Engineers

Motivation is one of the factors that influence the productivity of people. Project Managers, Engineers and Laborers, play a vital role in the management of projects in a Qatar Construction Industry success of these projects relies profoundly on their active participation and effective performance. Hence it is important to assess the impact of motivation and demotivation on the performance. The broad objective of this work is to assess the impact of motivation and demotivation in QCI. The specific objective of this paper is identifying the key factors that cause motivation and de-motivation in QCI. Literature review, survey with expert opinion and semi structured interviews were conducted to identify these factors. Using these factors to conduct specific motivational programmes will help in improving the productivity of people on a project.

Book published by Cambridge University Press, October, 2016.
Engineers and scientists as well as engineering/science students are an immense untapped resource for innovation. This book is for engineers and scientists who have the aptitude and education to create new products that could become income-producing businesses for themselves and for investors. The author has taught hundreds of engineering and business students at Auburn University, USA, over the last fifteen years using the tested and proven contents of this book. Many of his students have been successful in developing new products from their ideas that won them thousands of dollars in university or state business-plan contests. Some have received large investments from wealthy investors in return for ownership in their businesses.

The key features of this reference enable readers to sharpen their new idea, turn an idea into a commercial product, conduct patent search and apply for an affordable patent application, collect requisite data and prepare
a business model as well as a business plan. The material in the book is presented in a 10-week blueprint for use in a college course with teams made of three or four students per team or for self-study by curious inventors. Supporting materials are provided on the book’s website (http://www.engineer-entrepreneur-book.com/). 254 pages, paperback.

The Colección de cuadros y planos sobre de Cerdeña y Sicilia en los anõs 1717, 1720 (Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional de España MSS 6408) is an archive of military maps complementing the Memorias written by Jaime Miguel de Guzmán-Dávalos, second marquis of la Mina, who had participated in these campaigns. The Colección illustrates some of the most important events of the Italian campaigns against the Quadruple Alliance of Britain, France, Austria and the Dutch Republic (1717–1720). Comparison of the maps and other drawings with details in la Mina’s Memorias allows us to clarify his main objective in compiling the text, which was to record the operations faithfully for use in military education.

El presente estudio analiza el contexto histórico y la cultura cartográfica de la isla de Cerdeña durante la Guerra de la Cuádruple Alianza (1717-1720) y se presentan datos archivísticos y documentos cartográficos inéditos hasta la fecha. Por último, se analizan los artífices de los siete mapas de Cerdeña, haciendo más hincapié en la figura del ingeniero italiano Felipe León Maffey y en su producción cartográfica.

Quality education depends primarily on the quality of teachers. This is particularly true in the case of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education. Understanding the factors that motivate students and professionals to choose a teaching career in STEM is crucial in teacher recruitment, retention, and performance. It is for this reason that this study sought to determine the motivation to teach among Filipino engineering students as well as their perceptions about this profession. Fifty-seven engineering students answered a questionnaire adopted from Watt and Richardson's Factors Influencing Teaching Choice (FIT-Choice) Scale. Results suggest that top motivators include altruistic-intrinsic reasons such as the desire to make social contributions, help shape the future of children/adolescents, and promote social equity. Prior experiences in learning and teaching were also determined to be influential among the respondents. At the same time, the respondents also perceived teaching as a demanding task that requires high level of expertise. Low salaries and experiences of dissuasion from others were also noted as potential barriers to choosing teaching as a career. It is recommended that more comprehensive studies be done not only with engineering students but also with students of other STEM fields. It is hoped that more support and encouragement will be accorded to these prospective STEM educators by understanding their motivations in choosing and beliefs about teaching.

Ένα αμερικάνικο ανέκδοτο λέει πως ο μηχανικός προτιμά να αποσυναρμολογήσει τη συσκευή του τηλεφώνου παρά να τη χρησιμοποιήσει για να μιλήσει στη μητέρα του. Και όμως, πόσο αληθεύει αυτό, όταν ο μηχανικός που θα ασχοληθεί με τη σχεδίαση (και το σχεδιασμό;) διεργασιών και τεχνημάτων, με τον έλεγχο, με την κατασκευή, την παραγωγή, τη μεταποίηση, τη βιομηχάνηση, με τη λειτουργία, τη λειτούργηση και τη λειτουργικότητα, με τους κανόνες, τους τρόπους και τις μεθόδους λειτουργίας και δράσης, θα πρέπει να γνωρίζει κάθε φορά πότε και πώς σχεδιάζει (κάνει σχεδίαση) και πότε και πώς σχεδιάζει (κάνει σχεδιασμό) και επίσης θα χρειαστεί να εκτιμήσει, αποτιμήσει, αξιολογήσει την απόδοση (ή αποδοτικότητα;) και την επίδοση (ή επιδοτικότητα ή επιδόσεις;). Και που θα πρέπει να μεταφέρει τους όρους αυτούς στην αγγλική ή σε άλλη γλώσσα, αλλά επίσης θα πρέπει να αποδόσει στην ελληνική τεχνικά εγχειρίδια και άλλα κείμενα που περιέχουν όρους όπως design (την ενέργεια που σχετίζεται με τη σχεδίαση ή/και με το σχεδιασμό), planning (σχεδιασμό, προγραμματισμό, αλλά και χωροταξικό σχεδιασμό), performance (απόδοση, ικανότητα απόδοσης, αποδοτικότητα, λειτουργικότητα).

