Financing

This paper intends to present a contribution to the development of techniques of decision-making in international projects of exploration and production of petroleum. A case study of the Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) was developed and applied to define priorities among ten offshore exploration investment opportunities around the world offered to a Brazilian petroleum multinational company, according to decision-makers' preferences. The MAUT model proposed shows for the first time a combination of operational, political and technological risks, resulting in a quite complete formulation to describe quantitatively the decision-making process. It is important to emphasize that this paper presents an unpublished model to evaluate political risks whose detailed analysis is currently of extreme importance for international investments in petroleum projects.

A district-wide study was undertaken in a rural population of northern Ghana to identify factors influencing the acceptance and use of insecticide-impregnated bednets (IIBNs). A series of focus group discussions were conducted during 2 years of implementation of IIBNs to gauge community reactions to the introduction of the nets and a structured questionnaire was administered t9 approximately zoo0 randomly selected individuals. Although the IIBNs were accepted and used because they provided protection from mosquito bites, seasonal factors, patterns of use, and questions of cost were key factors likely to influence the dissemination and effectiveness of bednets. Use of the bednets was highly seasonal. Almost all recipients used their IIENs in the rainy season (99%), corresponding to the period of high mosquito density and 20% used them in the dry seasons, the period of low mosquito density. Mothers with young children were more likely to wash the bednets frequently (because the children soiled the bednets with faeces and urine), resulting in no protection from the insecticide. Provision of wider bednets, or the provision of plastic sheets with the bednets or possible incorporation of the insecticide in washing soaps could improve protection for young children. cost of the package and the time of year that it is delivered. Financing mechanisms for individual and village groups are discussed. Social research effectively monitored the intervention in this study, and it should be included as an important component of national malaria control programmes. The success of the promotion of IIBNs in malaria control programmes will depend on the keywords impregnated bednets, acceptance, malaria, financing, Ghana

Objectives. We investigated the links between working for pay and adolescent tobacco use to determine whether working for pay increases smoking risk. Methods. We performed retrospective and prospective analyses using data from a cohort of 799 predominantly African American students in Baltimore, Md, who had been followed since the first grade. Results. At the 10th year of follow-up, when the adolescents were aged 14 to 18 years, there was a positive relationship between the time they spent working for pay and current tobacco use. This relationship was attenuated somewhat after adjustment for potential selection effects. Adolescents who spent more than 10 hours per week working for pay also tended to initiate tobacco use earlier than did their peers. Among adolescents who had not yet used tobacco, those who started to work 1 year after assessment and those who worked over 2 consecutive assessments had an elevated risk of initiating use relative to adolescents who did not start working. Conclusions. There is a strong link between working for pay and adolescent tobacco use. Policymakers should monitor the conditions under which young people work to help minimize young workers' tobacco use and potential for initiating use.

This paper tests traditional capital structure models against the alternative of a pecking order model of corporate financing. The basic pecking order model, which predicts external debt financing driven by the internal financial deficit, has much greater timeseries explanatory power than a static tradeoff model, which predicts that each firm adjusts gradually toward an optimal debt ratio. We show that our tests have the power to reject the pecking order against alternative tradeoff hypotheses. The statistical power of some usual tests of the tradeoff model is virtually nil.

Focusing mainly on the United States and Latin America, we aimed to identify the constructions of social reality held by the major stakeholders participating in policy debates about global trade, public health, and health services. In a multi-method, qualitative design, we used three sources of data: research and archival literature, 1980-2004; interviews with key informants who represented major organizations participating in these debates, 2002-2004; and organizational reports, 1980-2004. We targeted several types of organizations: government agencies, international financial institutions (IFIs) and trade organizations, international health organizations, multinational corporations, and advocacy groups. Many governments in Latin America define health as a right and health services as a public good. Thus, the government bears responsibility for that right. In contrast, the US government's philosophy of free trade and promoting a market economy assumes that by expanding the private sector, improved economic conditions will improve overall health with a minimum government provision of health care. US government agencies also view promotion of global health as a means to serve US interests. IFIs have emphasized reforms that include reduction and privatization of public sector services. International health organizations have tended to adopt the policy perspectives of IFIs and trade organizations. Advocacy groups have emphasized the deleterious effects of international trade agreements on public health and health services. Organizational stakeholders hold widely divergent constructions of reality regarding trade, public health, and health services. Social constructions concerning trade and health reflect broad ideologies concerning the impacts of market processes. Such constructions manifest features of ''creed,'' regarding the role of the market in advancing human purposes and meeting human needs. Differences in constructions of trade and health constrain policies to address the profound changes generated by global trade.

