Wireless Power Transmission

In this paper, we have presented the concept of wireless transmission i.e. power transmission without using any type of the electrical conductor and/or wires. We have presented an idea that is discussed here about how electrical energy can be transmitted as microwaves so that to reduce the transmission, allocation and other types of losses. Such technique is known as Microwave Power Transmission (MPT). We have also presented and correlated several aspects with the currently available Power transmission systems to the related history of wireless power transmission systems and also the related developmental changes. The basic design, merits and demerits, applications of Wireless Power Transmission are also discussed.

This paper presents a new circular polarized micro-strip antenna with a pentagonal shape radiator. The proposed antenna is designed to operate in the industrial scientific medical (ISM) band at the frequency of 2.45GHz for Wireless applications. The antenna consists of a radiating pentagon patch with appropriate dimensions on the upper side of a dielectric substrate and a defective ground structure (DGS) on the other side. The pentagon patch is fed through a 50Ω microstrip line. The structure is implemented on an FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4, loss tangent equal to 0.025 and thickness 1.58 mm. The antenna is designed and simulated by using advanced design system (ADS) electromagnetic solver and the achieved results are validated by using another electromagnetic solver. The simulation results indicate that the designed circularly polarized (CP) pentagonal microstrip patch antenna gives good results in terms of the reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and, axial ratio of 1.025 at 2.45 GHz.

Peer-to-Peer  (P2P)  systems  allow  decentralization,  sharing  of  all  the  resources  of  a  network  with  direct
communication  and  collaboration  between  nodes.  There  are  three  main  families  of  P2P  networks:  the
centralized  architecture,  the  decentralized  architecture  that  can  be  structured  or  unstructured  and  the
hybrid  architecture.  Today,  there  are  several  implementations  for  structured  decentralized  architectures.
This  implies  that the  insertion  and  search  algorithms  are different. Among them  we  have;  Chord,  Pastry, 
Kademlia, CAN(Content Addressable Network) . The choice of these DHTs (Distributed Hash Table) for an
application is made on the basis of their performances. Studies of each of these DHTs mentioned have been
done, proving their performance. But a comparative study of the four DHTs Chord, Pastry, CAN, Kademlia
has  not  been  clearly  addressed  by  previous  works.  In  this  paper,  we  have  conducted  a  comparative
theoretical study of the DHTs Chord, Pastry, CAN, Kademlia. Then, by simulation, we have evaluated the
performances in terms of latency, number of hops and number of transmitted messages. Our study clearly
shows  the  differences  between  mathematically  established  performance  and  actual  performance  in  an
environment  with  less  restriction.  This  analysis  was  made  from  the  data  obtained  by  using  the  simple
network  layer  of  the  PeerfactSim  simulator.  This  simulator  abstracts  the  different  network  layers,  which
gives  the  advantage of testing the  performances  with  reasonable  accuracy.  The use  of  the  single  network
layer can be considered an ideal case because the node searches are done locally.

Wireless Power transmission is the transfer of electrical power from a power source to an electrical load without using discrete manmade conductors. The reason for going to wireless power transfer system is to provide reliable power transmission at low cost and to make life more comfortable. This wireless power transmission system is completely eco-friendly and efficient. Just imagine the future with wireless power where in there will be no need of power cables and no need to plug in the electrical devices to the electric sockets for charging which brings a profound change in the society. The core technology used in the wireless power transmission system is Inductive coupling through magnetic fields. An Impedance compensating circuit is also used to achieve maximum power transfer. The core technology is similar to those found in transformers, except primary and secondary windings are physically separated and tuned to resonate for increasing their magnetic coupling. These magnetic field generated by the primary coil is arranged to interact vigorously with matched secondary windings where the load is connected.

The Space Base Solar Power Plant is the new technology of electrical power generation in renewable power generation sector. The solar energy that reaches the Earth is about 10,000 times total human energy production but it cannot utilize for the power generation due to the many drawbacks. The space solar plant is situated in the earth orbit. It consist the 5 Km long shaft at the both end of the shaft the concentrating mirror is place and in middle portion consist solar panel, microwave generator, microwave transmitter. The concentrating mirror concentrating the sun radiation & high concentrating radiation beam on the solar panel then it converted into electrical power, this electrical power is again converted into high frequency of microwave. This high frequency wave is transmitted to the earth station where the receiver (rectenna) converted into electrical power and send to the grid.