Wie hängen Innovation und Wandel bei den Schweizerischen Bundesbahnen zusammen? Woher kam der Druck zur Veränderung? Wer generierte innovative Ideen generiert und wie konnten sich diese durchsetzen? So lauten einige Kernfragen der Untersuchung von Gisela Hürlimann, die sich als eine „integrative Unternehmensgeschichte“ der SBB versteht. Die zweite Hälfte der 1960er-Jahre, in der die die Bundesbahnen in eine Defizitphase eintraten, stellt den Ausgangspunkt dar. Anhand der Projekte für eine automatische Zugsicherung, für den Taktfahrplan Schweiz und für eine Schnellbahn Bern-Zürich spannt die Autorin einen weiten Bogen in die Gegenwart. Darin zeigt sie, wie das Bahnunternehmen um die Mitte der 1980er-Jahre dank cleverem Marketing und dank dem Mega-Trend Umweltschutz den Turnaround schaffte und die historische Kurve von einer „public social railway“ zu einer „public business railway“ nahm. Zu dieser Erfolgsstory gehört die „Bahn 2000“, die 1984/85 das unbeliebte Projekt der „Neuen Haupttransversalen“ (NHT) ablöste. Dabei kommt auch die Sichtweise der Ingenieure, Betriebswirtschaftler und Generaldirektoren nicht zu kurz, mit denen die Autorin Interviews für eine „Oral History“ der SBB führte. Mit den Bundesbahnen steht auch die schweizerische Verkehrspolitik in ihrem Verhältnis zu Europa im Fokus der Untersuchung. Denn die Untersuchung bezieht systematisch Impulse mit ein, die von der „Internationalität der Eisenbahn“ und von der EG-Liberalisierungspolitik ausgingen. Gleichzeitig liefert die Darstellung am Beispiel des SBB-Spinnerclubs auch eine exemplarische Analyse vom Funktionieren eines intraorgansationalen Innovationsnetzwerks, dessen „Subversionen“ dem gesamten Betrieb nützten. Die Darstellung endet in den späten 1990er-Jahren, als die Bahn- und Unternehmensreform in Kraft trat und als die SBB eine Pionierrolle beim „European Train Control System“ (ETCS) übernahmen. Angesichts der Herausforderungen durch zukünftige Bahreformen, durch die NEAT und die Veränderungen der  Lebensgewohnheiten – Wohnen über den Gleisen und Reisen durch die ganze Nacht? – scheinen die Weichen wieder offen für eine stets neue „Eisenbahn der Zukunft“.

The ecological emergency can be described as a combination of four categories: climate change, degradation of biodiversity, increasing pollution and scarcity of natural resources. As a consequence of the industrial revolution, these phenomena appear to be linked to the many technological innovations industrialized by engineers during the 19th century. This profession is still based, to some extent, on an anthropocentric universe where nature must be controlled in the name of progress and where "Science" appears as a neutral entity. While surveys indicate a largely depoliticized public, there has nevertheless been a growing militant and ecological commitment among engineers in recent years. It is therefore possible to question the trajectories that lead these individuals from their training to their participation in collective actions. We can also seek to understand the social determinants of these ecological commitments. We sought to answer these questions through a qualitative method based on some twenty semi-directive interviews with committed engineers, students and graduates, and teachers in engineering schools. We also conducted a study of documents – press articles, minutes of meetings, manifestos, engineering school brochures. It appears that engineers face challenges during their training and careers, both on the job market and in terms of raising awareness of environmental issues. It is their patterns of perception and interpretation of the world which are then transformed and which give rise to a new repertoire of action in the service of the ecological cause, the « cause engineering ».

