Feeds Technology

The importance of aquaculture sector is increasingly enhanced due to decrease in natural fish stocks, increasing nutritional requirements and qualified protein need. In parallel with the rise, and becoming an important value, of aquaculturesector, significant developments have occurred in fish feed production as well. It is a fact that the most important cost elements within aquaculture are feeds and usage costs of the feeds and these are effective as much as 70% in production. Substantial and great developments are observed for fish feed production industry and thus raw material, additives, feed machine manufacturers and suppliers recently. With this study, it was detected that there were 28 fish feed production plants in to 8 mounts, that generally extruder feed production technology was used and that majority of production systems were imported. It was recorded that fish feed production plants produced 355.387 tons of feed as from 2013. It was observed that 85% of feed production was regionally in Aegean Region and concordantly, supplier companies were centered in this region.This study can be recommended in terms of being an important source for academic and private sector employees studying and working in fish feed production and fish feeding subjects.

Araştırma melasın diğer pelet bağlayıcılar ile pelet kalitesine etkisini karşılaştırmak için yapılmıştır. Bunun için, karma yemin elde edilmesinde çekiçli değirmen ve 6 mm çaplı elek kullanılmıştır. Pelet makinesinin buhar sıcaklığı 120 0 C , buhar basıncı 4.2 ATM ve tavlama sıcaklığı ise 60 0 C'ye ayarlanmıştır. Karma yeme pelet bağlayıcı olarak melas % 2.45, lignobond % 0.30 ve aquaküp % 0.50 katılmıştır. Farklı pelet bağlayıcı ilaveli karma yemlere ait dayanıklılık, ufalanma oranı, peletleme etkinliği, kalite-ko etkinliği, pres üretim tonajı değerleri tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; dayanıklılık ve ufalanma oranına ait değerler arasında önemli bir farklılık görülmemiştir(P>0.05).

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama inkubasi pakan lengkap berbahan utama batang pisang terhadap kandungan protein kasar dan serat kasar. Percobaan dilakukan berdasarkan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan yaitu P0 (Pakan lengkap berbahan utama batang pisang tanpa disilase), P1 (Silase pakan lengkap berbahan utama batang pisang penyimpanan selama 7 hari), P2 (Silase pakan lengkap berbahan utama batang pisang penyimpanan selama 14 hari) dan P3 (Silase pakan lengkap berbahan utama batang pisang penyimpanan selama 21 hari). Analisis ragam menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap protein kasar, tetapi berpengaruh sangat nyata (P<0,01) terhadap serat kasar. Disimpulkan bahwa semakin lama inkubasi silase pakan lengkap berbahan utama batang pisang dapat menurunkan serat kasar dan dapat mempertahankan protein kasar.
Kata Kunci : Silase pakan lengkap, Batang pisang, Lama inkubasi, Protein kasar, Serat kasar.

The study dealt with the design and technical evaluation of a pellet mill developed in the Philippines that utilizes the roll-type extrusion method of producing powder materials of different mixtures into pelleted feeds and driven by a 2 Hp electric motor. It is comprised of a feed hopper, pelleting chamber, pellet roll, die plate, discharge chute and frame. As the pellet rolls rotated, force is also applied creating rearrangement of the particles in order to fill the voids or holes of the die plate. The machine can produce 1.272±0.009 kg/min or about 76.32±0.54 kg/hr of pelletized feeds. It is an efficient, portable and user-friendly machine that can convert a kilo of mash feeds by 97.87±0.596%. The pellets produced have a 4-mm diameter with a length and weight of 10.667±0.667 mm and 0.138±0.005 g, respectively, while the moisture content after sundrying was 25.467±9.744% and the total solids was 74.533±9.744%. In addition, the pellets produced had a bulk density of 0.510±0.015 g/cc, pellet durability index of 95.77±0.596% and a percent fine of 1.8±0.115.

This study evaluated the effect of partial and full replacement of soybean meal with Protein Enriched Copra Meal (PECM) as substitute protein source for the feedstuff of milkfish (Chanos chanos) fry. The experiment was divided into four treatments namely Basal Diet (control treatment), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% PECM replacement. The experiment used 15 plastic tanks with continuous aeration and closed water system. Forty milkfish individuals (1.6 g average weight) were placed in every tank and initially fed four times a day (0900H, 1100H, and 1400H). After the 20 th day of culture the amount of feed and frequency of feeding were increased depending on the fish weight gain. Growth parameters including average body weight (ABW), percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and survival rates were determined. Results showed 50% PECM replacement had the highest PWG (305±72.54), ABW (0.22±1.16 g) and FCE (0.22±0.02). However, 75% PECM showed the highest survival rate (75.83±4.14), while 100% PECM had the highest SGR (12.31±1.45) and FCE (35.73±2.50). 50% PECM has the highest PER with 10.08. The result of the study shows that PECM could replace the more expensive soybean meal up to 100% concentration without significant impact on the growth and survival of C. chanos.

