Financial Inclusion

Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your personal and scholarly purposes. You are not to copy documents for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.

Based on the failure to cut down poverty rate to 7% by 2019, I argue that the Indonesian Government needs not only planning and identifying targets, but also look for ways to realise its objectives. The State Budget spent through social spending only have a minuscule impact on poverty reduction, which I strongly suspect to eventuate because the poor lacks the capability to decide on which aspects they should utilise the funds.

I then explained two underlying aspects of blockchain technology: smart contracts and digital identity, and how these two could help the Government achieve its development objectives.

The Government must be both a planner and a searcher. Identify what needs to be resolved and search for ways to resolve it.

This paper is an editorial essay, whose insights are informed by a study on the financial journeys of refugees conducted in Greece, Jordan, Turkey, and Denmark in July and August 20162. In this essay, we begin by providing a brief overview of financial inclusion and the “digital/formal” trends. We then proceed to discuss some particularities of displacement that affect refugees’ interaction with financial inclusion tools and systems. For each of these, we identify questions for the financial inclusion community to consider as it reflects on engagement with refugee populations.
Ultimately, this paper strays from formal financial inclusion frameworks which tend to delimit financial inclusion in terms of integrating customers into an existing digital or formal (hereon “digital/formal”) financial infrastructure. Instead, we examine the financial tasks that refugees and displaced populations must perform in order to survive and their strategies for navigating these processes while on the move.

The 2015 cross-border funder survey reports commitments from the largest international funders of financial inclusion, as of 31 December 2014. Consultative group to assist the poor (CGAP) has conducted the survey annually since 2008 and in partnership with MIX since 2012. Funding for financial inclusion was stable in 2014, although the weaker euro caused a slight decrease in dollar terms. To a greater degree than in previous surveys, funders this year emphasized that due to other global priorities it was difficult to promote financial inclusion internally. Nevertheless, their commitments generally followed the same patterns as in years past, with the majority of funding directed at retail-level financial service providers (FSPs) through debt, which accounts for half of all commitments. There was an increasing interest in digital financial services and a rapid and sustained growth in funding to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Going forward, funders report that they will incr...

Si la protection sociale semble reculer, l’ tat n’a pas pour
autant renonc    prot ger ses citoyens. De la r glementation
du compte en banque jusqu’  l’ ducation budg taire
en passant par l’inclusion bancaire ou la proc dure de surendettement,
cet ouvrage met en lumi re la part bancaire des
politiques sociales. Il analyse un p rim tre d’action publique
qui prend une importance croissante : les politiques publiques
de l’argent des m nages, destin es   prot ger l’argent des
citoyens et leurs capacit s de consommation, en m me temps
qu’  lutter contre la pauvret .
Mais parce que ces politiques publiques de protection ne
sont pas collectives et s’appuient sur des dispositifs et des
institutions marchandes, elles illustrent la transformation profonde
des modes de protection et de solidarit  des soci t s
contemporaines : il ne s’agit pas tant de diminuer les risques
que de pr parer les individus   les affronter. L’auteure montre
ainsi magistralement comment les pouvoirs publics tentent
de r duire la pauvret , non par la redistribution, mais en transformant
les usages de l’argent des citoyens.

Few months back I read GSMA State of Industry Report-Mobile Money 2015. It was an interesting report depicting the fact that how the informal O2C (Over the Counter or Retailer performing transactions through Customer Account) is still one of the key issues in Bangladesh Mobile Financial Service arena and how bKash is struggling to limit the market's reliance on this informal OTC transaction. Mobile Financial Service was launched in 2011 after Bangladesh Bank published the Guideline, allowing only a Bank led model to be permissible in Bangladesh. The rapid growth of mobile phone users and countrywide coverage of mobile operator's network has made their delivery channel an important tool-of-the-trade for extending mobile banking services to the unbanked/banked population, especially to expedite faster delivery of remittances across the country. Despite the rapid development of mobile financial services and huge potential to grow and reach to the remotest corners of Bangladesh and boost financial inclusion, complete financial inclusion via mobile banking is yet to be reached to its fullest potential. As mentioned earlier in this article, the findings of GSMA report also suggested how our MFS providers are struggling to put a full stop on the unauthorized O2C transactions. Hence, for the last couple of months, Bangladesh Bank has been working on a revised guideline; an appropriate MFS model for Bangladesh market. The proposed policy has a noble objective to create a win win situation for all the entity to be included to the equity share holding on the MFS endeavor and with a few minor changes, this new guideline can boost the Mobile Financial Service growth and ensure Financial Inclusion in Bangladesh. In this section of the post, let us discuss the proposed draft guideline and some recommendation as well.