Au tournant des années 1860-1870, le Japon confronté aux enjeux de la modernité a su trouver, dans les transferts de technologie et l’assistance d’experts étrangers sous contrat, les moyens d’assumer la transformation d’un pays féodal archaïque en un État centralisé moderne. Il a aussi réussi à mobiliser l’énergie, la soif de connaissances et le nationalisme de jeunes Japonais, issus de familles de samouraïs, pour les mettre au service de l’indépendance technologique de leur pays .
En moins d’une génération, les cadres occidentaux ont été remplacés par des Japonais formés à l’étranger, qui ont eux-mêmes contribué à la diffusion d’un enseignement de qualité sur le territoire national.
Quatre Japonais diplômés de l’École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, promotions 1876 et 1879, ont efficacement participé à cette mutation. Mais avant de décrire les parcours personnels de Yamada Torakichi, Furuichi Koï, Okino Tadao, et Yamaguchi Hanroku, il est nécessaire d’évoquer le contexte politique, industriel et scolaire d’un pays en cours d’occidentalisation.

The pressing need of predominance on the Mediterranean Sea during the war between the Quadruple Alliance (England, Holland, Austria and France) and the Spain of Philip V, fomented the creation of an efficient and updated cartographic production, which involved the two Mediterranean islands, Sardinia and Sicily. The concrete knowledge of the territory became a primary need and, mainly in Sicily, systematic military reconnaissances were undertaken over the entire extent of the island. This contribution, in addition to deepening archival results thanks to new and interesting documents that emerged during our research, aims to define the historical context and the ensuring cartographic and territorial culture. The accumulation of iconographic material, accelerated by the ongoing war, as well as the preparation of various maps by engineers at the service of Spain, provides a good basis for a new analysis of the roles played by the various technicians involved in the measurement campaigns of the two islands.

Pričujoča doktorska disertacija predstavlja razliko med oblikovanjem evropskih nacionalnih držav in ZDA kot razliko med modernizmom in postmodernizmom. Slednji ni predstavljen kot obdobje, ki bi modernizmu kronološko sledilo, temveč kot vzporedni proces, kot specifična izkušnja ZDA. Razliko zasleduje preko pojma kulture in njegovega razmerja do pojma civilizacije. Po prikazu izvorov obeh pojmov v antičnem Rimu je predstavljen razvoj kulture v eno temeljnih institucij moderne Evrope. To velja tako za francoski model civilizacije, kjer se oblikuje ideja visoke kulture, kot tudi za nemški model kulture. Oba modela oblikujejo humanistični intelektualci kot homogeni prostor, ki vzpostavlja državno sekularno oblast in suverenost naroda onkraj raznolikosti srednjeveških oblik oblasti. Po drugi strani pa je postmodernost ZDA razumljena kot umanjkanje tega procesa zaradi izkušnje kolonializma, lokalnega samoorganiziranja in samoodločbe, ideje ponovnega začetka in s tem zanikanja preteklosti ter drugačne oblike in namena revolucije. V središču ideje ameriškega naroda so zato politične institucije, ki omogočajo ekonomsko svobodo in privatno lastnino ter vzpostavljajo kredo kot prepričanje v obstoj univerzalnih resnic. Namesto oblikovanja naroda s skupno preteklostjo izoblikujejo narod bele rase s skupno prihodnostjo. Sledi predstavitev industrijskih ZDA, kjer nastopajo inženirji in managerji kot ključni oblikovalci sodobnega ameriškega naroda heterogenih imigrantov s tem, da na začetku 20. stoletja oblikujejo ameriško kulturo kot kulturno industrijo in vanjo vključijo nove evropske imigrante kot potrošnike. Kultura s tem postane tržno blago in ne mesto onkraj ekonomske menjave, kot je to veljalo za evropsko modernost. Raziskava je oblikovana kot zgodovina idej, njena metoda je kritična analiza pojmov in konceptov v njihovi zgodovinski in zemljepisni razsežnosti na obeh straneh severnega Atlantika.

This course helps prepare attendees with a solid understanding of why we monitor the condition of
rotating machinery (and other critical assets), the importance of improved reliability, and how the
vibration can be successfully measured and analyzed to provide an early warning of a wide range of
fault conditions

Through the construction of the sociological object "engineer", this work aims to shed light on the way in which the political, economic and social stakes were recomposed in the context of the economic liberalisation of the Maghreb in the years 1990-2000. Taking as a starting point the birth of the modern corps of engineers during the colonial period, the aim was to analyse how, after the independence of the Maghreb states, engineers moved from the status of large public sector clerks in the service of building a national development project driven by the state to that of middle or senior managers presenting themselves on an increasingly open labour market. This process, part of a dual training system, was itself linked to the massification of higher education and the economic and social transformations generated by the implementation, from the mid-1980s onwards, of the IMF's structural adjustment plans, which were synonymous with the gradual expansion of the private sector and opening up to the world economy.