While the infrastructure in the United States is in need of large and immediate investment, the funds provided by public agencies are not nearly sufficient to face such a challenge. Build-operate-transfer ͑BOT͒ is a delivery/financing system that can be a solution to this problem. In this system, a private sponsor finances the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of a public project for a specified concession period, at the end of which it transfers ownership to the government agency, hopefully after recouping its costs and achieving profits. A questionnaire survey of large municipalities and state departments of transportation was conducted to determine the extent to which they are using BOT in their large projects, to investigate the implementation of BOT, and the reasons why some government agencies avoid using BOT. The findings indicate that very few agencies use BOT. The reasons why most do not use BOT were reported by the respondents to be the availability of proven alternatives and enough funds, the existence of political barriers, and resistance to change both on the part of government agencies and private sponsors. When government agencies and private sponsors explore the use of BOT, they should avoid the pitfalls perceived by the respondents in this study.

Purpose The mainstream climate change community has primarily concerned itself with mitigation and adaptation strategies, both of which require monitoring and prediction. These four inter-connected response actions (mitigation, adaptation, monitoring and prediction) constitute the main strategies for managing climate change. This paper aims to weigh in on policies and societal coordination for effective management of the earth’s climate with respect to these four elements in Africa because of its socioeconomic peculiarities. Design/methodology/approach The Delphi experts’ method backed by questionnaires was used to obtain relevant data for the study. The questionnaires were distributed to professionals dealing with issues related to climate change response and sustainability in various parts of the world, with a focus on Africa. Findings With respect to the strategies that are most needed for effective climate change actions in Africa, government’s policies, activities and decisions...

It reveals that the community policing activities of private commercial banks include loans customer appraisal, collateralized lending, giving creditors reminder notes, credit tracking, developing practical lending and credit protection. This study further shows that the major factors of credit crime are the incorrect choosing of a loan customer, the lack of follow-up, unhealthy banking competitiveness, the lack of a thorough examination of project feasibility, higher interest costs, funding/over funding, inadequate financial circumstances, and insightful asymmetry. This study also showed that the key tactics for enhancing loans can be strict adherence to loan regulation, visitor visits after loan disbursement, sufficient security assessment, regular/temporary distributors, training and advice given to loan customers, loans provided for companies not against conspiracy facilities, post-loan services, lower rate setting and appropriate paperwork before the disbursement. Data are collected through questionnaires in this study. In addition, data has been evaluated for short SPSS using the tools known as Predictive Kit for Social Science. This questionnaire is circulated to 79 bank borrower loans. This study finds that the existence of businesses owned by investor is a factor affecting the refund of loans.

Purpose: In this study, the main aim is to know farmers' problems in the agricultural sector. Food products are the primary good to ensure the quality of life and health. In the world, many countries are depending on the agricultural sector and farmers are the backbone of the economy. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, the main aim is to find what are the challenges faced by the farmers in Andhra Pradesh State. The present paper attempts to spell out some of the constraints like production, and marketing, and finance-related problems faced by the farmers. Primary data were collected from the farmers to investigate the aim and applied a convenient sample technique to collect opinions from the respondent. Findings: To find out production, marketing, and finance-related problems have been faced by the farmers. This study helps to encourage farmers to produce more goods and to increase productivity. Originality/value: It was concluded that a spellbinding report utilizing es...

