Foreign Trade

SUMMARY: Chapter 9, in Renfrew & Bahn's textbook (Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice), covers the various types of trade and exchange in past societies, and how one may assess it, including different types of interactions (e.g., gift exchange), various scientific techniques (e.g., microscopic examination of materials; trace-element analysis; isotopic analysis), studying material and/or artifact distributions, assessing production and consumption, and analyzing the various means of exchange and interaction.  In my view, this is one of the best college textbooks available, and is invaluable for students, archaeologists, and the public in general, to obtain a top notch overview of approaching and interpreting the archaeological record. UPDATED/REVISED March, 2021, some editing and new formatting, minimal new materials.

Presentamos un análisis comparativo del desarrollo económico en China e India, teniendo en cuenta los principales factores que han propiciado el crecimiento del PIB real por habitante de ambos países en el período 1991-2005, con especial referencia al análisis de los efectos del capital humano, la industria y el comercio exterior, a través de la estimación de un modelo econométrico.

The current study examined the impact of foreign trade on agricultural output in Nigeria based on data sourced from 1981 to 2018 by employing a number of estimation techniques such as Cobb-Douglas, unit root testing, autoregressive distributed lag among others within the context of two profound theories of exchange rate-the vent-for surplus theory of international trade; factor endowments theory. Our study observed that foreign trade exerts negatively on agricultural output. Our results have some empirical implications.

A new study conducted by Windesheim University of Applied Sciences - research group International Business found a significant positive relationship between the quality of the preparation for, the program of, and the follow up after a trade mission and trade mission outcomes. The sample set was small (N=51) however. Therefore the result is just an initial indication that this relationship may exist. New research will follow up on this.

La presente obra aborda la formación en comercio exterior desde una perspectiva novedosa, por cuanto, además de los conceptos temáticos desarrollados, presta especial atención a la mediación lingüística y cultural e incluye actividades que potencian el desarrollo de competencias lingüísticas y culturales, con el inglés como lengua franca y como vehículo fundamental de comunicación entre socios de distintos países. Además, incluye aspectos muy actuales y de gran relevancia en el éxito de la estrategia de internacionalización de las empresas, como el marketing digital y sus implicaciones en el ámbito de la localización. La obra presenta un compendio de los diferentes campos que intervienen en las operaciones comerciales internacionales, tomando como punto de partida los conceptos generales del comercio exterior, agrupados según las distintas estrategias empresariales que se deben poner en práctica a la hora de llevar a cabo un proceso de internacionalización de las actividades comerciales.
Disponible en:
https://www.comares.com/libro/el-comercio-exterior_88721/
https://www.amazon.es/Comercio-exterior-Carmen-%C3%81lvarez-Garc%C3%ADa/dp/849045678X/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1550485081&sr=1-2-fkmr0&keywords=comercio+exterior.+mediaci%C3%B3n+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica

This paper investigates the consequences of stochastic volatility for pricing spot foreign currency options. A diffusion model for exchange rates with stochastic volatility is proposed and estimated. The parameter estimates are then used to price foreign currency options and the predictions are compared to observed market prices. We find that allowing volatility to be stochastic results in a much better fit to the empirical distribution of the Canada-U.S. exchange rate, and that this improvement in fit results in more accurate predictions of observed option prices.

Kültür genel anlamda, bir grup insanın bireysel ve toplumsal yaşamlarını anlamada, düzenlemede ve yapılandırmada kullandıkları inançlar ve değerler sistemi olarak tanımlanabilir. Dünyada pek çok farklı kültür bulunmaktadır. Farklı kültürlerden insanların etkileşimi küreselleşmeyle birlikte her geçen gün artmaktadır. Üretimin ve ticaretin küreselleşmesiyle birlikte bir ürün bir ülkede tasarlanmakta, birçok ülkede üretilmekte ve yüzlerce ülkede pazarlanabilmektedir. Dış ticarette
faaliyet gösteren firmalar mal ve hizmetlerini sınırsız bir pazara arz etme olanağına sahiptir. Bu noktada uluslararası ticaret ve kültür arasındaki ilişkiye yönelik farklı görüşler ortaya atılmaktadır. Kültürel benzerliklerin uluslararası ticareti pozitif yönde etkilediğini öne süren görüş daha yaygın kabul görmektedir. Bu görüşe göre kültürleri benzer olan ülkeler arasında dış ticaret yapmak daha kolaydır. Ancak bu durumda dış ticaret nispeten sınırlı bir pazarda gerçekleşebilir. Diğer taraftan iyi yönetildiği takdirde kültürel farklılıklar da dış ticareti olumlu yönde etkileyebilir. Bu anlamda kültürel farklılıkların yönetimi firmalara uluslararası ticarette üstünlük kazandırabilir.  Pazarın  sınırlarını  kaldırmak  ve  küresel  ölçekte  rekabet  göstermek  isteyen  firmaların    kültürel farklılıklar temelinde stratejiler geliştirmesi gerekmektedir.