Alain P. Michel, « Le travail des ingénieurs en entreprises. Formation, socialisation et activités des ingénieurs en perspective européenne de longue durée », pour le dossier « Ingénieurs et entreprises aux XIXe-XXIe siècle », Artefact. Techniques, histoire et sciences humaines, n° 13/2020, p. 9-46.
Engineers work. Who are they? How were they trained? What are they doing? For which companies and under what conditions? Can we identify a typology of engineers in Western Europe of the XIXth-XXth century? It is not easy to answer these interrogations which resonate with the new subject of contemporary history for teaching competitions in France: “Work in Western Europe from the 1830s to the 1930s. Hands craft and industrial work, practices and social issues”. This opening paper has been informed by this specific focus. First, we link the need for new engineers with the industrialization processes. Then we correlate the structuring of training systems with the specific state configurations. Next we study the ways of socialization of engineers and tackle the challenges of the feminization of the engineering profession. Finally, we study a few cases of engineers in action in the companies they work for. An engineer is a multifaceted character. His portrait and that of his group, changes according to the transformations of the landscape in which he interacts. We strive to bring out the major features of European engineers.

This paper starts with a brief on engineering and the goals and visions for it in Kenya. The Engineers Board of Kenya is talked about; the roles and functions together with registration of engineers. There is a conflict between laws governing the engineering profession in Kenya and it is discussed under Universities Act VS the Engineers Act. Three out of the eight cases examined in this paper highlight this issue perfectly.
This paper sheds a small light on how the profession is being governed and how the government has parts to play in it. Currently it is not up to standard and measures to improve the state have to be taken.

"Three levels of axioms matching three levels of disciplines:
1. Multidiscipline: Macro most general where the metaphors and axioms and metaphors used by the widest and diverse disciplines, users and societies. All of society, crossing culture, disciplines, professions, industrialist arts and fields as mathematics and interdisciplinary vocabulary.
2. Interdisciplinary axioms are between fields of art [I] whereas metaphors in general inhabit all these axioms drive a wide variety and aid in associations, interdisciplinary contributions and conversations about board fields not necessary involved with a particular project but if about a project about all context including city plan, land use, institutions, culture and site selection, site planning and potent ional neighborhood and institutional involvement.
3. Micro Discipline: Between architects all involved in making the built environment particularly on single projects in voting relevant arts[I], crafts, manufactures, engineers, sub-con tractors and contactors. As well as owners, users, neighbors, governments agencies, planning boards and town councils."(2.0)Indeed, users of a building designed according to these inherited solutions understand the building's organization and meaning because its underlying principles have been encountered before.  Metaphors communicate what both composer and reader know from similar and common experiences.  These are incorporated in building's vocabulary such as walls, doors, stairs, floors, ceilings, windows, etc.  They further exude through scale, proportion, size, magnitudes, dimensions, geometry, patterns, etc.  Architectural metaphors are communicated but are not only a kind of linguistic communication.  It includes a three-dimensional content of what people want to know.  It is more than the obvious materialization into physical form although it is the physical form which communicates.  Students of architecture learn the language, vocabulary and syntax to communicate and compose but they also, unlike the linguist, actor, musician, draftsman, need to learn the content, program and 1three-dimensional concept of creation.


(2.0)        Gelernter, M.,"Teaching design innovation through design traditions"


1.      three-dimensional: where architects discover spatial functional, structural, mechanical and constructional realities in well rounded completeness.







"Metaphoric techniques":
            Architecture and the making of metaphors is a serious subject, not to be taken lightly nor reduced to one or another of its' variables.  It deals with the whole and substance of much of what constitutes the treasure, wealth, success and accomplishment of a society, civilization and individuals.
            The school, university, college, professors, teacher, student, department, etc. which limits its' view of architecture then becomes and produces that view.  What may seem relevant, marketable, compatible and timely may be circumstantial and as a result of the faculty's own projections.  They are getting what they asked for.  Not unlike most professions, architecture is self‑professing.  If architects say they make metaphors, are draftsman, builders, project managers, restoration specialist, traditionalist, etc. that is what they are and those will be the kinds of architects produced and the demands placed on the facility.  Architecture is classic, setting its' own standards and is standard setting. It is a type and model which others can add or emulate. If architects become builders or only designers to whom will the builders look to copy or emulate.  Even those advocating traditional imitations would be at a loss for a world without full architectural expressions.  This is the environment which has been abdicated by the architect which is then controlled by the real estate developer, lawyers, accountants, comptrollers, engineers, builders, constructors, municipality, etc.
            Students do wish to abandon a priori (2.0)"repertoire of mental images"
            which we may call cultural or traditional unless these images can be restored to value.  Students are asked to abandon their very means of understanding buildings".  For most involved in the dialectic process this is a welcomed and natural event.  It fits well to current maturing and when accepted culturally can induce new experiences.