Tesla's World System 1. As to the immediate purposes of my enterprise, they were clearly outlined in a technical statement of that period from which I quote, "The 'World-System' has resulted from a combination of several original discoveries made by the inventor in the course of long continued research and experimentation. It makes possible not only the instantaneous and precise wireless transmission of any kind of signals, messages or characters, to all parts of the world, but also the inter-connection of the existing telegraph, telephone, and other signal stations without any change in their present equipment. By its means, for instance, a telephone subscriber here may call up and talk to any other subscriber on the Earth. An inexpensive receiver, not bigger than a watch, will enable him to listen anywhere, on land or sea, to a speech delivered or music played in some other place, however distant." These examples are cited merely to give an idea of the possibilities of this great scientific advance, which annihilates distance and makes that perfect natural conductor, the Earth, available for all the innumerable purposes which human ingenuity has found for a line-wire. One far-reaching result of this is that any device capable of being operated through one or more wires (at a distance obviously restricted) can likewise be actuated, without artificial conductors and with the same facility and accuracy, at distances to which there are no limits other than those imposed by the physical dimensions of the earth. Thus, not only will entirely new fields for commercial exploitation be opened up by this ideal method of transmission, but the old ones vastly extended. Nikola Tesla: My Inventions Photo: Prospective view of Tesla's ultra high voltage (UHV) transmitter station at Wardenclyffe.

This paper analyses the concept of wireless power transmission for mobile charging via three major methodologies of radioactive wave; coupled magnetic resonance; and induction resonance both electromagnetic and NFC-enabled. It describes each methods in viewpoints of their contrast, strengths, shortcomings and impact on society. It concludes that a RF-DC method be explored for improvement.

Power is a must to modern systems. Power transmission through wires is common. But not in every field can wires be used because of certain limitations. The implantable biomedical devices like pacemakers, cardiac defibrillators, and artificial hearts require power supply for long term operation. The required power is supplied by driveline cable or by battery. WPT greatly reduces the risk of infection by eliminating the driveline cable which otherwise needs to puncture the skin to provide power and also saves the valuable space inside a person’s body in case of battery powered. In such fields, what we need is wireless transmission. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where instantaneous or continuous energy transfer is needed, but interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or impossible. In this paper, a simple design method of a wireless power transfer system using 13.56 MHz ISM band is proposed. The proposed wireless power transfer system consists of rectifier, oscillator, power amplifier, power coil, load coil and two intermediate coils as transmitter antenna and receiver antenna inserted between power coil and load coil.

This work presents a compact dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) based on stub-loaded rectangular loop stepped impedance resonator (SLRLSIR). The proposed SLRLSIR consists of two outer open-circuited and two inner open-circuited stubs, which are designed to the central sides of the rectangular loop resonator. Owing to its symmetry, even-and odd-mode analysis methods are applied to deduce the equivalent-circuit equations and to justify the structural design. The second passband can be easily tuned by changing the two inner open-circuited stubs when the first passband is fixed at a desirable frequency. The upper stopband is improved by a pair of additional open-circuited stubs stepped impedance resonators at the I/O ports. Transmission zeros are generated between passbands and stopbands. A SLRLSIR prototype dual-band BPF with central frequencies of 2.42/4 GHz is fabricated and systematically studied. The measurement results agreed well with the simulation results. KEYWORDS Bandpass filter (BPF), Bended microstrip feed line (BMFL), Dual-band, Stub-loaded rectangular loop stepped impedance resonator (SLRLSIR), Transmission zero (TZ)