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the use of innovation payments in the English NHS. Methods: A structured on-line survey was developed to explore the use of innovation payments. The survey was disseminated to NHS hospital finance managers. A total of 20 surveys (n =20) were returned. Results: The majority (70%) of responding hospitals have applied for innovation payments. In one-third of cases, the payment was for medical devices, followed by drugs (31%), diagnostics (19%), and other technologies (15%). Innovation payments were generally requested because the existing HRG tariff did not reflect the cost of the technology. Processes for determining the payment varied across hospitals, with rates based on supporting evidence of the technology's benefits most common. While a good concept in principle, only about one-third of respondents believed innovation payments were effective in meeting their aims in practice. Conclusions: Improvements to the current approach to innovation payments are needed.

U sing a random sample of 221 new Swedish ventures initiated in 1998, we examine why some new ventures are more likely than others to successfully be awarded capital from external sources. We examine venture financing as a staged selection process in which two sequential selection events systematically winnow the population of ventures and influence which ventures receive financing. For a venture to receive external financing its founders must first select it as a candidate for external funding, and then a financier must fund it. We find evidence that founders select ventures as candidates for external finance based on their perceptions of market competition, market growth, and employment growth, while financiers base funding decisions on objective verifiable indicators of venture development, such as the completion of organizing activities, marketing activities, and the level of sales of the venture. Our findings have implications for venture financing and evolutionary theories of social processes.

Given the importance of energy issues to sustainable development, energy was a priority issue at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in August 2002. The objective of this paper is to examine the outcomes of the Summit on energy, and to assess them against proposals to address the lack of access to modern energy and the need to move toward a cleaner energy system. We find that lack of political leadership from key countries prevented agreement not only on targets for renewable energy, but also on a programme to promote access. The achievements of the Summit were limited to enabling activities such as capacity building and technology transfer, rather than substantive agreements. While WSSD put energy higher on the agenda than before, no institutional home or programme to take the issues forward has emerged. This therefore remains a critical challenge to be addressed. Achieving this broad goal will require building a coalition to promote cleaner energy, and committing resources to programme for energy access. Based on analysis of proposals and the negotiations, we propose several key areas where progress is still possible and necessary, including: shifting more international public and private energy financing toward access investments and cleaner energy investments, advancing regional approaches to access and renewable energy targets, and a range of mechanisms to strengthen institutional capacity for integrating energy and sustainable development.

Most small business organizations are constantly lacking financial resources. This situation is associated with a small amount of own funds and the difficulty of raising borrowed funds. In the prevailing conditions, the need for wellfounded financing management, this ensures the stable financial condition of a small organization, increases. Modeling the process of financing an organization allows you to consider different financing options, to influence the most significant factors in a particular situation. It is proposed to use the cognitive approach for dynamic management of the financing process and the choice of a rational variant based on the logit model. Determination of the degree of influence of various factors is proposed to be determined using correlation-regression modeling. With the help of the proposed modeling of the financing process of a small organization, it is possible to forecast positive changes in financial performance.

Problem During the 1990s, the Sudan began several initiatives to establish new medicine-financing mechanisms as part of the health reform process. Initial seed stocks were provided to each hospital. Unfortunately these facility-based funds did not regenerate and the hospitals were left without funds for medicines. The Revolving Drug Fund (RDF) was established in 1989 to facilitate access to medicines in health facilities in Khartoum state. Approach This study used quantitative and qualitative research techniques to collect data from health-care providers and users to evaluate the experience of operating an RDF in Khartoum state. Data from personal observations and from archival and statistical records were also analysed. Seven health facilities were sampled for this research. Local setting The Ministry of Health has a policy to expand the RDF to the whole country and has already commenced roll-out to seven more states. This policy is based on the experience of the RDF within Khartoum state. Relevant changes Khartoum state has a high (97%) level of availability of essential medicines and this is attributed to the RDF. The RDF medicines were mostly considered affordable by users and very few (6%) patients failed to obtain the prescribed medicines for financial reasons. Lessons learned The RDF could be successfully replicated in other states of the Sudan and in low-income countries with similar contexts on condition that they meet success factors, such as gradual implementation, political commitment and availability of hard currency. Une traduction en français de ce résumé figure à la fin de l'article. Al final del artículo se facilita una traducción al español.

