Engineering & Built Environment Education

E-learning, virtual learning and mixed reality techniques are now a global integral part of the academic and educational systems. They provide easier access to educational opportunities to a very wide spectrum of individuals to pursue their educational and qualification objectives. These modern techniques have the potentials to improve the quality of the teaching and learning process and elevate its performance to higher standards. Furthermore, e-learning in conjunction with mixed reality techniques can reduce the cost of higher education at both institutional and individual learner levels. In this paper, the focus will be on teaching-learning of applied science such as engineering. These studies demand special requirements, such as acquiring specific technical skills and practices through training. In this paper is the explanation and design of remote laboratories in mixed-reality mode. Decision making and evaluation of performance using fuzzy logic will be embedded in the proposed design.

and that the rethoric and visions associated with construction IT are sometimes distant from the reality of construction usage . This paper discusses the observation-participation method as a way to ground construction IT research in industry practice. This research methodology considers the industry as a point of departure, followed by examination of a case study using the observationparticipation method . In this methodology, the researcher is not merely a passive observer, but assumes a variety of roles within the case study and participates in the studied activities. The observation-participation method application to the case study offers the opportunity to see what others have not yet seen and allows gaining access to events and groups, which, in other ways, are innaccesible to scientific research. The researcher perceieves reality from the point of view of someone "in" the case study instead of someone "external" to it.

The implementation of games and game principles has been a specific approach in the context of urban planning and development for a long time. There has been an increasing number of games specifically designed for supporting decision-making and public participation in planning processes, as well as in the education of urban planners. Yet, there is a lack of analysis of urban games as it relates to their possible contribution to the field of urban planning. This paper provides a summary of the main developments of games in the urban context with an overview of recent examples, and explores interrelations of game genres and platforms, and potential fields of implementation.

RESUMEN.
En este trabajo se analizan los factores que favorecen el aprendizaje del estudiante de una carrera de ingeniería de acuerdo a los resultados de una encuesta realizada a los propios estudiantes. En la primera parte se revisan someramente las concepciones aceptadas hoy en día acerca del aprendizaje, las destrezas que debería presentar el estudiante al egresar, y las deficiencias evidenciadas de la educación tradicional. Posterior a la parte introductoria al tema, se presentan las características de la encuesta realizada, se interpretan los resultados numéricos y observaciones de los estudiantes y finalmente se establecen las conclusiones que pueden obtenerse de ellas.

This paper focuses on how early Korean sanitary engineers used new sewage treatment plants as an opportunity to redefine sanitation as an engineering practice and to refashion themselves as prestigious engineers. Through academic programs, professional societies, and public service, academics and government officials established new identities of an independent profession as a service to the community. I first track down how sanitation and public health have evolved in 1960s urban Seoul. I argue that early sanitary engineers of Seoul City University differentiated themselves both from civil engineering profession and from municipal public works with new curriculum. I look at the professionalization of sanitary engineers and their branding as environmental engineers with their Korean Society for Environmental Engineers and Korean Environmental Engineering Federation. I conclude with ideas to understand the strategies employed by early sanitary engineers in Seoul such as appropriating knowledge and infrastructure and co-producing profession and identity.

and that the rethoric and visions associated with construction IT are sometimes distant from the reality of construction usage . This paper discusses the observation-participation method as a way to ground construction IT research in industry practice. This research methodology considers the industry as a point of departure, followed by examination of a case study using the observationparticipation method . In this methodology, the researcher is not merely a passive observer, but assumes a variety of roles within the case study and participates in the studied activities. The observation-participation method application to the case study offers the opportunity to see what others have not yet seen and allows gaining access to events and groups, which, in other ways, are innaccesible to scientific research. The researcher perceieves reality from the point of view of someone "in" the case study instead of someone "external" to it.