"We shall have no need to transmit power at all. Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by a power obtainable at any point of the universe. This idea is not novel. Men have been led to it long ago by instinct or reason. It has been expressed in many ways, and in many places, in the history of old and new. We find it in the delightful myth of Antheus, who derives power from the earth; we find it among the subtile speculations of one of your splendid mathematicians, and in many hints and statements of thinkers of the present time. Throughout space there is energy. Is this energy static or kinetic? If static our hopes are in vain; if kinetic — and this we know it is, for certain — then it is a mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature." /Nikola Tesla: Experiments with alternate currents of high potential and high frequency, London lecture./ The first man made electric machine attached to the very wheelwork of nature was the high voltage high frequency resonant coil of Nikola Tesla. In a Tesla coil the primary circuit and the secondary circuit are in resonance, in other words the pulsing energy quantum intake at the input will reapper at the output almost in the same magnitude (lower or higher) and phase but in different form, from the high current low voltage will be low current and high voltage. In the one wire or wireless information and electrical energy transmission system of Nikola Tesla the frequency of the input and output current is the same or integral multiple of the self frequency corresponding with the parameter of the earth. Because our planet earth energetically is naturally attached to our sun system and so to the universe, that's why in case of fulfilment certain conditions a Tesla coil attached resonantly to the earth is in connection not just with our planet but with the all as one electric system too. Therefore such a Tesla coil is in connection with the universe not just energetically but informatically too, and so it is able to work not just as a one wire or wireless transmissitter but in case of reversing the primary and secondary coils, connecting the secondary as where it a primary, it can work as a receiver too, wich make ist possible not only the limitless communication on our planet but in the whole universe too. Tesla demonstrated this concept with his receiver based on a coherer as detector – developed in Colorado Springs in 1899-1901 –, as he received electrical signals from the plasma torus of jupiter wich made him the father of radio astronomy. /Kenneth L. Corum and James F. Corum: Nikola Tesla and the planetary radio signals./ A short audio clip recorded with a Tesla receiver (page 7 or pdf 24):

Abstrak Energi listrik merupakan suatu kebutuhan utama dalam kehidupan. Sehingga adanya peningkatan teknologi dalam sistem transfer daya merupakan suatu hal yang harus diwujudkan. Saat ini sedang berkembang sebuah sistem transfer energi secara nirkabel yang memungkinkan adanya arus mengalir dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain tanpa perantara konduktor atau kawat tembaga yang biasa digunakan. Teknologi transfer energi nirkabel ini memanfaatkan sifat induksi magnetik yang ditimbulkan oleh arus listrik bolak balik frekuensi tinggi dari osilator yang mengalir pada kumparan transmitter. Medan magnet yang timbul pada kumparan transmitter akan ditransmisikan ke kumparan receiver dengan metode resonansi. Medan magnet yang diterima dikonversikan kembali ke arus listrik melalui rangkaian penyearah dan regulator untuk selanjutnya mengalir menuju beban. Transfer energi nirkabel memiliki tingkat efisiensi yang bergantung dari jarak antar kumparan transmitter dan receiver. Pada penelitian ini, efisiensi optimal saat dibebani lampu adalah sebesar 41.06 % pada jarak 2 cm.

This report focuses on designing, measuring and testing of an antenna combined with a rectifying circuit (RECTENNA) which is connected to a LTC 3108 IC DC-to-DC converter for further amplification of transmitted low power density at a microwave frequency of 2.45 GHz.
This rectenna is used to harvest and amplify the electric energy from the RF signal transmitter and the surroundings which radiated at ISM band centred in 2.45 GHz, on the thesis methods of simulating the rectenna is analysed with harmonic balance using Agilent Advanced Design Software (ADS) and Multisim. This antenna is later fabricated and measured; the S-parameters are then matched and combined with the LTC 3108 IC. 
This project is inspired for the practical use of wireless power transmission, low-power applications and RF recycling of the energy consumed in our environment which is wasted and not fully utilized.

Wireless power transmission (WPT) is an efficient way for the transmission of electric power from one point to another through vacuum or atmosphere without the use of wire or any substance. By using WPT, power can be transmitted using inductive coupling for short range, resonant induction for mid-range and Electromagnetic wave power transfer. By using this technology, it is possible to supply power to places, which is hard to do using conventional wires.