Today more than ever, banks are facing the race for innovation in mobile financial services. Several studies have focused on the factors driving the adoption of mobile money, but the aspect of deposit collection activity by banks, essential as a basis for granting an account and providing financial services to customers, has been neglected.  This study aims to examine the effect of perceived cost, relative advantage and perceived ubiquity on the intention to adopt mobile money for bank deposits, as well as the effect of its use on financial inclusion in Cameroun. A quantitative approach based on the PLS-SEM algorithm is used on a sample of 310 Cameroonian respondents. Results show that these factors positively influence the intention to adopt Mobile Money for bank deposits and that its use has a significant positive effect on financial inclusion. The study will help bank managers to develop effective marketing approaches and to improve their offer with adapted products and services, more specifically to enhance customer proximity and produce effective channels to suck up potential bank deposits not yet captured by banks.

Financial inclusion currently becomes the important priority policies for many countries, including the developed and developing nations. Financial inclusion realisation is promoted by the easy and convenient access to financial services, quality of financial services, and efficient and effective utilisation by all segment of society, and delivered with fairness with zero discrimination. The achievement of financial inclusion is supported by essential pillars that interconnected each other and forming a composite economy ecosystem to ensure stability and sustainable development. One of these critical pillars is Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs), the development of MSMEs pillar is deemed crucial due to its capability in absorbing more considerable workforce compared to larger enterprises and contributes significantly to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Therefore, the growth of MSMEs pillar will surely reduce poverty, lessen the unemployment, and lower the income disparity. In this respect, since Islamic banking represents the core of Islamic financial system that encourages entrepreneurship; the institution is expected to take the lead in serving the needs of MSMEs sector and assisting them from all types of financial constraints. The primary objective of this paper is to explore and investigate the critical issues and challenges of MSMEs financial inclusion achievement trough the role of Islamic banking institutions, particularly in Indonesia. The paper suggests several problems that hamper the role of the Indonesian Islamic banking institution in serving the needs of MSMEs and numerous issues and challenges in achieving MSMEs financial inclusion.

This state of play paper provides a brief overview of the global potential market scope
of refugees, and review the progress to improve access to finance by refugees in the past few years. Remaining barriers are briefly described, including policy clarity, relevant information, legal barriers, and funding.

In early 2012, the South African government deployed a new electronic payment system for the nearly 10 million recipients of the state's welfare program. These monthly cash transfers reflect the constitutional right to social security and are also the state's most substantial poverty alleviation effort. The new payment system provided all recipients with a formal bank account, seemingly realizing the goals of 'financial inclusion' by 'banking the unbanked'. However, despite influential claims by proponents that the provision of financial services to the poor is empowering, in the case discussed below, pro-poor civil society organizations were at the forefront of challenging the financial inclusion of social grant beneficiaries. In particular, the provision of microloans and the terms of repayment through the formal financial system became a source of conflict that highlights tensions between the state, market, and social citizenship in post-apartheid South Africa. This case serves as a reminder of the ambiguities and complexities currently under-addressed in the aid industry's recent promotion of cashless or 'cash lite' economies.

Innovations in the financial sector play a critical role in promoting economic growth. Studies that have sought to investigate this linkage in sub- Saharan Africa have produced mixed results. None of the existing studies have attempted to examine the possible mediating role of financial inclusion in explaining the relationship between innovations and growth. This paper thus sought to establish if financial inclusion mediates the relationship between innovation and growth. Secondary data from (26 selected SSA countries over the period 2004 to 2017 were used. The data were analysed using the GMM estimation technique. It was found amongst other things that investments in innovations in the banking sector promote financial inclusion. In addition, financial inclusion fully mediates the relationship between innovation and economic growth. It is thus recommended that governments in the sub-region invest in the appropriate technological infrastructure that the banking sector can leverage on in the provision of banking services as the key to promoting financial inclusion and economic growth.