The subject of the study is the theoretical and practical aspects of the implementation of financial security and taxation of tourism in Ukraine.
The purpose of the paper is to identify the features of financial activity and the taxation specifics of tourist enterprises and to develop practical recommendations for their improvement.
The methodological basis of the paper were general scientific and specific methods of scientific knowledge. The following methods were used: dialectical, monographic, historical, systemic and structural analysis and synthesis, problem-and program-based approaches, determining financial results and tax regulations.
Results of work. The article describes the features of achievement and taking into account the financial results of the activities of tourism enterprises, operators and agents. The specifics of taxation and types of taxes, their disadvantages and advantages are revealed. The directions of improvement of financing, taxation and general activity are grounded in order to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of the tourism industry in the national, European and global dimensions.
The results application. Conclusions and results of the paper can be used in the educational-scientific process of the economic faculties of higher educational institutions. It is expedient to transfer it to practical use in the management of tourism activities at the enterprise level, the tax administration, in the public organization activities, rural communities.
Conclusions. The disadvantages of tax administration have led to problems such as: low tax culture as a result of disparaging taxpayers' attitudes towards tax payments; widespread use of schemes for tax evasion; significant budget arrears of value added tax refunds.
Therefore, measures for the development and improvement of the financial and tax system for enterprises of the tourism industry should take into account the identified shortcomings and build on the concept of increasing tax discipline by taxpayers on the one hand, as well as to reduce their quantity, volumes, unification from the fiscal service and other relevant institutions, from the other hand.

It is widely accepted that there is an acute shortage of resources in the education sector in India. Economic reforms and associated requirements of fiscal discipline have aggravated the situation. By contrast, however, official sources claim that significant progress has been made in financing education. This paper examines whether, and in what ways, this is so. It analyses major trends in public financing of education in India, including expenditures by the central government, state governments, other local bodies and the NGO sector. Foreign aid, which is transferred primarily through central government budgets, is also included. The paper examines the level and composition of public expenditure on education and the mechanisms of resource sharing, allocation and utilization, in aggregate as well as separately for the centre and the states. It finds that while expenditure in real terms increased during the 1990s it has stagnated since then. As a proportion of GDP the share of public expenditure on education has been less than 4 per cent. But there have been major changes in the composition and modalities of expenditure. Initially, education was the responsibility of individual states, but in 1976 it became the joint responsibility of both central and state governments. The analysis finds that the centre has been playing an increasingly important role in state education finance. Centrally sponsored schemes, which are partly funded by external aid, have been a critical part of centre-to-state transfers. Expenditure trends in seven states are studied to explore the possible impact of expenditure on education outcomes. It indicates that for the less developed states recent changes in education expenditure have improved access, but retention and learning achievements remain very low.

The aim of the article is to describe how Estonian venture capitalists make financing and investment decisions, and compare these results with theoretical recommendations found in corporate finance and venture capital literature. The focus is on the methodological procedures in venture capital investment and financing. A case study approach is used to collect information about the current practice of venture capital investments and financing in Estonia. Five of the largest Estonian venture capital funds were analyzed in this article, and different problems have been presented in the article. Some of them require an academic and some a practical solution. The problems are divided into four parts: venture capital deal structuring, corporate governance and investor protection, the cost of venture capital and valuation.

Globally, academics, industry professionals, governments and societies are directing their attention to the issue of global warming and are engaged in efforts to conserve the natural resources of the earth. This has led to the introduction of the concept of sustainability.