Information Technologies being used by the AEC industry are numerous. From fax machines to internet communications, from office automation software to advanced CAD applications, from laser sensors to automated data acquisition; all these technologies deal with information within the AEC industry. All these technologies reduce or replace human efforts, either physical or mental and have a profound effect on the AEC industry. The study of IT applications in construction is however, still a young field of research, still struggling to define its place within the large family of academic disciplines (Bjork, 99). This paper presents results of research about IT in construction. The focus of the paper are CAVT applied to the design and construction planning processes at the project operational level. Within the AEC industry we need to represent not only the visual animation information, but also the underlying information about facility components and activities (Kunz et al, 99). In that sense CAVT definition involves more than graphical representation features. A wider definition of CAVT is presented, involving their ability to visualize information regarding the ends (Product Models) and means (Process Models) for AEC project process development. Computer Graphics issues, central to CAVT in the AEC industry are overviewed and briefly discussed in this paper. Demand for higher quality displays and limitations of existing interfaces, powerful and affordability of new processors and software capabilities, and interoperability needs are discussed. Information Technology for the AEC industry involves the integration of all product development processes and the management of the information flow between them, irrespective of the data models chosen in the different implementations of one and the same process (Scherer, 94). Product and Process Modeling are the main topics related with the former approach, that have gained more attention in the last years within IT research in the AEC industry. Central to Product Models is the visual representation of the project product, commonly associated to some 3D CAD modeling effort. Different approaches have extended the "physical" representation of the project product, to include not only geometric information within it, but also the relying data which support the different activities during the several phases involved in an AEC project. This paper extends this approach to what will be defined as the Digital Reality. Process Modeling has been trying to represent the detailed tasks and transformation of specific entities among simultaneous activities oriented to complete a design into a constructed facility within AEC industry. Construction process modeling in form of 4D models is presented in this paper as the technology that will trigger the major changes expected from CAVT impact. The research is mainly based in the application of CAVT to a real project by an Engineering and Construction company which design stage is currently near 70% advanced. Three main processes were studied in the case project during the design phase: (1) 3D Modeling Design, (2) Constructability and (3) Construction Planning and Scheduling. The description of the impact of CAVT to these processes is described in this paper, and it is the main source from which insights presented in this paper come from.

This paper explores the potential of computer automation and visualization tools for engineering models, and demonstrates an opportunity to improve Information Technology (IT) support for integration in the construction industry. The paper has two main parts. The first part discusses the current state of the art of information exchange in the construction industry, which is considered the driver for integration. The evolution of project modeling, types of integration and integration mechanisms are also discussed. The second part presents a practical application as it is currently applied to a real project, where automation tools and methods are being used to construct a full scale CAD model of a facility. Specialized software is being used to visualize the model, and to coordinate design development among disciplines and with the client. The utility of an “intelligent” 3D CAD model is enhanced by the development of a “Construction Simulation”, which is a key integration element that leverages the use of the 3D model for construction. The paper describes IT support for integration in the construction industry, a topic currently being explored by Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and Bechtel Corporation. The research methodology presents both a conceptual framework for understanding IT impacts to integration, as well as practical experience developed as a case study of an active Bechtel project.

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This paper focuses on the drive towards developing a framework for infusing inclusive design principles in the education of all students in the built environment industries. Various countries use differing terminology; whilst UK favour inclusive design, in the USA this is better known as universal design, and in mainland Europe as design-for-all. There are different interpretations of the meanings of all these phrases, but they all have a common underlying message that is to create environments and products that are usable and equitable by the most number of people possible. Through an inclusive design approach a socially inclusive built environment can be created, rather than one that is exclusively designed for the mythical "average" non-disabled 35 year old white Western male person (Goldsmith 1995). The Tomar Resolution (Council of Europe 2001) and the centres of excellence in design-for-all by the European Commission both seek to develop a common curriculum in design-for-all. The authors argue that a common curriculum is difficult to achieve with such a diverse range of professions involved in the built environment, let alone the other design industries. Additionally there is a danger that inclusive design will be seen as a separate bolt-on unit to be added to existing programme, when in fact the principles on inclusive design need to permeate the entire programme that the student studies throughout their education and continuing professional development. As part of an LTSN CEBE (Learning and Teaching Support Network, Centre of Education for the Built Environment) Special Interest Group (SIG) the authors have been working with other academics who teach in this field of study to develop a framework that sets out how inclusive design can be infused into the varying courses offered to those wanting to become a built environment professional. Inclusive design is only achievable if the client and the whole design team both want to aspire to this goal, and seek design solutions that encourage inclusivity. The paper will deliver the findings to date in the context of both European and International developments.