New financial technologies (FinTech) may not represent a new era for sustainable development-at least not as currently conceived. Many of the gains espoused by the UN and other cheerleaders come from rebranding the online equivalents of traditional savings, investment and tax payment activities. Most of these claims have no supporting evidence, beyond ad hoc anecdotes and stories. The existing evidence hardly forms a reliable basis for the very specific technologies and services recommended by the international organizations. We show that abstract and nebulous advice on changing countries' payments, banking, securities, and others' laws helps explain why such advice will likely have little effect on promoting financial inclusion, saving, and mobile payments.

This paper contrasts individual liability lending with and without groups to joint liability lending. By doing so, we shed light on an apparent shift away from joint liability lending towards individual liability lending. We show that individual lending with or without groups may constitute a welfare improvement so long as borrowers have sufficient social capital to sustain mutual insurance. Secondly, we explore how a purely mechanical argument in favour of the use of groups -namely lower transaction costs -may actually be used explicitly by lenders to encourage the creation of social capital.

Financial inclusion is gaining acceptance in Egypt as a prominent policy toward the economic
reform during the last few years. However, there is relative dearth of em1pirical studies
examining the impact of financial inclusion on the performance of banks in Egypt. This paper
fills this gap. Using Pooled Ordinary Least Square (OLS) of six commercial banks listed in the
Egyptian stock market over the period from 2013 to 2018, this study empirically investigate the
impact of financial inclusion on the performance of Egyptian banks measured in terms of Return
on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). Financial inclusion is measured subject to two
main dimensions- the access to financial services and utilization of bank account and its related
financial services. Due to the difficulty of getting data, the usage dimension is taken for the side
of individuals only and ignores SMEs such as credit card; loan; deposit for SMEs. Results
showed that financial inclusion positively contribute to banks’ ROA and ROE.
Keywords: Financial Inclusion, ROA, ROE, Egyptian Commercial Banks.
JEL Classifications: C39, G10, O16, O50

The Economic Survey of India 2016-17 proposed universal basic income as a means to end those welfare schemes in India plagued
by inefficiency and misallocation. This paper assesses the results of cash transfer pilots in India and countries across the world to
explore the potential of universal basic income in India. The pilot study at Madhya Pradesh proved that universal basic income led to
near-universal financial inclusion, reduced indebtedness of the households and access to regular medication. Delhi's study proved
that direct income enabled households to make a transition to better sanitation, cleaner fuel and consumption of non-cereals.
Kenya's experiment showed a significant positive effect on psychological well-being due to regular monthly income. Recently,
guaranteed income for farmers was announced under various schemes of states and the interim budget of the union government for
the fiscal year 2019-20 taking into cognizance of persistent distress in agriculture. Such schemes must retain the element of
continuity and commitment irrespective of the government of the day to ensure sustainability and desired outcomes. Further, the
various facets of the changing political economy of India to drive the narrative of the universal basic income meaningfully were
discussed.

Blockchain, or distributed ledger technology, is a digital, distributed, immutable transaction ledger that replaces a central authority (or 'middleman') with algorithms. By doing so it offers numerous opportunities for cost savings while opening new market segments for existing financial institutions and new players alike. 1 Distributed ledger technology is still in an early stage of development and deployment, yet it is widely thought to have the potential to deliver a new wave of innovation to the financial technology, or fintech, ecosystem by providing a 'trustless' distributed system to exchange value.