A major problem facing Planet Earth is provision of an adequate supply of clean energy. It has been that we face “...three simultaneous challenges -- population growth, resource consumption, and environmental degradation -- all converging particularly in the matter of sustainable energy supply.” It is widely agreed that our current energy practices will not provide for all the world's peoples in an adequate way and still leave our Earth with a livable environment. Hence, a major task for the new century will be to develop sustainable and environmentally friendly sources of energy. Projections of future energy needs over this new century show an increase by a factor of at least two and one Half, perhaps by as much as a factor of five. All of the scenarios from reference 3 indicate continuing use of fossil sources, nuclear, and large hydro. However, the greatest increases come from "new renewables" and all scenarios show extensive use of these sources by 2050. Indeed, the projections indicate that the amount of energy derived from new renewables by 2050 will exceed that presently provided by oil and gas combined. This would imply a major change in the world’s energy infrastructure. It will be a Herculean task to acquire this projected amount of energy. This author asserts that there are really only a few good options for meeting the additional energy needs of the new century in an environmentally acceptable way.

This paper analyses the concept of wireless power transmission for mobile charging via three major methodologies of radioactive wave; coupled magnetic resonance; and induction resonance both electromagnetic and NFC-enabled. It describes each methods in viewpoints of their contrast, strengths, shortcomings and impact on society. It concludes that a RF-DC method be explored for improvement.

Wireless charging is a technology of transmitting
power through an air gap to electrical devices for the purpose
of energy replenishment. The recent progress in wireless
charging techniques and development of commercial products
have provided a promising alternative way to address the energy
bottleneck of conventionally portable battery-powered devices.
However, the incorporation of wireless charging into the existing
wireless communication systems also brings along a series of
challenging issues with regard to implementation, scheduling, and
power management. In this article, we present a comprehensive
overview of wireless charging techniques, the developments
in technical standards, and their recent advances in network
applications. In particular, with regard to network applications,
we review the static charger scheduling strategies, mobile charger
dispatch strategies and wireless charger deployment strategies.
Additionally, we discuss open issues and challenges in implementing
wireless charging technologies. Finally, we envision some
practical future network applications of wireless charging.

Tesla's World System 1.  As to the immediate purposes of my enterprise, they were clearly outlined in a technical statement of that period from which I quote, "The 'World-System' has resulted from a combination of several original discoveries made by the inventor in the course of long continued research and experimentation. It makes possible not only the instantaneous and precise wireless transmission of any kind of signals, messages or characters, to all parts of the world, but also the inter-connection of the existing telegraph, telephone, and other signal stations without any change in their present equipment. By its means, for instance, a telephone subscriber here may call up and talk to any other subscriber on the Earth. An inexpensive receiver, not bigger than a watch, will enable him to listen anywhere, on land or sea, to a speech delivered or music played in some other place, however distant." These examples are cited merely to give an idea of the possibilities of this great scientific advance, which annihilates distance and makes that perfect natural conductor, the Earth, available for all the innumerable purposes which human ingenuity has found for a line-wire. One far-reaching result of this is that any device capable of being operated through one or more wires (at a distance obviously restricted) can likewise be actuated, without artificial conductors and with the same facility and accuracy, at distances to which there are no limits other than those imposed by the physical dimensions of the earth. Thus, not only will entirely new fields for commercial exploitation be opened up by this ideal method of transmission, but the old ones vastly extended. Nikola Tesla: My Inventions Photo: Prospective view of Tesla's ultra high voltage (UHV) transmitter station at Wardenclyffe.

In this paper, the main concept is power transmission without use of wires. In Electrical Power System, most of losses occurred in transmission and distribution. With the use of this concept, we can reduce these losses. This concept is known as Microwave Power transmission (MPT).

In this paper, we have presented the concept of wireless trans-mission i.e. power transmission without using any type of the
electrical conductor and/or wires. We have presented an idea
that is discussed here about how electrical energy can be  ransmit-ted as microwaves so that to reduce the transmission, allocation and
other types of losses. Such technique is known as Microwave Power
Transmission (MPT). We have also presented and correlated several
aspects with the currently available Power transmission systems to
the related history of wireless power transmission systems and also
the related developmental changes. The basic design, merits and
demerits, applications of Wireless Power Transmission are also dis-
cussed.