A leading, international, engineering and construction company has carried out efforts to engage a new tool set and work process. is the new work process that aims toward better, more efficient planning and execution of large construction projects. This paper describes the case history and forecasts how this revitalized technique may ultimately impact the construction industry. Despite academic and practitioners' research and development efforts to leverage from Information Technology (IT) in construction, the industry at large, being generally conservative, has adhered to the values of predictability and existing methods to minimize risk. 4D technology has struggled to find its way into mainstream construction practice for several years, and just recently it has been shown that commercially available software and hardware can be applied effectively toward this end, greatly reducing investment risk. These relatively new tools promise new impetus to the use of 4D-PS in the construction industry. This paper describes how 4D-PS was applied on a major construction project, giving rise to a new work process that proved to be productive and cost effective. Emphasis is made on the fact that those expected to use such technology must have the necessary training and, conversely, near-future versions of computerized tools can be made more intuitive for more widespread use. The use of such techniques will necessarily draw engineering/design and construction entities closer together, essentially improving coordination among them.

A leading, international, engineering and construction company has carried out efforts to engage a new tool set and work process. Four-Dimensional Planning and Scheduling (4D-PS) is the new work process that aims toward better, more efficient planning and execution of large construction projects. This paper describes the case history and forecasts how this revitalized technique may ultimately impact the
construction industry. Despite academic and practitioners’ research and
development efforts to leverage from Information Technology (IT) in construction, the industry at large, being generally conservative, has adhered to the values of predictability and existing methods to minimize risk. 4D technology has struggled to find its way into mainstream construction practice for several years, and just
recently it has been shown that commercially available software and hardware can be applied effectively toward this end, greatly reducing investment risk. These relatively new tools promise new impetus to the use of 4D-PS in the construction industry. This paper describes how 4D-PS was applied on a major construction project, giving rise to a new work process that proved to be productive and cost effective. Emphasis is made on the fact that those expected to use such technology
must have the necessary training and, conversely, near-future versions of computerized tools can be made more intuitive for more widespread use. The use of such techniques will necessarily draw engineering/design and construction entities closer together, essentially improving coordination among them.

The purposes of this study are to 1) describe the form of the question made by vocational school teachers, 2) elaborate the teacher's method in preparing questions to evaluate the learning outcomes, 3) explain the teacher's comprehension in preparing questions that measure high order thinking skills, and 4) analyze the teacher's skills in preparing questions that measure high order thinking skills. The research is descriptive and correlational. The population and sample of this research are productive vocational high school teachers who teach at the Technical of Construction and Property expertise program in the province of South Sulawesi. Data collection was carried out in March – June 2021. Determination of the samples used the Slovin formula with an error rate of 0.05. The sample used is 59 respondents. Analysis of research data using descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation. The results of the study show that 1) the form of questions combines an objective test and...