Whether workshops are efficient in increasing the level of financial literacy and impacting financial decisions of the consumers is not obvious. Many people may claim that financial knowledge and skills drive their financial decisions and behavior. The last statement is also driving national strategies for financial education in many countries, which implement financial literacy workshops for different target groups. Similar projects are also planned to be held according to the National Strategy for Financial Education in Armenia especially for rural areas. However, considering the country specific details and historical context it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of such workshops before mass implementation. In this article, we outline the methodology of our study related to the effectiveness of financial literacy workshops in rural areas of Armenia by using pre-post evaluation method in 4 villages. We also discuss the experience and limitations faced in the process of conducting workshops. Even though the long-term effectiveness of such workshops in terms of driving healthy financial behavior still needs to be tested , the short-term results are substantial in terms of knowledge accumulation and changes in preferences of participants. Particularly, based on pre-post evaluation results, there is on average 63% increase in knowledge and skills of participants and significant change of preferences from informal to formal ways of saving, taking debt and shopping around.

This article aims to investigate the factors that affect the usage of banking services in increasing financial inclusion in Pondicherry region. Purpose of opening bank account, easiness in accessing a bank's products, convenience, frequency of usage of banking services and physical distance of bank branch were examined to analyse whether these factors have an influence on usage of banking services. Analysis of primary data using factor analysis and multiple regression analysis was undertaken to understand the relationship between dependent variable (Usage frequency of banking services) and other independent variables. The results indicate that easiness in accessing bank products and purpose of opening bank account have significant influence on usage frequency of banking services. Physical distance of bank branch and convenience were not found to have significant impact on usage of banking services in this study. The methodology adopted in this study can be used for further empirical investigation in other regions in India.

Purpose- Pakistan is a lower-middle-income country and financial inclusion rate is comparatively lower than other South Asian countries. In this circumstance, Government of Pakistan has implemented various financial inclusion policies and strategies to enhance the rate of financial inclusion in the country. However, a cursory attention has been paid to Government policies by the previous studies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide an insight into the current government policies and strategies for fintech adoption and financial inclusion in Pakistan. Design/ methodology/ approach- This study collected and reviewed previous literature that focused on various fintech adoption and financial inclusion policies and strategies by the Government of Pakistan. Literature has been selected from various secondary sources such as journal articles, conference proceedings, annual reports of SBP (State Bank of Pakistan), Global findex report by World Bank and so on. Findings- The study found that Government of Pakistan has successfully implemented a number of financial inclusion policies and strategies during the last decade. A noteworthy innovation approach (i.e. fintech) was applied as a catalyst in order to extend the scope of financial services in Pakistan. The Government also implemented Financial Literacy Programs specifically for youth to create awareness about financial resource management in the country. Very recently, Government of Pakistan launched banking on equality program to enhance gender equality in financial inclusion. Originality/value- The findings of this study might be useful for the decision makers and practitioners to implement the policies and strategies more effectively and efficiently to enhance the rate of financial inclusion in country.

Digital technologies are deeply embedded into the daily activity of every capital markets professional. They have transformed the sales and trading business over time and will continue to improve it. The Digital Asset ecosystem has developed significantly since the advent of Bitcoin over a decade ago. Beyond cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology is going to have a revolutionizing impact on financial services, including Capital Markets. The Global Capital Markets including equities and bonds was valued at $177.5 Trillion at the end of 2019 according to research by SIFMA. These markets, in essence, represent data, and the benefits of transferring data on a blockchain include accessibility, liquidity, and transparency. The attributes of financial digital assets and how they will transform capital markets will be addressed in paper, focusing on how Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) can fundamentally change the way financial institutions are exchanging value and building market infrastructure.

The study was conducted to examine the role of financial inclusion in economic growth basing on selected districts from western Uganda. The researchers adopted a cross-sectional survey design and both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used in data collection and analysis. The study used simple random and purposive sampling techniques to select a total of 194 respondents. The findings revealed that financial inclusion is significant in supporting economic growth; it upholds equitable distribution of growth benefits, transforms peoples' way of living, enhances capital creation and empowers people to go for financial services that are germane to their needs. The study indicated that Uganda's population living below the poverty line is falling, which sounds precise in the context of national income but very unseemly in the context of household income. While there are indicators of reduced constraints to accessing to working capital, reduced constraints to accessing financial services, effective use of economic resources to produce goods and services, those in business do not see the efficacy by government agendas geared to supporting international trade or investment. The study, therefore, recommends that there is a need for the government to review and redesign her policies on international trade business and support for homegrown investments. There is a need for quantitative metrics to ascertain the extent to which household income is proportional to national income. Several papers have recommended government interventions in financial accessibility.