Nicola Tesla was keenly interested in lighting the world from his AC generation and transports the power without wire worldwide. Wireless power transmission (WPT) is useful technology in near future. There are two kinds of the WPT technologies: near field technique and far field technique [1]. Near field-technique uses inductive coupling, resonance inductive coupling and air ionization. Far-field techniques can be achieved through microwave power transmission and LASER power transmission. However, the efficiency is low as of now and researchers have progressed less in this field to materialize the commercial technology. Thus, I have covered the possible ways to harness the power without wires from many research carried out so far. The advantages, disadvantages, biological impacts and its applications are presented.

Electrified transportation will minimize greenhouse gas emissions while lowering dependency on fossil fuels. To encourage the adoption of electrified transportation, a number of charging networks must be built in a user-friendly workplace. Wireless electric vehicle charging systems WEVCS could be a viable mechanism for charging electric vehicles (EVs) without needing a fixed charging cable. The present state of wireless power transfer technology for electric vehicles is described in this study. It qualitative lso contains components for wireless transformers. that have been researched with a range of ferrite shapes. WEVCS are linked to health and security and welfare concerns, which have been examined in relation to current international standards development. The static and dynamic WEVCS applications are explained and documented, demonstrating the recent advancement using characteristics derived from
research labs, universities, and companies. Future WEVCS possibilities, like “vehicle-to-grid (V2G)” and “in-wheel” wireless charging systems WCS, are also investigated and compared to other advanced techniques on a qualitative level.

Nowadays most of commonly used positioning and location detection systems, accessible via mobile phones, are usually targeted to open spaces, since adopted technologies are mainly based on GPS and satellite tracking, which are robust for outdoor environments. Only in recent years the focus has passed to indoor venues where people spend about 80% - 90% of their time. The goal of indoor positioning in some applications, notably oriented to hospitals and malls, is to monitor people into a structure or provide navigation support, others want to use indoor positioning to better understand how customers behaves, enhance their satisfaction, branding and marketing for the venue, provide just-in-time information (for instance, intelligent audio guides for tours) or offer, by the means of location information, video or augmented reality experiences or connect people of interest in proximity to each another. In other words, indoor positioning systems (IPSs) enable location-awareness for mobile devices in ubiquitous and pervasive wireless computing systems. The need for connectivity, access and navigation has fueled research and investments in this field. A different and innovative solution for developing an indoor positioning system (IPS) could be based on the adoption of a low-cost transmitting infrastructure, based on a limited number of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons, not requesting to the installer any effort (no on-site surveys) by defining a real-time and environment-adaptive signal propagation model, based on the evolution of Received Signal Strengths Indicator over time. Accordingly, the present work aims at advancing knowledge about a feasible adoption of BLE for positioning purposes in restricted (room, offices, etc.) ranges. To do so, the evolution and stability of Bluetooth Low Energy signal is studied is firstly evaluated in order to validate its relationship with respect to changing distances between transmiter and receiver. Secondly, a dynamic model based on Bayesian filtering techniques to detect model parameters is proposed. The biggest difference between Bayesian method and the traditional positioning methods lies in the fact that Bayesian method does not focus on obtaining a more accurate and stable RSSI signal from each beacon (which seems complex for this kind of signal), but on obtaining a more reliable sample collection, and through continuous updating of particles and related weights, eventually, it will converge to the most probable propagation model parameters distribution. Results show an increased accuracy with respect to other commonly widespread methods, based on linear regression on the curve describing the relation between listened power and distance.