(2.0)    Gelernter, M.,"Teaching design innovation through design traditions"





            One can reside in an environment for a life time without seeing, perceiving or noticing its' relationships, structure and connotations.  Education deals with extent reality, its' perspective and context in universal history.
            We can apply (2.0)Gelernter's analogy of learning language skills to learning not architecture but aspects of architecture related to technique, expression, building, construction, contract documents, model building, graphics drafting, rendering, writing etc. Those skills and facts as language that teach the student about words, their pronunciation, and the methods of combining them used and understood by a considerable community.  These are the architect's means of communicating ideas and including feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, symbols, forms, shapes, textures, scale, height, width or features having understood meanings.  Just as linguists utilize reading, spelling, literature and composition (the language arts) to develop the student's comprehension and capacity for use of the written and oral language so do architectural educators use history, two and three-dimensional design, construction, structures, research, programming, drafting, drawing, rendering, etc.
            In the way mimicking helps students learn a language, copying draftsmanship enables a draftsman.  Neither mimetic activities are the source of ideas, but rather the very necessary art to express those ideas.  It is often the mastery of some technique of expression which builds the ability of the composer to innovate and create.  But the two, technique and ideas are not the same.  They depend upon each other and are metaphorically interrelated but they are sovereign and cannot compete.


(2.0)    Gelernter, M.,"Teaching design innovation through design traditions"

           
                        They are complementary and mutually supportive.  Often our finest artists are both the source of great ideas expressed with excellent quality craftsmanship.
Mastering an idea is not the same as learning to speak a language, yet language is replete with words which are ideas.  We remember the words, grammar and syntax along with physical means of using them.  Both the technical and the cognitive realms of architectural composition are involved in the same idea(s) but the former articulates, explains, divides and makes conscious that which is deduced, inferred, learned, experienced and decided.  Without a language, ideas would not materialize nor be 1thought.  Technique of the vehicles which conduct our thoughts through a system of senses, perceptions, decisions, and recollections of experiences of both the inner and outer world.
                                (1.0)For the existentialist in this kind of experience the teacher and learner are partners in the learning process.  Perennialists promote a cognitive approach to education : one that stresses 1thinking and particularly philosophical 1thinking as its' primary goal while essentialist educational theory has stresses that factual, observable data predominates a purely rational approach.
                (1.0)Behavioral engineers think of schools as total conditioning units. Though behavioral engineering faculties and students initiate the kinds of changes necessary to create a new and better world.  Linguistic analyst maintain that what we need in education is to become aware of how language can be used to influence both thinking and action.
(1.0)    Ozman, H.A., and Craver, S.M., "Philosophical Foundation of Education"
1.        Thought : think, cognition, recognition, reasoning, the power to imagine, conception, a developed intention, as architectural plans, sections, elevations, axonometric, etc.
            think: to know : to form or have in the mind.  To devise by thinking.  To form a mental picture.  To subject to the process of logical thought.  To think implies the entrance of an idea into one's mind.  The forming and bringing forth a conception.  To think is to form; form forms from forms.

                        They contend that not only educational problems, but the social, economic, and political problems of today could be solved or at least abrogated by a more precise and informed use of language.  It is this philosophy and theory of education which most aligns with Gelernter's (2.0)"repertoire of mental schemata" which may provide a repertoire of solutions that provides the individual with competence to act in the world", "as the language analogy innovation of new ideas grows originally out of the old".  This verses the existential phenomenological experience of Husserl, Heidegger and Dewey.  Where new ideas are derived from an intimate experience "with"
            existence and not ideas "about" existence.  (1.0)In Husserl's words, "to go back to the things themselves".

"Metaphor's role in learning architecture"
            The transition from the passive non responsible ambivalence of youth is changed to a more relevant stage in schools of Higher Education.  Particularly architecture whose inherent content deals with teaching people how to learn how to learn and regurgitate, reify, and create from  what they have learned to others.  Architectural faculty also teach these same students how to teach.  This is the new world in which these people will reclaim their historical future.

This article is a proposal to increase cooperation between speech therapists and engineers in the field of speech disfluencies assessment. It provides practical guidance on how to reach an agreement between representatives of the two groups. It discusses speech therapists' and engineers' skills that can be useful in achieving the goal of their cooperation, which is an immediate and objective assessment of speech disfluencies.

The Institution of Engineers India, largest Multidisciplinary Professional Body of Engineers deploying Engineering and engaging Engineers in the Country over 96 Years. The document is focusing on achievements and initiatives of IEI in the year 2014-15.