In the era of the industrial revolution, the world has been witnessing a histrionic turnaround owing to the consolidation of several prevalent disruptive forces, especially in the domain of technology. The present study aims at unearthing the role of information and communication technologies, institutional environment and governance characteristics in advancing financial inclusion levels in BRICS nations by extensively using the World Bank's Global Findex Database 2017. For this purpose, the study utilizes data of individual characteristics of 10,627 adult individuals in these economies, country-specific factors such as GDP per capita growth rate, digital financial services (mobile cellular subscriptions and Internet penetration), institutional environment, and governance index. It employs probit regression to achieve the same objective. The findings suggest that Internet usage and mobile penetration rates have a positive association with financial inclusion indicators in BRICS economies. In addition to governance and institutional variables, the study further discovers that individual attributes and economic conditions such as income level, age, education level, gender, and government transfers too could influence financial inclusion indicators in these countries. Hence, it hints towards the need to strike a perfect match between embracing a pro-poor growth, an inclusive financial approach, a technologically developed infrastructure, efficient legal framework and proper administration. Finally, the study advocates that such moves are not an end in themselves rather a means to shoulder the responsibility of creating a new economic order in emerging economies via financial inclusion toolbox.

Finance has become an essential part of an economy for development of the society as well as economy of nation. For, this purpose a strong financial system is required in not only in under-developed countries and developing countries but also developed countries for sustainable growth. Through Financial inclusion we can achieve equitable and inclusive growth of the nation. Financial inclusion stands for delivery of appropriate financial services at an affordable cost, on timely basis to vulnerable groups such as low income groups and weaker section who lack access to even the most basic banking services. In this paper, the researcher attempts to understand financial inclusion and its importance for overall development of society and Nation’s economy. This study focuses on approaches adopted by various Indian banks towards achieving the ultimate goal of financial inclusion for inclusive growth in India and analyses of past years progress and achievements. The relevant data for this s...

India is a country having more than 1.25 billion people, spread across 29 states and seven union territories. There are around 6, 00,000 villages and 640 districts in our country. India is one of the most efficient and prosperous financial markets in terms of technology, regulation and systems. It also has one of the highest savings rate in the world. Despite these, Poverty and exclusion continue to dominate socioeconomic and political discourse in India. A vast majority of our population, especially in rural areas, is excluded from the easy access to financial services. The Government of India and the Reserve Bank of India have been taking concentrated efforts continuously since the last five decades to overcome such vicious problems by promoting 'Financial Inclusion " being one of the important national missions to promote inclusive growth of the country. The Financial Inclusion is a process to bring the weaker, disadvantage and vulnerable sections of the society within the domain of organized financial system. Financial Inclusion may also be defined as the process of ensuring access to financial services, timely and facilitating adequate credit where needed by vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low income groups at an affordable cost. Access to finance, especially by the poor and vulnerable groups, is an essential requisite for providing employment opportunities, economic growth, poverty alleviation and social upliftment. The present study aims to analyse the awareness and access to financial services among tribal people in Dungarpur district of southern Rajasthan. The study also focuses on analyzing the effectiveness of schemes of RBI and Government India like PMJDY, Bhamashah Yojana, No frills Account etc. in promoting financial inclusion among the tribal people.

This study explores the impact of financial inclusion on financial resilience in Bangladesh, using World Bank data on global financial inclusions. It finds that respondents with financial accounts are more resilient than those without accounts. The chances of being financially resilient are around 1.4 times higher for account holders than their counterparts. There was also a significant relationship between gender and financial resilience; males are 1.4 times more resilient than females when other covariates are considered in the regression model.