Electromagnetic (EM) radiations are emitted by almost all electrically energized devices such as laptops, smartphones, wireless routers, Wifi etc. The radiations emitted from the antennas of these electrically charged bodies, when exposed to human tissue without any electromagnetic compatibility protection can cause severe damage. The presence of electrically charged components are nevertheless increasing day by day and in turn increasing the presence of electromagnetic radiation. In present days, the electromagnetic radiations more of radio waves are present abundantly everywhere. Hence this paper terms these electromagnetic radiations to use renewable source of energy. The primary target of this paper is to fabricate an electromagnetic collector to energizes a battery by absorbing surrounding, natural radiation. The gatherer should assemble free power from pretty much anything, including PCs, cell phones, overhead electrical cables, espresso machines, iceboxes, or even the outflows from WiFi or cell phone. This is achieved by the process of Wireless power transfer (WPT). One harvester might not be useful, but several such harvesters put together with power electronic converters can generate high output power. Two versions of harvester is to be built and integrated, one for frequencies as low as 50Hz main power and another for mega or gigahertz radiation. (radio, GSM, Bluetooth, wifi)

This paper presents to the Wireless Power Transmission for Electric Vehicle by using a basic principle of Faraday’s Induction theory and resonance circuit. The developed prototype would converts the electricity energy to magnetic flux and it will travel to the receiver coil. Then receiver coil would converts the magnetic flux back to the electrical energy for charging battery. Since the wireless power transmission is applied to the developed prototype, the advantages of simple configuration and user friendly interface can be gained. In addition, safety and electromagnetic emission are considered in the proposed design

การส่งกาลังไฟฟ้าผ่านอากาศสาหรับรถยนต์ไฟฟ้า
บทความฉบับนี้จะนาเสนอระบบส่งกาลังไฟฟ้าไร้สายสาหรับรถยนต์ไฟฟ้า ด้วยหลักการวงจรเรโซแนนท์ และ ทฤษฏีการเหนี่ยวนาของฟาราเดย์ วงจรถูกออกแบบมาให้ทาการเปลี่ยนพลังงานไฟฟ้าไปเป็นฟลักซ์แม่เหล็ก และ ส่งมันไปยังขดลวดรับ จากนั้นขดลวดรับก็จะเปลี่ยนฟลักซ์แม่เหล็กกลับมาเป็นพลังงานไฟฟ้า เพื่อใช้ในการชาร์จแบตเตอรี่ หลังจากที่ได้มีการพัฒนาระบบส่งกาลังไฟฟ้าไร้สายสิ่งที่เป็นความท้าทายก็คือ การออกแบบให้ระบบนี้ ใช้งานได้ง่าย ปลอดภัย และ ได้มาตรฐานตามข้อกาหนดทางแม่เหล็กไฟฟ้า

The Wireless Power Transmission(WPT) topic was investigated from the early 19 th century and still is, over numerous applications of Technology starting right from recharging the mobile devices up to transmitting power over short and long distance i.e. to transmit power to earth from high energy systems of satellites equipped with solar panels. The recharging of small mobile systems was pretty much achievable by means of Inductive coils whereas the WPT over the long range such as Solar Power Satellite (SPS) Technology is still under a question of accountability & affordability as it need to be practical, inexpensive & efficient over the long run.

This paper presents the development of a state-of-the-art remotely controlled single phase Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulated (SPWM) inverter with the incorporation of RISC microcontroller. A provision of remote control from a PC in addition to the local control is incorporated in order to control the functionality of the inverter. The microcontroller itself generates the required pulse according to the remote command, to get variable output frequency from the inverter using the SPWM scheme. Finally the same is experimentally tested for resistive and inductive load and satisfactory result is obtained.

A prototype of wireless power transmission (WPT) system has been designed in small scale which can be used to drive portable electronic devices. For power transmitting purpose RF/microwave has been used. A detail discussion on transmitting and receiving antenna of WPT system has been presented. The step by step design method has been used in designing the entire system. Then, a simple practical approach has been demonstrated. The detail performance on the practical implementation of wireless power transmission system has been analyzed. The 4GHz designed system provides 2W receiving power when the transmitter sends 20W from a distance of 52m. The difficulties and limitations for implementing the designed model in the laboratory have been featured. Then, the ideas for overcoming the limitations also have been proposed.