This study investigated the influence of Petroleum Engineers’ personal characteristics as determinant factor on their utilisation of information resources in Libraries of petroleum industries in south- south, Nigeria. The characteristics are working experience and field of specialisation. The survey was guided by three research questions and two hypotheses which were formulated for testing. The population of the study consisted of 1572 engineers in Exxon Mobil, Eket, Akwa Ibom and Agip Oil Company in Port Harcourt. The sample consisted of 499 respondents drawn from petroleum, mechanical, computer, electrical and other engineering fields in Exxon Mobil, Eket and Agip Oil Company in Port Harcourt. A 40-item researcher developed instrument called: Personal characteristic of Engineers and Information Resources Utilisation Questionnaire (PCEIRUQ) was used for data collection. The instrument has a reliability index of 0.95 using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data generated were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results showed that information resources available in decreasing rank order are books, datasheets, project drawing, manuals, reports, CDs, information from colleagues, seminar/ workshops/ conference, internet and maps. Findings indicate that engineers’ experience and fields of specialisation have significant (P be adequately sensitised on the significance of information in enhancing their productivity in their respective fields. It was also recommended that the engineers should be encouraged to make effective use of available information resources through regular user education programmes and exhibition and display of available information resources.

The Tunisian state that emerged from independence (1956) set up a system of training for its executives that tends to reproduce the characteristic duality of the French system between "grandes" and "petites" schools or faculties, and between "petite porte" and "grande porte". However, this opposition took on a specific form in Tunisia insofar as the courses of excellence reserved for the best students are located abroad, first of all in France, in the Grandes Écoles d'ingénieurs. Since the mid-1960s, the French Grandes Ecoles have constituted a place of production and reproduction for part of the Tunisian elites, thus confirming the statement by Anne-Catherine Wagner (2007, p. 59) according to which the passage through a foreign university or Grandes Ecoles is part of the conditions of reproduction of the upper social strata in the dominated countries. But this production/reproduction requires, at least in part, that graduates trained abroad return to their country of origin. Consequently, this mode of training of the elites leads directly to the question of the dynamics of expatriation and the return of graduates.

Canada, as one of the three Allied nations collaborating on atomic energy development during the Second World War, had an early start in applying its new knowledge and defining a new profession. Owing to postwar secrecy and distinct national aims for the field, nuclear engineering was shaped uniquely by the Canadian context. Alone among the postwar powers, Canadian exploration of atomic energy eschewed military applications; the occupation emerged within a governmental monopoly; the intellectual content of the discipline was influenced by its early practitioners, administrators, scarce resources, and university niches; and a self-recognized profession coalesced later than did its American and British counterparts. This paper argues that the history of the emergence of Canadian nuclear engineers exemplifies unusually strong shaping of technical expertise by political and cultural context.

During the Independent era, and to the present day, the colonization in Mexico has received innumerable studies. Nevertheless, the plans and programs evaluation to establish new towns are still depending on static contexts, determined by epoch and territorial frameworks. It is also the case of the criteria that such studies, through decades, use to valorate their effectiveness and pertinence. The true is that, during the transit to the nacional states era, the Spanish Monarchy jurisdictions -as the Provincias Internas- received a lot of proposals, sometimes using old schemes and other times exploring new formulas. Perhaps the settling process condition of that margins permits to explain why the technicians tended to look at old certainties instead of searching for new reasons; in any case, reading from their own texts and drawings the reasonings and choices made, allows us today to understant the cautious and slow transit to another modernity. Thus, since the first years of the independent life until the 1940 decade, it is possible to identify a common layer of projects inspired in the way that Monarchy pushed the borderlands “poblamiento”; it was the same utopia.

El trabajo centra su atención en el análisis de las experiencias de un grupo de egresados de una universidad de la República Argentina. Trabajamos con cuarenta ingenieros(as) que recibieron sus diplomas entre 2008 y 2010. Mediante una encuesta longitudinal y entrevis-tas biográficas en profundidad analizamos sus percepciones y va-loraciones acerca de la formación adquirida y de sus procesos de inserción laboral. El estudio complementa análisis cuantitativos con análisis biográficos-narrativos integrados en un estudio de caso. Los resultados se organizan en cuatro ejes: características de las trayec-torias educativas de los participantes, dificultades identificadas para insertarse laboralmente, valoración de las causas a las que atribuyen las dificultades referidas y sugerencias para mejorar planes de for-mación venideros. Se identificó, además, una dimensión emergente y trasversal que acentúa la potencialidad de la perspectiva situada del aprendizaje para causar un impacto en los diseños curriculares que prioricen una formación integral que facilite los procesos de in-serción laboral de los graduados./This paper analyzes the experiences of a group of graduates from a university in Argentina. We worked with forty engineers who re-ceived their diplomas between 2008 and 2010. Using a longitudinal survey and in-depth biographical interviews, we analyzed their per-ceptions and values related to the training they received and their processes of labor insertion. The study complements quantitative analysis with biographic-narrative interviews to form a case study. The results are organized along four lines: characteristics of the educational path of the participants, difficulties identified in labor insertion, assessment of the causes associated with said difficulties, and suggestions to improve future training programs. Additionally, the work identified an emergent and transversal dimension that ac-centuates the potential for the situated perspective of learning to impact curricular designs that give priority to an integral educa-tion, oriented towards facilitating the process of labor insertion for graduates.