Le débat précédant la réforme de la formation professionnelle a été accompagné par la présentation de plusieurs études et rapports d'experts. Pour s'en tenir aux plus institutionnels, mentionnons, en ordre de parution, les rapports du Sénat (1), de l'Inspection générale des affaires sociales (2), du Comité d'orientation pour l'emploi (3) et de la Cour des comptes (4). Ces documents, bien qu'ils traitent de questions différentes suivant des méthodologies différentes, présentent néanmoins des traits communs. Partant d'un état des lieux relativement critique, stigmatisant la complexité du système de financement de la formation professionnelle, source d'opacité et d'inefficience, les rédacteurs indiquent plusieurs pistes de simplification. N°12 Décembre 2008 DROIT SOCIAL 2

Author(s): Barbour, Elisa; Grover, Salvador; Lamoureaux, Yulia; Chaudhary, Gyanendra; Handy, Susan | Abstract: This report provides research findings from the first year of a two-year research project on patterns of local policymaking in California to support transit-oriented development (TOD), transit, and active transport. The project aims to assess motivations, perceived obstacles, and priorities for development near transit, in relation to patterns of local policy adoption, from the perspective of city planners in the state’s four largest regions: the San Francisco Bay, Los Angeles, San Diego, and Sacramento metropolitan areas. This first-stage report discusses research and policy context that informed the methodology, findings from the analysis of results from an online survey of city planning directors administered in the spring of 2019, and findings from two case studies of TOD policymaking in urban central cities, namely Los Angeles and Sacramento. A sampling methodology for...

Microenterprises (ME) play an important role in the economies of developing countries (DCs). They are the main sources of job creation and generate significant resources for the formation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in these economies. Despite their undeniable role in development, they still have difficulty accessing external financing for debiting public support policies for them. This thesis aims to analyze the explanatory factors of the low funding of EM. It takes Burundi as a case study and assesses the key role of microfinance in supporting MOEs. To achieve this dual objective, this study used two databases: the one containing data collected on 3430 loan files of Burundian microfinance institutions and the one consisting of data collected from 223 microentrepreneurs by a survey. The analysis used the probit model and revealed that certain characteristics of microenterprises and / or their promoters such as the age of the microentrepreneur, the duration of the credit sought,...

A non-profit organisation is an organisation that uses its surplus of the revenues to achieve its ultimate objective, rather than distributing its income to the organisation's shareholders, leaders or members. Thus, the man aim of this paper is to analyse and assess the system and structure of financing of non-profit organisation considering the economic, social and legislative conditions of the Slovak Republic. The results reveal that the basic principle of financing the non-profit sector in Slovakia is its multi-sourcing. Its essence is to use multiple sources of income in the non-profit organisations, in order to reach their own independence on one financial source, as well as to avoid negative consequences of its unexpected failure.

Community-based organizations hold an increasingly central role in the representation and advocacy of marginalized groups and individuals. In these capacities, such organizations make significant contributions to the areas of health and health services. In particular, they are considered well-positioned to operationalize 'bottom-up' approaches to health promotion. In this article we use a case study to illuminate unforeseen consequences of government funding of community-based organizations involved in health promotion and health service work. Previous research has found that many health promotion practitioners are engaged in a shift towards 'bottom-up' approaches to health promotion (1). In contrast, our findings suggest that due to government funding, those best positioned to promote community participation and empowerment may be experiencing a converse shift away from 'bottom-up' approaches. (Global Health Promotion, 2009; 16(3): pp. 45-52)

Freedom of education, included in the 23rd article of the Dutch Constitution, has been a basic civic right in the Netherlands for one and a half century now. This freedom allows denominations to found fully State financed schools based on their own system of beliefs. As a result State financed primary schools of the newer denominations like Islam and Hinduism have appeared in the Dutch school system during the last decades. The question has risen whether segregated schools tend to stimulate or to hamper the cohesion of society and the integration of minorities. This article explores the historical development of the Dutch concept of freedom of education in relationship to the unifying and civic educational task of the school. It appears that since the first national laws on education (1801-1806) the school was supposed to promote the peaceful cohabitation and civic morality of future citizens. Pressure from denominational groups has resulted in the constitutional guarantee of the freedom of education since 1848. State financed denominational private schools have far outnumbered the public State schools since the Education Act of 1920 that brought State subsidies to private schools on equal footing with government money spent on public schools. Debates about the primary task of schools to educate children to become good citizens have greatly influenced the perceptions of both public and private schools since the mid-nineteenth century. The present opinions expressed by authorities, political parties and educational organisations concerning denominational schools can only be understood if we consider the historical development of the related and sometimes apparently contradictory concepts of freedom of education and the pedagogical task of the school in a plural society.