Women empowerment has taken a center stage in the present development agenda. The study examines the role of financial inclusion in supporting women empowerment in Lango sub region, Northern Uganda. Using both purposive and simple random sampling a Sample of 126 respondents was selected with a response rate of 100% realized. The study found out that financial support appeared to be sparse, The regulations, supervision and monitoring of some of these firms was lacking, causing many women to lose their savings with such firms. The study therefore recommended that Government should establish buffers to serve as collateral security for women who intend to secure financial credit. Financial service providers should lower down the costs of operating accounts for the financial inclusiveness of women, particularly women from rural areas. Government should tighten monitoring, regulating and supervisory policies of financial service providers to restore public trust in financial institutions in Uganda. Financial services providers, government and other development partners should offer both formal and informal business education training.

Since the process of nationalization of banks in 1969, there has been a significant expansion both in the geographical as well as functional reach of the commercial banks, regional rural banks and co-operative credit institutions. However, a large section of Indian population remains outside the purview of the formal financial system. The present study is an attempt to analyze the extent of financial inclusion across the various states of India. It has been observed that although various initiatives have been undertaken to improve outreach activity in the banking sector, the achievement is not a remarkable one. An index of financial inclusion (IFI) has been constructed in the study on the basis of three dimensions of financial inclusion. The state-wise IFI has been constructed using principal component analysis done using SPSS for making a comparative study. This state-wise index constructed has actually brought into light the non-uniformity among the states with respect to access to financial services. Assam has shown a consistent poor performance in all the three dimensions of financial inclusion with the implication that the state has a long way to go in improving financial inclusion position. Thus, it has been observed that although various efforts have been made for improving financial inclusion, the result is not satisfactory. A whole-hearted effort is required from all the stakeholders for making the financial inclusion process more effective

Ce travail se propose d’apprécier les effets de l’inclusion financière sur la croissance économique en zone CEMAC. L’approche utilisée pour l’inclusion financière est celle du Mobile Money défini comme étant un service pour lequel le téléphone mobile est utilisé pour accéder à des services financiers ou encore l’argent qui peut être consulté et utilisé via le téléphone mobile. Notre panel est constitué des personnes détenant un ou plusieurs comptes Mobiles Money. La période d’étude s’étend de 2011 à 2016, le logiciel utilisé pour l’analyse des données est EVIEWS, celui-ci est accompagné de deux tests économétriques à savoir le modèle VAR (qui permet d’établir le lien de causalité) et le test de causalité au sens de Granger duquel découle une causalité unidimensionnelle). Les contacts dégagés de cette étude empirique montrent que l’externalité de réseau et la compatibilité influencent positivement et significativement l’inclusion financière. Les autorités monétaires doivent donc contribuer à l’amélioration de l’inclusion financière notamment par la promotion de l’éducation financière des citoyens, la mise en place d’une plateforme pour financement des startup et la mise en place d’un dispositif de suivi des progrès en terme d’inclusion financière et des outils pour la promotion de l’inclusion financière en zone CEMAC.

Women's extensive role in economic, social and political transformation across all sectors has made the financial access more significant for women. The role and impact of financial inclusion for achieving women empowerment is significant and commendable in an overall perspective. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Government of India (GOI) are consistently favoring the utilization of innovative technology for possible and comprehensive financial inclusion. However, the underlying challenge that persists in the implementation of financial inclusion programs and the barriers affecting women to access financial products and services remains as an inevitable gap for social inclusion and women empowerment. This research work aims to provide an insight on the problems pertaining to the inclusive financing approach and its impact on social inclusion and women empowerment. The study is empirical in nature and the researcher has collected the primary data through well-structured interview schedule by utilizing judgment sampling. The secondary data utilized for the study comprises of information from books, journals and websites. This research work will be helpful to sort the challenges of achieving women empowerment through financial inclusion in India in order to provide practical suggestions to remove the hiccups that exist in the systematic process of implementation.
Keywords: Financial Inclusion, Women Empowerment, Inclusive Growth, Rural Tamil Nadu.

Financial inclusion is promoted as an important economic development program to solve the lack of access to formal financial services for billions of people around the world. The concept “financial inclusion” has entered mainstream business and development discourses as an all-encompassing term for innovation in financial services for the poor. South African policymakers and financial service providers have embraced this approach to address some of the country’s political, social and economic imbalances.