The paper will discuss how the forces and opportunities of change strongly related to the evolution of computer model-based design and construction are not only driving progress in Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) through a transition process but promise to advance the state of the profession through the emergence of completely new paradigms. Computer model-based design and construction will not only deal with the utilization of new tools to improve existing work processes, but with the emergence of completely new ways of doing things which will have to be designed, invented or discovered.
The paper introduces the Digital Reality, The Digital Built Environment and The Digital World concepts and summarizes how we make and use the built, natural and digital environments and how they interrelate. The paper also envisions actions that shall promote the extension of current research contributions by strengthening the overlap of re-search and teaching with computer, social and management sciences in order to address the scientific, engineering, economic, social and political aspects about how we design, build and operate the built, natural and digital environments and how to make their intelligent and sustainable use possible in an integrated comprehensive way.

The use of Information Technology offers the potential for revolutionary change in the effectiveness with which construction-related activities are executed and the value they add to construction industry stakeholders. Several attempts to take advantage of Information Technology in the construction industry are currently being carried out around the world, either at academic or practitioner levels. This paper introduces the concept of MODELLING AND VISUALIZATION OF INFORMATION AND
KNOWLEDGE as a tentative point of departure aiming to bring near and act as a collaborative framework for different research efforts and organizations that currently deal separately with modelling and visualization issues in the construction industry, and contribute in this way to accelerate the transfer and adoption of research results to the construction industry practice.

This paper presents some results of the application of research thinking within
an industrial project environment. During the last five years the impact of Computer
Advanced Visualization Tools (CAVT) in the design and construction process of industrial
projects was studied as part of a research carried out by the Universidad Católica de Chile and
Bechtel Chile Ltda. A Ph.D. researcher working within Bechtel developed methods and
procedures to conduct 4D Planning and Scheduling (4D-PS). His work included pioneering
the first 4D application on a large project that rendered significant and demonstrable savings
in man-hours and materials, showing that 4D technology is viable and cost-effective. Benefits
of applying CAVT to the design process, new conceptualization of the design process, review
of the constructability concept and guidelines to manage organizational change due to IT
impact are examples of the research results that will be presented and discussed in this paper.

RESUMEN.
Ciertamente está más que demostrado que la clase expositiva hoy en día puede aportar una fracción muy pequeña en el proceso de aprendizaje de los alumnos. La creación de entornos de aprendizaje activos es uno de los objetivos necesarios de perseguir en la actualidad para compatibilizar con el estudiante nativo digital. El desafío inicial es tratar de generar estos entornos de aprendizaje en la estructura docente y de infraestructura existentes, las cuales lamentablemente responden a un paradigma ya obsoleto. Una de las formas más eficientes de adaptarse a las nuevas potencialidades y debilidades que presentan los alumnos actuales para obtener aprendizajes efectivos es la incorporación de las tecnologías de información y comunicación TICs al proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje. En este trabajo se presentan algunas actividades y acciones motivadoras con uso de TICs aplicadas dentro del aula a un curso de telecomunicaciones de segundo año de educación superior y que permiten obtener valoración positiva por parte de los alumnos.

This paper describes a system that combines a 2D digital board that shows dynamically in rows and columns arranged in a special layout, starting and finishing dates of subcontractors work linked to the fourth dimension, time, coming from construction schedules. The system is the result of a research project whose objective is to improve planning, scheduling, and controlling the work of subcontractors of finishings in building projects. The system will be tested on case studies projects for planning, scheduling and controlling the work of subcontractors. It is expected that the systems will act as a powerful real time Visualization, Planning, Analysis and Communication Tool in the case studies. Despite the 3D case studies models were very useful for constructability and other purposes, the traditional 4D approach that combines 3D + time was not very useful when dealing with construction works that remained mainly “hidden” within the project 3D model. Applied to the case studies, the digital board shall provide different ways to display, communicate and understand information about resources, costs, dates and relationships coming from a traditional CPM network using 4D in a new 2D + time conceptualization.

CONTEXT
Although engineering employability receives significant attention both nationally and internationally, there is little agreement about how employability should be defined or how it might be developed through an integrated approach. Definitions aside, student engineers need to prepare for careers that are increasingly unstable, mobile and self-directed. In the
current climate, employability in engineering can no longer be defined as a job: it does not come with the graduation certificate or with accreditation and it requires constant work throughout the career lifecycle.