It reveals that the community policing activities of private commercial banks include loans customer appraisal, collateralized lending, giving creditors reminder notes, credit tracking, developing practical lending and credit protection. This study further shows that the major factors of credit crime are the incorrect choosing of a loan customer, the lack of follow-up, unhealthy banking competitiveness, the lack of a thorough examination of project feasibility, higher interest costs, funding/over funding, inadequate financial circumstances, and insightful asymmetry. This study also showed that the key tactics for enhancing loans can be strict adherence to loan regulation, visitor visits after loan disbursement, sufficient security assessment, regular/temporary distributors, training and advice given to loan customers, loans provided for companies not against conspiracy facilities, post-loan services, lower rate setting and appropriate paperwork before the disbursement. Data are collected through questionnaires in this study. In addition, data has been evaluated for short SPSS using the tools known as Predictive Kit for Social Science. This questionnaire is circulated to 79 bank borrower loans. This study finds that the existence of businesses owned by investor is a factor affecting the refund of loans.

... without the creative inspiration of Dr Ross Barnard, Dr Graeme Barnett and Mr Gerry Arkouzis. The understanding and support of our families, though sometimes taken for granted, was absolutely critical to the successful completion of this book. For this Damian gives love and ...

This paper employs a new database, which contains the market and accounting data from more than 1000 Chinese listed companies up to the year 2000, to document the characteristics of these firms in terms of capital structure. As in other countries, leverage in Chinese firms increases with firm size, non-debt tax shields and fixed assets, and decreases with profitability and correlates with industries. We also find that ownership structure affects leverage. Different from those in other countries, leverage in Chinese firms increases with volatility and firms tend to have much lower long-term debt. The static tradeoff model rather than pecking order hypothesis seems better in explaining the features of capital structure for Chinese listed companies.

The author argues that most of the normal entrepreneurial laws are valid also for environmental ventures. However, the value-based leadership often rightly associated with environmental entrepreneurs gives a special flavour to these businesses. With hands-on practical experience and an insightful theoretical orientation, the author analyses typical environmental business features and its main segments and presents a typology of ecopreneurs.

The up growth of business rivalry at the consumer and services markets make many of the suppliers grant delayed or deferred payments to their customers and act as creditors who thus accept credit, exchange and interest risks. It results in the suppliers’ floating assets withdrawal and has a negative impact upon their financial statements showings. Factoring is one of the