Radio frequency (RF) energy transfer and harvesting techniques have recently become alternative methods to power the next generation wireless networks. As this emerging technology enables proactive energy replenishment of wireless devices, it is advantageous in supporting applications with quality of service (QoS) requirements. In this paper, we present an extensive literature review on the research progresses in wireless networks with RF energy harvesting capability, referred to as
RF energy harvesting networks (RF-EHNs). First, we present
an overview of the RF-EHNs including system architecture, RF
energy harvesting techniques and existing applications. Then, we present the background in circuit design as well as the state-of-the-art circuitry implementations, and review the communication protocols specially designed for RF-EHNs. We also explore various key design issues in the development of RF-EHNs according to the network types, i.e., single-hop networks, multi-antenna networks, relay networks, and cognitive radio networks. Finally, we envision some open research directions.

This thesis deals with the modelling and application of magnetic fields in roads. The backbone technology being inductive power transfer (IPT) for electric vehicles. The magnetics for energy transfer in vehicles, can be adapted for heating steel fibres in roads, referred to as self-healing and modelling this is a second aspect of this thesis. The first sections of this thesis is dedicated to an overview of modelling techniques for coil design of IPT systems using both analytical and semi-analytical tools. A detailed literature review of techniques is followed by a comparison highlighting the strengths and weakness of techniques in terms of ease of use, computational efficiency, application to material interfaces etc. Analytical modelling of single and multi-coil configurations of IPT systems is carried out subsequently. The theory of partial inductance is used to model these geometries, to assess the impact of system parameters such as coupling, power transferred and magnetic efficiency with shapes of couplers and misalignment. Next, the problem of misalignment is highlighted by considering a distributed IPT system. The analytical modelling and experimental analysis of misalignment - lateral and longitudinal is performed. Edge effect is observed and experimentally validated. The second part of this thesis is dedicated to a multi-objective optimization based on the results of the developed analytical model. The goal being the development of a prototype IPT system for powering light EVs. The double rectangular (DR) coupler is chosen as the geometry for power transfer. Several geometry parameters - turns, ferrites (number, dimensions), gap between ferrites etc. are considered as design variables. Efficiency, area related power density and weight are considered as the optimization targets. Pareto fronts are developed and a particle is chosen for the development of a prototype. An experimental set-up is built consisting of a 85 kHz inverter, compensated charge-pads, rectifier and resistive load. The inverter is based on SiC MOSFETS and SiC Schottky anti-parallel diodes, the rectifier made from the same diodes. Phase shift control of the inverter legs is used to control power flow. An experimental analysis to validate the magnetic models is also developed. The third part of this thesis deals with system level economic analysis of IPT technology. A case study of bus fleet is considered and a generic methodology is developed to determine driving range as a function of mass and frontal area of the EV. The economic analysis is performed also identifying the trade-offs between road coverage of IPT, efficiency and battery size. Finally, the thesis culminates with a vision toward a future highway. Such a highway is expected to undergo a functional upgrade to handle electrification of transportation. This evolves around the integration of IPT systems, with low maintenance inductive healing asphalt roadways and renewable energy generation. The modelling challenges to such an integration is studied both using simulations and experiments. A case study for sizing renewable energy in a highway (A12) in the Netherlands using IPT is detailed.

Wireless charging is a technique of transmitting power through an air gap to an electrical device for the purpose of energy replenishment. Recently, the wireless charging technology has been significantly advanced in terms of efficiency and functionality. This article first presents an overview and fundamentals of wireless charging. We then provide the review of standards, i.e., Qi and Alliance for Wireless Power (A4WP), and highlight on their communication protocols. Next, we propose a novel concept of wireless charger networking which allows chargers to be connected to facilitate information collection and control. We demonstrate the application of the wireless charger network in user-charger assignment, which clearly shows the benefit in terms of reduced costs for users to
identify the best chargers to replenish energy for their mobile devices.

The overall concept of wireless power transmission and its strategy for finding an efficient means to distribute power without stringing wires that could wirelessly transport electricity are demonstrated in this paper. This study examines the latest trends and technological advancements in the field of wireless power transfer. Wireless power transfer has become commonplace in future societies with advanced technology.