When I was a senior in college, I was one of many who felt that four years had been enough, and that even one year more study- ing for a master’s degree would be too much. My parents, unfortu- nately, disagreed. My grades, though decent, were not particularly good, while there were numerous scholarships available, even in a down economy. It made sense to spend an additional year or two in school in order to make myself a better candidate in the job market. Ten years, three postgraduate degrees, and an ongoing Ph.D. pro- gram later, I still have yet to leave school....

Between 1942 and the late 1950s, atomic piles (nuclear chain-reactors) were industrialized, initially to generate plutonium for the first atomic weapons and later to serve as copious sources of neutrons, radioisotopes and electrical power. These facilities entrained a new breed of engineering specialist adept at designing, operating and maintaining them. From the beginning, large companies supplied the engineering labor for this new technology, and played an important role in defining the nature of their nuclear expertise. In the USA, the most influential company of the period was DuPont, which assumed responsibility for the first plutonium production reactors at Oak Ridge TN and Hanford WA between 1942-6, and of the postwar production facilities at Savannah River SC 1950-87. This paper explores the transition of authority from so-called “atomic scientists” to nuclear engineers at these sites, and the role played by DuPont in consolidating this new technical profession.

This paper examines how work has impacted the political opinions of a small group of nanotechnology engineers. It analyses how political worldviews are developed by members of the upper-middle classes, in this case technological professionals, and focuses on the linkages established at key moments of their process of political socialization. While the engineers interviewed expressed first being socialized to politics in their families (which were mostly right-wing leaning), they then distanced themselves from this heritage by acquiring a “technoscientific” worldview during their professional training which gradually influenced their understanding of politics. The careers of technological professionals can then take either a collective or individualistic turn, whether they orient themselves towards greater technical professionalism or aim for more managerial goals. These two career paths may subsequently nudge the political leanings of engineers to the left or to the right. Such orientations may be further confirmed or on the contrary challenged by the configuration and evolution of interpersonal networks, particularly on account of their professional or extra-professional components. Thus family life and friends can counterbalance or reinforce the political socialization that takes place at work.

Felieton nawiązywał do odbywającego się w terminie jego publikacji (w czerwcu 2019 roku) XXVI Kongresu Techników Polskich, połączonego z IV Światowym Zjazdem Inżynierów. Hasłem tego Kongresu był "Inżynier Przyszłości". Felieton zarysowywał obszar problemowy Kongresu a także nawiązywał o faktu, że pierwszy zjazd techników polskich miał także miejsce w Krakowie w 1882 roku, na długo przed odzyskaniem przez Polskę niepodległości.

The indirect heating rice cooker is a kitchen appliance that, since the 1960s, has had an extraordinary impact on the lives of Taiwanese people. Previous studies have investigated how male engineers adapted the mechanical design of Japanese electric rice cookers for consumers in Taiwan. However, female home economists' contributions to the design, production, and marketing have largely been overlooked. Employing archival rice cooker testing record and filed research, this study concludes that home economists were faced with numerous limitations when performing kitchen tests. Male engineers adopted specific rhetorical strategies to make gendered claims about kitchen tests and their relationship to it, as well as that to female home economists and consumers. The tasks done by engineers and those by home economists were thus ascribed contrasted meanings and unequal values. Indeed, the idea that mechanical engineering and cooking are contradictory is rooted in Taiwanese culture because of traditional concepts of home economics and its connotations of household chores. Notably, the U.S. aid program substantially changed Taiwan’s home economics education during the Cold War. Although the changes enabled Taiwan to develop professional home economics education, emphasis remains on domestic science, rather than equipment studies.
keywords: indirect heating rice cookers, home economics, U.S. Aid

The paper analyses factors influencing the destinations chosen by 13 different categories of migrant engineers in the USA between 1994 to 1999. Migration patterns are analysed with the aid of fractional-response regression models. The objective is to assess the relative weight of employment opportunities and selected amenities in guiding the migratory shifts of these workers. Engineers are divided into two categories representing individuals of working age and those who are either retired or are close to retirement. The results indicate that local employment opportunities have a dominant impact on the destinations chosen by the former group and that amenities play virtually no role in this regard. However, warmer winters have some modest positive effect on destinations chosen by the latter group.

In this article, the importance of a numerical model for prediction and monitoring the river flow is discussed. In this regard, based to the importance of water flow velocity and the effect of related shear stress on the erosion of the river bed and river sides, a two dimensional numerical model called CCHE2D was applied to simulate the flow pattern in an interval of natural meander of Khosk-e-Rud Meander River placed in 30 kilometers of west of ShahreKord .First, Using the topographic map of the studied area, geometry of model and the calculating mesh was produced in different dimensions. Next, based on the measured characteristics of river flow, the two dimensional hydraulic average depth models were run. Then, the related results such as the distribution of the depth and velocity of the flow in the bend of the river were extracted. The results indicated that applying the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for modeling the flow of water was useful in order to a have a more general prediction concerning flows in the meander rivers. Comparing the results of the simulation with the results of the natural measurement showed that the numerical model CCHE2D has good capability in predicting the features of flow in the meander rivers.