Проф. д-р Николай Радулов, преподавател в департамент "Национална и международна сигурност" на Нов български университет, София, България, 2016 nradulov@nbu.bg Резюме: Настоящият материал има за цел да представи един разширен анализ на актуалните събития в страните от ЕС, свързани с престъпността, миграцията и тероризма, разгледани в единство и корелация помежду си. Авторът твърди че мигрантските вълни през последните години допринасят за сериозното нарастване на престъпността, особено организираната, тероризма, както и взаимното им проникване. Abstract: This paper aims to provide an extensive analysis of recent events in EU, related to crime, migration and terrorism, discussed in unity and correlation with each other. The author argues that migration waves during the last years contribute to a serious increase in crime, particularly the organized one, terrorism and their mutual penetration. Нелегалната миграция и организираната престъпност-корелации Незаконната международна миграция е съвокупност от обществени отношения, включващи процедури по подготовка-индивидуални или с помощта на организации осъществяващи незаконна миграция-към незаконно придвижване на лице или лица чрез държавните граници на две или повече държави и по-натататъшното им инсталиране, което често води до придобиване от тях на нов правен статут. Незаконната миграция представлява сериозна заплаха за националната сигурност. Тя създава опасност за жизнено важни интереси на личността, обществото и държавата, заплаха за територията, ценностите, културата. От особена важност е да се анализира икономическият аспект на проблема с незаконната миграция. Европейският пазар на труда в този момент силно зависи от чуждестранната работна сила, особено при някои видове професии, не изискващи висока квалификация. Незаконната миграция увеличава безработицата в приемащата държава. Често заплащането на труда на незаконните мигранти е значително по-ниско от тази, която получават местните жители, поради което те не могат да си намерат работа. Същевременно промишленото развитие на държавите изисква пресен приток на работна сила иззад граница, в това число и незаконна. Доколкото използването на труда на незаконните мигранти носи скрит характер, държавате не получава данъчни постъпления от него. От друга страна икономиката на приемащата страна губи парични средства, които иконимическите мигранти прехвърлят в страните на своя произход. Най-голяма опасност, обаче, представлява незаконната миграция като фактор за нарастване на престъпността, в това число и на организираната. Масовото навлизане на чужди граждани и лица без гражданство (огромната чест без документи) в отделните страни влече след себе си създаване на редица социални проблеми и заплахи от демографски характер, разширяване на мащабите на сенчестата икономика, усложняване ситуацията на пазара на труда, засилване на социалното напрежение и като следствие-усложняване и нарастване на криминалната ситуация. Експертите по миграция твърдят, че по своята същност всяка разновидност на миграцията на население е потенциално криминогенна, доколкото мигрантите, попадайки в новите условия, изпитват естествени социално-битови и психологически затруднения, което влияе на повишената деликвентност на тази категория лица. Анализът на наличните статистически данни по отношение на връзката между създаването на мигрантски общности и увеличаването на престъпността в отделните европейски държави показва, че нарастването на престъпността е от 10 до 20 % в рамките на последния мигрантски перод от средата на 2013 г., до края на 2015 г., съобразно нивото на концентрация в различните държави и някои техни региони. От информацията, получена от специални служби на европейски държави и изтекла в

BOT Critical success factors China Thermal power project Wind power project a b s t r a c t Chinese electric power industry has adopted Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) approach in a number of projects to alleviate the pressure of sole state-owned investment. The Chinese government has taken enormous efforts to create an environment to facilitate the application of BOT approach in electric power projects. Moreover, the growing attention on the sustainability issues puts the traditional major source of electricity -thermal power project under more strict scrutiny. As a result, various renewable energy projects, particularly the wind power projects have involved private sector funds. Both thermal power and wind power projects via BOT approach have met with a varying degree of success. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the factors contributing towards the success of both types of BOT power projects. Using an extensive literature survey, this paper identifies 31 success factors under 5 categories for Chinese BOT electric power projects. This is followed by a questionnaire survey to exam relative significance of these factors. The results reveal the different levels of significance of success factors for BOT thermal power projects versus wind power projects. Finally, survey results were analyzed to explore the underlying construction and distributions among the identified success factors. This study provides a valuable reference for all involved parties that are interested in developing BOT electric power projects in China.

The case examines the current problems facing Google during one of the worst economic environments since the Great Depression. Google was faced with stagnant net profits and employee turnover, while trying to maintain their culture of corporate entrepreneurship and innovation. The case was written for senior level undergraduate and MBA students in entrepreneurship and business strategy. It can be taught in one hour and twenty minutes.  The amount of outside work to prepare for the case is expected to be at least four hours. 
    The case outlines the history of the Silicon Valley titan, Google, Inc., and how it will navigate in one of the worst economic environments since the Great Depression. The case describes the current economic environment and then examines the history of the founders and the company. Google’s stages of growth, strategies, and its keys to success are then examined. Specific attention is paid to the location of the firm in regards to Silicon Valley and Stanford University.
    The latter part of the case focuses on the heart of the success of Google, corporate entrepreneurship and innovation. The case describes what corporate entrepreneurship and innovation is and how it is utilized within Google. The case ends with the founders asking the reader what recommendations they would make to Google to solve their problems.