Bioconversion of cocoa pod husk (CPH) is a way to increase lignocellulosic substance quality. Fermentation process in bioconversion is affected by some factors as length of fermentation. This research was aimed to determine the optimum length of fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium and evaluate CPH composition response. The length of fermentation periods were 0; 5; 10; 15; 20 and 25 days. Measured parameters were soluble substance, pH of substrate, chemical composition, loss of dry matter, organic matter, and lignin and ratio celluloce to lignin.  The results showed that crude protein content of fermented CPH was increased (P<0.05) compared to unfermented CPH. The highest lignin degradation (38.61%), the ratio of cellulose to lignin (1.25) and efficiency of biodegradation process (5.65) recorded at day 10 fermentation. It could be concluded that the optimum length of CPH fermentation was 10 days.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of condensed tannins (CT) from Ficus bengalensis leaves on the feed utilization, milk production and health status of crossbred cows. Eighteen crossbred dairy cows at their second and mid lactation (avg. BW 351.610.6 kg) were randomly divided into two groups of nine each in a completely randomized block design and fed two iso-nitrogenous supplements formulated to contain 0% and 1.5% CT through dried and ground leaves of Ficus bengalensis. The diets were designated as CON and FBLM, respectively and fed to cows with a basal diet of rice straw to meet requirements for maintenance and milk production. The daily milk yield was significantly (p<0.05) increased due to supplementation of FBLM diet. The 4% fat corrected milk yield was also significantly (p<0.01) higher due to increased (p<0.05) milk fat in cows under diet FBLM as compared to CON. The inclusion of CT at 1.5% in the supplement did not interfere with the feed intake or digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, and ADF by lactating cows. Digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) values of the composite diets were comparable between the groups. The blood biochemical parameters remained unaltered except significantly (p<0.05) lowered serum urea concentration in cows fed FBLM diet. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity in cows supplemented with condensed tannins. The total thiol group (T-SH) was found to be higher with reduction in lipid peroxidation (LPO) in cows of FBLM group. The cost of feeding per kg milk production was also reduced due to supplementation of Ficus bengalensis leaves. Therefore, a perceptible positive impact was evident on milk production and antioxidant status in crossbred cows during mid-lactation given supplement containing 1.5% CT through Ficus bengalensis leaves. (Key Words: Condensed Tannins, Ficus bengalensis Leaves, Milk Production, Nutrient Utilization, Antioxidant Enzymes, Cows)

Biji asam merupakan hasil pohon asam (Tamarindus indica L) yang potensil, baik secara quatitatif maupun qulaitatif sebagai pakan. Akan tetapi, belum secara optimal termanfaatkan karena sulit dalam pengolahan dan mengandung senyawa antinutrisi berupa tannin dan polisakarida yang tidak dapat dicerna oleh enzim pencernaan non ruminansia. Percobaan penggunaan enzim berhasil menguraikan jenis oligasakarida dan golongan polisakarida lainnya, yakni selulosa dan hemiselulosa yang mengikat protein menjadi di dan mono sakarida, tetapi tidak dilaporkan dapat menguraikan tannin. Saccharomyces cerevisiae merupakan jenis probiotik yang telah umum dikenal, memiliki kemampuan menguraikan ikatan sakarida pada karbohidrat tingkat tinggi sehingga diharapakan berperan dalam melepaskan zat-zat nutrisi terikat untuk dicerna enzim pencernaan. Kemampuan ini dapat maksimal jika digunakan bersamaan jenis probiotik lainnya yang bersifat asam untuk mencerna antinutrisi pengikat protein seperti tannin dan senyawa lainnya sehingga bermanfaat dalam mengoptimalkan potensi biji asam sebagai pakan.

