet, and a cloud architecture which provides data storage and delivery to remote clients. The solution permits supervisors on-site not only to monitor the current situation by using their smart-phones but also to monitor remote sites through the Internet. The proposed system is useful in predicting environmental condition like rain, also, to measure the temperature, humidity, and presence of CO gas.

https://www.ijert.org/fuzzy-logic-technique-to-select-redundant-nodes-and-form-fault-free-node-in-wireless-sensor-networks

https://www.ijert.org/research/fuzzy-logic-technique-to-select-redundant-nodes-and-form-fault-free-node-in-wireless-sensor-networks-IJERTV9IS090093.pdf

In Wireless sensor networks, energy dissipation occurs due to high degree of compactness in nodes.Sensor nodes contain less energy and memory ,therefore it is necessary to maintain energy level of nodes.It can be achieved by using Fuzzy logic which groups the data based on similarity and put nodes to sleep mode to balance the energy.After Transmission of data in various rounds their may be node failure and link failure which need to be replaced early for maintaining the performance in network.This can be achieved by making use of Markov model and Fuzzy logic to detect the nodes and replace them quickly.The simulation results show the overall improvement in performance of nodes. Index Terms-Fuzzy logic, TDMA, Markov model. I. INTRODUCTION Wireless Sensor Network are low cost and low power small device extensively used for sensing the environment .It can be defined as network of sensor devices that gather information from the environment and forward it to Base Station. Network is made up of number of sensing nodes which monitor environmental factors like temperature, sound pressure and pass the information by single hop or multiple hop. It is used in variety of applications like military surveillance and health monitoring etc. A large amount of energy consumption happens in data collection and transmission; hence selection of routing protocol is very important to optimize the energy consumption. In this paper, Hierarchical clustering topology gather information more efficiently. In such scenario, Network is split into few groups called Clusters .Each cluster has a Cluster-Head(CH) which collects the information and transfer to Base-Station. By periodically changing the CH the energy consumption can be balanced. To reduce the energy consumption radius is computed where nodes are divided into cluster .Based on similarity of data the nodes , few nodes are put to sleep mode using fuzzy logic. Data transmission in Wireless sensor network is done using TDMA scheduling. The Objective of TDMA is to maximize the time-slot when redundant nodes are in sleep mode by this the nodes which have high information can use the time-slot of sleepy node. In Wireless sensor network there are cases when there is node fault and link fault due to energy depletion. In addition the fault nodes cause network coverage and overall network paralyze. Therefore in order to have good quality service, it is must to identify the nodes and link fault and design for recovery of those faults. Fault detection helps in isolating fault sensors

To reduce the computational complexity, an algorithm is proposed which is used with existing null-data subcarrier switching method of OFDM. PAPR is main drawback of OFDM. So it is necessary to reduce it. Many techniques were developed to reduce the PAPR but they required more time to reduce it. Here in this method Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is also reduced and also this method achieves significant reduction in computational overhead without sacrificing PAPR reduction capability of original method. This algorithm can be use with other existing algorithms to reduce the computational overhead further. This proposed algorithm is very useful in services where time is an important factor than accuracy. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by presenting results