To Nikola Tesla, probably more than to any other investigator belongs the greatest credit. In 1993 he publicly demonstrated wireless power before a meeting of the National Electric Light Association in St. Louis.In 1897 Nikola Tesla was the first to construct a vessel which could be controlled from a distance without connecting wires, a wireless controlled boat he called a "teleautomaton” which was demonstrated to the public during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden. This automation was steered in obedience to guiding impulses of Hertzian waves sent out from shore. On Nov. 8, 1898, he was granted a United States patent for this invention. In this patent he mentions the use of all forms of control energy including electromagnetic induction, electrostatic induction, conduction through earth, water, and the upper atmosphere, and all forms of purely radiant energy.

The next major leap forward was Bill Brown’s rectenna helicopter in 1964 where he demonstrated a microwave powered helicopter that received all the power needed for flight from a ground based microwave beam, this may have been the first time that an aircraft did not carry an on board power source and flew solely from the power transmitted from the ground based transmitter!
Key to future applications of WPT (Wireless Power Transmission) or WiTricity as coined recently is the overall efficiency or ratio of power output to power input. In the 1969 to 1975 time period, Bill Brown managed a program that increased the overall efficiency, or ratio of DC power out to DC power in, to a JPL certified efficiency of 54%, several times greater than generally expected. He was also technical director of a JPL Raytheon program that beamed power over a distance of one mile to a rectenna which intercepted a portion of the beam and converted it to 30 kilowatts of DC power with 84% efficiency.
In a World first experiment on the 1stnd of December 2011, John R Iwaszko of AurumSolis Technologies in Melbourne Australia demonstrated a Free Flight of a Tesla Coil powered Flying Saucer! This experiment brings to life Tesla's dream of wireless powered flight, envisioned more than a century ago by Tesla.
By referring to Tesla’s Colorado spring notes, some of his receiver circuits utilise a low impedance resistance for a DC return path through a coherer and telegraph indicator which was the receiver’s electromechanical output transducer. Tesla used a battery but today a wirelessly charged and rectified super or Ultra capacitor can also allow the main or secondary capacitor to charge to a greater portion which has the same effect as an oscillator injected with negative resistance similar to “peak boost” which raises the effective Q and the important resonant rise of the voltage. The effective Q is then increased by a multiplicative factor, or Q multiplier. This narrows the selectivity curve and magnifies the circulating current, and has the same effect as making the detector stage regenerative, as with Armstrong’s super regenerative receiver patented in 1922. But Tesla’s sensitive detector is far simpler producing substantial gain from a simple circuit that only requires a few components, and works when adapted to wireless power transmission!
The device is basically a coanda style saucer shaped foam shroud with a helicopter within. The main receiving elements are combined to form a wireless resonant circuit. The receiving aerial is in the form of a ball, the oscillation capacitor that produce electrical oscillations and the main receiving loop coil is wrapped around the bottom hull of the saucer.
This small scale saucer shrouded helicopter flew solely by means of propulsive power from a ground base transmitter delivered by a Tesla Coil Transmitter with no onboard power supply or connection.

The swift progress in the study field of human-computer interaction (HCI) causes to increase in the interest in systems for Speech emotion recognition (SER). The speech Emotion Recognition System is the system that can identify the emotional states of human beings from their voice. There are well works in Speech Emotion Recognition for different language but few researches have implemented for Arabic SER systems and that because of the shortage of available Arabic speech emotion databases. The most commonly considered languages for SER is English and other European and Asian languages. Several machine learning-based classifiers that have been used by researchers to distinguish emotional classes: SVMs, RFs, and the KNN algorithm, hidden Markov models (HMMs), MLPs and deep learning. In this paper we propose ASERS-LSTM model for Arabic Speech Emotion Recognition based on LSTM model. We extracted five features from the speech: Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) features, chromagram, Melscaled spectrogram, spectral contrast and tonal centroid features (tonnetz). We evaluated our model using Arabic speech dataset named Basic Arabic Expressive Speech corpus (BAES-DB). In addition of that we also construct a DNN for classify the Emotion and compare the accuracy between LSTM and DNN model. For DNN the accuracy is 93.34% and for LSTM is 96.81%.