ÖZET Araştırma melasın diğer pelet bağlayıcılar ile pelet kalitesine etkisini karşılaştırmak için yapılmıştır. Bunun için, karma yemin elde edilmesinde çekiçli değirmen ve 6 mm çaplı elek kullanılmıştır. Pelet makinesinin buhar sıcaklığı 120 0 C , buhar basıncı 4.2 ATM ve tavlama sıcaklığı ise 60 0 C'ye ayarlanmıştır. Karma yeme pelet bağlayıcı olarak melas % 2.45, lignobond % 0.30 ve aquaküp % 0.50 katılmıştır. Farklı pelet bağlayıcı ilaveli karma yemlere ait dayanıklılık, ufalanma oranı, peletleme etkinliği, kalite-ko etkinliği, pres üretim tonajı değerleri tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; dayanıklılık ve ufalanma oranına ait değerler arasında önemli bir farklılık görülmemiştir(P>0.05). Melas, lignobond, aquaküp pelet bağlayıcı içeren pelet yemlerin çıkış miktarı sırasıyla; 3.03 ton/saat, 3.9 ton/saat; 3.6 ton/saat; melas, lignobond, aquaküp pelet bağlayıcı içeren pelet yemlerin kalite-ko etkinliği sırasıyla; 3.29, 3.95, 3.61; Melas, lignobond, aquaküp pelet bağlayıcı içeren pelet yemlerin peletleme etkinliği sırasıyla; 29.29 kWsaat/ton, 24.44 kW saat/ ton, 26.84 kW saat/ton olarak bulunmuştur. Kuzu besi karma yemlerinde pelet bağlayıcı olarak kullanılan melas, lignobond ve aquaküp arasında, pelet kalite kriterleri(pelet yemlerin çıkış miktarı, kalite-ko etkinliği, peletleme etkinliği, dayanıklılık ve ufalanma) bakımından gruplar arasında çok önemli bir farklılık görülmemiştir. Bu sonuca göre, enerji kaynağı olarak kullanılan melasın, özellikle kuzu besi karma yeminde diğer pelet bağlayıcılara gerek kalmaksızın, pelet bağlayıcı olarak kullanılabileceği gözlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Karma yem, pelet kalitesi, peletleme etkinliği Effects of Different Pellet Binders on Pellet Quality of Compound Feeds ABSTRACT In this experiment molasses is compared with the different other pellet binders in terms of pellet quality. Hammer mill with 6 mm diameter was used preperation of the compound feed. The steam temperature and pressure were 120 o C and 4.2 ATM, respectively. The conditioning temperature was set up 60 o C. Molasses, Lignobond and aquacup were used 2.45 %, 0.30 % and 0.50% rate of compound feed, as pellet binders. Pelletting efficiency, quality coefficiency, pellet durability, press capacity and rate of fines were mesaured. The results showed that there were no significently differences between groups in terms of pellet durability and rate of fines (P<0.05).

Biochemical analyses were done on the crinkle grass Rhizoclonium sp. to evaluate its nutritive value for use in aquafeeds. Crinkle grass were collected from two brackish water sources (Leganes and Arevalo both in the Iloilo Province, Philippines). Regardless of collection site, proximate analyses showed that crude protein, fiber and ash were in the ranges measured for other macroalgae; crude fat values, in
contrast, were lower. As for the amino acid composition, aspartic and glutamic acids (13 and 15%, respectively) exhibited the highest proportion but were lower than the values of 26 and 32%, respectively, measured in other green seaweeds. The Arevalo seaweed exhibited higher essential amino acid content (EAA, 31.1 g 100 g protein-1) than in those from Leganes (48.3 g 100 g protein-1). The ratio of EAA to non-essential AA was higher in the Arevalo seaweed (1.11:1) than that in the Leganes seaweed. The EAA index (EAAI) of the seaweed from either site for the Nile tilapia and for the tiger prawn exhibited similar values. The first and second limiting amino acid in Leganes Rhizoclonium for the Nile tilapia was Tryptophan (Trp) and Lysine (Lys) while the Arevalo seaweed were Methionine (Met) and Trpt for the first and second limiting AA, respectively. For the tiger shrimp, Leganes Rhizoclonium exhibited Phenylalanine (Phe) and Lys, while the Arevalo seaweed were Met and Phe (first and second
limiting EAA). All the other amino acids (7 out of 10 in seaweeds from Leganes and 6 out of 10 in those from Arevalo) were either higher than or equal to their EAA requirements. The chemical scores (CS) of the seaweed were similar for the Nile tilapia (62.2 and 62.0, respectively) for the Leganes and Arevalo
Rhizoclonium. For Penaeus monodon, the CS of the seaweed was similar with that of the Leganes seaweed (64.3) but was markedly lower (41.9) in the Arevalo seaweed. Conclusions: Proximate composition of Rhizoclonium sp. varied slightly with the sampling site. Chemical scores could be similar or variable, but the kind of limiting amino acids varied. Rhizoclonium sp. regardless of habitat exhibited EAAI around 1.0 pointing to a well-balanced AA content. All the determined parameters pointed to the possibility of incorporating the seaweed and supplementing other protein components in the diets of the
Nile tilapia and in the tiger prawn.

The importance of aquaculture sector is increasingly enhanced due to decrease in natural fish stocks, increasing nutritional requirements and qualified protein need. In parallel with the rise, and becoming an important value, of aquaculturesector, significant developments have occurred in fish feed production as well. It is a fact that the most important cost elements within aquaculture are feeds and usage costs of the feeds and these are effective as much as 70% in production. Substantial and great developments are observed for fish feed production industry and thus raw material, additives, feed machine manufacturers and suppliers recently. With this study, it was detected that there were 28 fish feed production plants in to 8 mounts, that generally extruder feed production technology was used and that majority of production systems were imported. It was recorded that fish feed production plants produced 355.387 tons of feed as from 2013. It was observed that 85% of feed production...