PURPOSE
This study positioned employability development as the cognitive and social development of student engineers as capable and informed individuals, professionals and social citizens. The study located employability development within the existing curriculum and sought to
engage students as partners in their developmental journeys by creating a better understanding of students’ thinking as student engineers.

APPROACH
The study employed a new measure of self and career literacy to develop personalised engineering profiles with 255 first-year engineering students. Students self-assessed their employability development using an online tool. Using the same process, educators will draw on students’ self-assessments to rethink the design and delivery of initial engineering
education, including composite forms of work-integrated-learning.

RESULTS
Early results indicate the value of a metacognitive approach to employability development. The measure revealed students’ perceptions of their development as engineers. The inclusion of ‘self’ alongside ‘career’ revealed new insights on ‘basic’ career literacy, with students emphasising the need for high-level communication skills and a desire for work that
has meaning and impact.

CONCLUSIONS
Employability development is a career-long concern in which higher education plays an intensive early role. Involving students in this process from the first year of studies has the potential for students to realise their individual roles as partners in the developmental process. The findings illustrate that the successful integration of engineering theory and
practice requires students to become agentic partners in their personal development. For this to occur, educators need to understand students’ perceived weaknesses and strengths, and areas in which they might be over-confident. The study reaffirms that it is insufficient for students to know how to think; they need a critical awareness and understanding of their thinking and learning processes. It is imperative, then, that metacognition forms the basis of an integrated engineering education.

Transportation plays a significant role in sustainable development, civilization, industrialization and commercialization in many countries around the globe. This paper looked into bridging the gaps in clean mobility and transport through engineering interventions and other innovative ideas. Salient issues affecting clean mobility and an effective transport system were highlighted and possible solutions were suggested. The methodology includes a literature survey and consultation of environmental experts. A deeper understanding of the gaps between mobility and transportation management can provide insightful information into how cities must be structured. Clean mobility refers to all forms of transportation that do not require the use of fossil fuels exclusively. Mobility specializes in making groundbreaking solutions that enable mobility and industry to attain zero-emissions status. It was concluded that engineering interventions and other innovative ideas can be used to bridge the gaps in clean mobility and transport. Monitoring climate change and reduction of environmental pollution are very vital for the sustainable green environment in African urban communities. There is a need to strengthen digital advancements for integrated solutions in infrastructural development and transportation networks. Proper planning, adequate funding and sustainable development are very crucial for bridging the gap and attaining of a cleaner environment.

Preschool nurseries help children of smaller age group to be exposed to activities and functions mainly not available at home. It helps to safely get socially engaged and interact with other children. This opportunity inclines children to play in a natural way to avail their leisure time. The playing activities prepare children for their follow-up desires, aims and objectives in a life. The children become confident in solving problems, expressing and thinking new ideas, relations with others and acquaintance with places. The art of playing during is essential for children to reach up to their full potential. District Swat is an extremely beautiful tourist spot of Pakistan, where the local people have keen interest in education and have shown positive behavior towards sending their children to preschool nurseries. However, facilities provided for children in these nurseries need improvement and hence researcher took this research exploration to identify and propose design solutions. For research exploration, researcher took nearby three well known pre-schools of "Nekphekhail" area of Tehsil Kabal District Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study was on the quality of the physical environmental facilities provided in a sample of three preschool nurseries in district Swat were Tipu Shaheed School Guljaba, Vision School Kanju and nexuses school Kanju were regarding indoor and outdoor facilities for Children of age 3 to 5years. Preschool nurseries were assessed with the help of Children physical Environmental Rating Scale (CPERS). The CPERS was adopted to assess the selected sample for study and later the collected data was analyzed to provide insight on how the quality of physical environment in current preschool nurseries could contribute in improving children growth. The research concluded about lacks of preschool nurseries facilities and how through design interventions these could be resolved. The study aims to open new ways for design in environmentally focused built environments for pre-schools towards becoming more humane, environmental and child friendly manner.