The environmental awareness of Moroccan engineers in charge of industrial projects has become essential to improve environmental performance and, more broadly, to contribute to the environment protection and sustainable development strategy of Morocco. However, it is dif icult to measure the level of environmental awareness among engineers and to promote it. Thus, to answer this issue and provide comprehension tools, a field study was carried out among Moroccan company managers from seven dif erent industrial sectors. The manufacturing companies are mostly certified ISO 14001 and ISO 9001, they are nevertheless strongly consumers of raw materials and exercise polluting industrial activities which generate waste. The survey aims to gain a better understanding of the policies of these companies in terms of their environmental management of industrial projects, and expected engineering skills. It covers the projects managed by engineers from dif erent specialties who graduated from Moroccan schools. The study combines on the one side, a quantitative assessment section on the mastery of the environmental footprint in the operational decision-making phase of 174 industrial projects led by Moroccan engineers. On the other side, it includes a qualitative analysis section of the expectations and recommendations of the industrialists for a better environmental management of projects. The study shows that the level of environmental implication of the engineers in the projects leaves room for improvement. The industrialists’ attention was mainly focused on the control of the environmental footprint when completing projects, whilst still contributing to the improvement of the performance of industry and the country

One of the areas of greatest interest to a researcher in the field of the history of technology are studies done on the process of appropriating new scientific theories and technologies in countries that can be classified as peripheral in terms of their scientific output. Peripheral countries have been usually classified as those whose academic community is distanced from advanced centers in terms of the research they produce and that have participated to a lesser extent in the process of technical development [SAIZ 2003, 223-245]. This article will attempt to reflect on the process of international technology transfer in the 20th Century, specifically between 1915 and 1946. During this period, the achievement and spread of technological innovations were vital to the development of Portuguese forestry. In less developed European countries such as Portugal, the transfer of foreign technical knowledge was more important than that generated within the nation itself. External technological transfer became an essential factor, without which there would have been no push toward the professionalization of this new profession. Portugal was a country in the periphery of European science and technology. This situation has translated into an external technological dependence in several economic sectors. Reports on travels of learning have become one of the main sources for research in Science and Technology History. The new works of these young engineers will be taken as a valid, albeit only partial, indicator of the direction and structure of the processes of innovation in the Portuguese forestry. Among other things, the degree of Portuguese dependence upon external technology, as well as which countries played an essential role in the transfer of technology; and which scientific specialties depended most on foreign technology can be ascertained.

Frontline managers in power distribution companies play a key role in providing the most essential services to a large section of country's population. Consequent to power sector reforms in India, the job of frontline managers has acquired new dimensions and puts various demands on the time and expertise of the job incumbent. In this context the present paper attempts to identify the extrinsic and intrinsic variables that affect the job performance of frontline managers in lately formed power distribution companies (DISCOMs). The data collected from a sample of 100 frontline managers, on analysis, results in a 30-scale item with Cronbach Alpha value 0.965. The validated instrument comprised of five factors: personal support, organizational support, work structure, freedom, and skill variety. Regression analysis shows the relative significance of various factors. The results confirmed significant impact on the performance level depending upon the conducive or contrary status of different variables under study. This paper can help in understanding the perception of frontline managers on various factors affecting their performance at workplace. Replication of the study in different companies and regions can help in overcoming the culture specificity and respondent's bias which may have affected the results of the study.

Les grandes ecoles d’ingenieurs font, depuis les annees 1980, l’objet de critiques annoncant la fin d’un modele en declin, condamne a disparaitre ou a s’adapter aux exigences de la « mondialisation » ; elles sont ainsi amenees a se redefinir de maniere a preserver leur legitimite. Sont notamment pris pour cible plusieurs traits herites de la periode qui s’etend de l’Ancien Regime a la Restauration, et dont la combinaison fait la specificite nationale de ces etablissements : elitisme scolaire, recrutement sur concours a l’issue des classes preparatoires, petite taille des effectifs d’eleves, enseignement a vocation theorique et generaliste, et distance marquee vis-a-vis du monde professionnel. A travers ces proprietes particulieres du systeme francais des grandes ecoles, les attaques des reformateurs mettent en question le rapport etroit qui le lie traditionnellement a l’Etat. Ce travail entreprend d’analyser la maniere dont les ecoles d’ingenieurs ont modifie leur structure, leur re...