Following Foucault, this paper is an attempt to understand how the concept of financial inclusion has functioned in our society to create human beings as subjects. Four texts from institutional, academic and local sources are analysed using a specially developed Foucauldian discourse analysis method. The comparison of the unique combination of subject positions, problematizations, strategic actions and forms of control between the texts is of interest. These four aspects of the production of subjects illuminate points of continuity and discontinuity between the texts. Discontinuities are important ways of locating potential points of failure within financial inclusion constructs. Points of continuity between the texts, on the other hand, trace the kinds of subjects that the texts, as instances of discourse, produce. The first subject is concerned with earning an income from their body as a labouring economic site. The second earns an income from a tangible property such as a shop. The third kind of financial subject owns intangible property such as a savings account. With this boundary of financial inclusion established as concerned with income and expense management, a further proposition is outlined. Asset building is proposed as a field of activity not currently considered part of mainstream financial inclusion. This proposition puts into question the terms on which individuals are to be included by the development project of financial inclusion.

L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser les déterminants de l’inclusion financière de la Poste Tunisienne qui est mesurée dans notre étude par le nombre de détention de compte chez la Poste. Nous utilisons deux principales approches pour mettre en évidence les déterminants de l’inclusion financière de la Poste Tunisienne : une analyse descriptive pour étudier la relation entre les variables et une autre analyse économétrique pour vérifier la significativité des variables explicatives. Les résultats montrent que le nombre d’agences Postales, les dépenses en recherches et développements, les cartes Postales offertes par la Poste, la pénétration de téléphone mobile, le paiement via mobile et le remboursement de crédit via les canaux numériques de la Poste ont un impact significatif sur l’inclusion financière.
Mots-clés : Inclusion financière, déterminants, la Poste Tunisienne, détention de compte

This report presents findings from mobile money consumer and agent experiences. The key insights are, customers and agents complain about network instability, transaction charges and fraud. Many customers understand the benefits of having a registered account but still want agents to help them transact. Fast and knowledgeable agents are the most sought after by customers. Most agents are exclusive to one service provider, and agents need further support from them to enhance branding, promote mobile money products and services and attract and retain customers. Most agents receive initial training from providers but no follow-up. Customers value privacy and safety while transacting on mobile money. Clean and organized agent locations also make them feel more comfortable.

This research paper is a  study of  the Role of  Branchless Banking in achieving  Financial Inclusion in India .  The researcher carried out this study to understand the role of branchless banking and the implementation of the same for the unbanked population of India . The researcher has also studied the experiences in other countries in the implementation of branchless banking and how it has been adapted in India.
A study of a number of research papers and articles in magazines and other publication including internet was used to research this paper.  The researches has relied on secondary data and interaction with senior leaders of the  banking industry.
Indian Banks must embrace financial inclusion as an economically viable and profitable business activity by innovation in service delivery process and information technology solutions to lower costs of transactions and improve customer acceptance and satisfaction. Business Correspondent (BC) agents have been a key resource in ensuring  that the unbanked population receives banking facilities. Banks continue to  built brick and mortar branches, customer service points and  card based service outlets to service customers; this have to be strengthened by financial literacy programs and marketing campaigns to ensure that these services are used by the targeted population. Branchless Banks in future should also offer services like life and non-life insurance, accept investment in financial and commodity markets and also in other saving instruments like mutual funds and bonds to the poor.
Financial Inclusion is one of  the most significant initiatives taken by the Government of India, The Reserve Bank of India and the Indian Banks.  It has already made a significant impact to the poor in rural and urban India by empowering them with financial services thus providing them economic stimulus and security.
Financial Inclusion can be considered as the 2nd Economic Reforms in India in making India a Global Economic power house.
More research can be done on customer satisfaction, process improvement opportunities, cost reduction and also the economical impact in the area of Branchless Banking for Financial Inclusion in India.

Keywords: Branchless Banking, Financial Inclusion, Banking Correspondent, unbanked population.