Over the years, the environmental degradation of ecological resources from crude oil pollution and its human health impacts is receiving more global attention. The utilization of environmental models capable of predicting the fate, transport, and toxicity of chemicals in spilt crude oil can provide essential knowledge required to deal with the complexity associated with the fate of volatile petroleum chemicals in the environment. This paper explores the environmental fate of toxic volatile organics from an oil spill in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Results from the literature implicated sabotage and operational failures from pipelines as primary causes of crude oil spillages. The generation of a fugacity model using EPI Suite™ revealed that Koc values greatly influence the behavior of BTN. Benzene, Toluene, and Naphthalene (BTN) were partitioned into three compartments based on organic-carbon partitioning coefficient (Koc). The organic-carbon partitioning coefficient (Koc) was ...

En el presente trabajo se analiza la situación generada con la introducción del computador personal con acceso a internet en la sala de clases por parte de los estudiantes, considerando que los métodos de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las instituciones de educación superior no consideran dicha herramienta como parte de la estrategia pedagógica dentro del aula. En la primera parte se presenta el claro avance del uso de computadores personales y acceso a internet por parte de las personas en general y de los estudiantes en particular que se observa a nivel mundial y también en nuestro país. A continuación se revisan las bases conceptuales que justifican el uso del computador personal en red por parte de los alumnos como forma de enriquecer la interactividad de las clases y mejorar el nivel de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Finalmente se presentan los efectos que se producen con la introducción del computador en red en el aula sobre estudiantes y profesores, concluyendo que dicha facilidad tecnológica está llamada a convertirse en una herramienta poderosa para la eficiencia de aprendizaje y obtención de competencias de las actuales y futuras generaciones. INTRODUCCIÓN: Hace por lo menos unas cuatro décadas, los estudiantes llegaban a la universidad con los conocimientos e información entregada en colegios, sin destrezas especiales, sino por el contrario, su personalidad no estaba aun formada en cuanto a responsabilidad personal de sus estudios y trabajo en grupo exigidos en la universidad. En la situación indicada, la institución de educación superior le presentaba algunas herramientas que le servirían para sus estudios y su desempeño profesional (regla de cálculo o calculadora por ejemplo) y ponía a disposición del estudiante tecnologías novedosas de apoyo a su aprendizaje, tales como computador central, biblioteca especializada y de rápido acceso, etc. La situación hoy en día ha cambiado radicalmente, muchos estudiantes llegan a la educación superior con conductas de entrada y conocimientos tecnológicos (computador personal con acceso a internet y dispositivos de comunicación multimedial, redes sociales, etc.) que la institución no siempre está preparada para aprovechar para mantener la atención del estudiante ni para mejorar el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje. El estudiante actual, al ingresar a la institución de educación superior intenta continuar utilizando sus capacidades, principalmente de comunicación, búsqueda de información, cálculo y aprendizaje a través de su computador personal conectado a la red, sin embargo descubre que si bien la institución le facilita el acceso a internet, no ha introducido dichas herramientas para la transferencia de conocimientos y adquisición de competencias y se enfrenta en muchos casos a largas sesiones de clases expositivas que lo retrotraen a métodos de enseñanza que de acuerdo a los nuevos paradigmas educativos han quedado obsoletas.

Abstract.
In this work is proposed a program for the subject " Theory of
telecommunications " to the career of Naval Electronic
Engineering of the Naval Polytechnical Academy with multiple
resources of learning.
A clear current trend is that the explanatory class is being
displaced gradually by the use of multiple learning technologies,
placing the student in the center of his own process of formation.
The student passes to use most of his time in learning activities,
guided by the teacher, using several resources such as,
educational platforms, internet access, simulation programs,
computer based laboratories, virtual laboratories, etc.