Conversations about workplace spirituality are becoming more frequent, which is raising the awareness about ethical responsibility. There are intensifying questions about the appropriate definition for the S-word at work place. Some call it religious change, some diversity and others call a mode of marketing for spiritual gurus. However, the growth of workplace spirituality is widely based on one’s personal responsibility towards the building of a mechanistic work environment to enhance spiritual and mental growth. Spirituality needs to be practiced for development of ethical leaders at workplace. Walter Earl Flucker an expert in the theory and practice of ethical responsibility quoted in his work Spirituality, Ethics and Responsibility “Spirituality demands that leaders cultivate and nourish a sense of self that recognizes the interrelatedness of life or a sense of community”. The study has been designed with the perspective to analyse the rising importance of spirituality at workplace. The paper has been divided into five parts: Introduction; Interdependence between Spirituality, Ethics and Business; Spirituality and Workplace: A Contemporary View; Emergence of Virtuous Leaders; and Conclusion.
Keywords: Spirituality; Workplace; Ethics; Leadership; Management

What impact did the cultural origins and religious backgrounds of the merchants in the early modern period have on their business activities? How did these people manage to integrate themselves into the foreign societies within which they lived and worked? In this book Jorun Poettering examines the circumstances of the merchants who traded between Hamburg and Portugal in the seventeenth century. Her study offers new insights into the history of migration and intercultural encounter as world became more interconnected.

Considers the participation of Scottish women in 16th-century trade as widows and daughters of merchants as well as wives of traders. Although their role was declining in the export sector during this period, it is by no means certain that their influence waned.

Do export sanctions cause export deflection? Data on Iranian non-oil exporters between January 2006 and June 2011 shows that two-thirds of these exports were deflected to non-sanctioning countries after sanctions were imposed in 2008, and that at this time aggregate exports actually increased. Exporting firms reduced prices and increased quantities when exporting to a new destination, however, and suffered welfare losses as a result.

The vast majority of the books and articles that have been written over the past few centuries about trade policy in general and protectionism in particular have been written from a utilitarian perspective. Indeed, it would only be a slight overstatement to say that the only works written about protectionism have been written from a utilitarian perspective. The reason for this fact is that most analyses on protectionism are written either by economists or by people who adopt the ideas of economists to support their positions. And economists tend to be utilitarians. Those who have political agendas will tend to incorporate only those sources that support their own view and ignore or downplay opposing views, but even biased commentators use utilitarian arguments to support their positions. This paper takes a distinctly different approach. Rather than starting from a utilitarian premise, it begins from the premise that conduct that violates human rights is improper, then examines whether protectionism violates human rights. Part II presents an overview of the utilitarian approach to the examination of protectionism. Part III points out the deficiencies in the utilitarian approach and offers an alternative approach based on property, contract and association rights. The author concludes that the only trade policy that does not violate human rights is a policy of total, immediate and unilateral free trade. An extensive bibliography with links to more than 100 trade articles is also included.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively explore marketing issues for foreign industrial companies of large, small and medium size entering emerging markets (EMs), particularly transition economies in Eastern Europe. The vast majority of current studies about emerging markets focus only on defining suitable strategies related to large consumer goods corporations.

Design/methodology/approach
The research adopted a multiple case study approach. Five Italian companies belonging to different business-to-business industries that have entered emerging countries in Eastern Europe were selected for investigation.

Findings
Empirical analysis uncovered recurring issues related to: institutional factors causing market uncertainty and instability; difficulties in building a sales network; a need for product adaptation to guarantee satisfactory performance; choices related to communication, branding and trade fairs; and considerations about competition and first mover advantage. Results can be interpreted as an extension of the analysis of institutional voids by Khanna and Palepu (1997).

Research limitations/implications
The study is based on the analysis of five case studies of companies operating in specific emerging markets, namely in Eastern Europe Countries (EEc) Further research based on different samples and different emerging countries is needed before generalizing results.

Practical implications
The study shows that the main institutional void affecting business-to-business companies entering emerging markets (EEc) is the lack of locally developed sales and after-sales networks. This institutional void slows the entry process of business-to-business companies in EMs. Given these constraints, from the perspective of business-to-business SMEs, it may be fruitful to pursue niche positioning in EMs.

Originality/value
The study analyzes emerging markets opportunities and entry strategies from the business-to-business marketing perspective, uncovering the most critical issues.

The economic development of any country mainly depends of foreign trade policy.The foreign trade acts asa boost in India's trade sector in terms of increase in Export and Import. The larger part of gross domestic product comes from this sector so it is essential to understand the impact of foreign trade in India. The sector wise foreign trade also plays an important role in the economic development in India. Exports and Imports have been studied in accordance to the perspective of composition and direction of trade. The objective of the study is to provide an overview of India's foreign trade after LPG and its comparative performance over the last years. The results shows that there is a significant changes happened in the way of import and export. It also reveals there is an increasing trend of Negative trading balanceover the last years.Both GDP and foreign trade are simultaneously increasing year after year and it is a good indicator for a country like India.

This dissertation is a systematised and thematic study of Friedrich List’s economic approach, showing:
1) The fundamental importance of immaterial production factors, and
2) How ‘mental capital’ binds a multitude of issues together into a coherent system.
List’s system is simple in principle: ‘Spirit creates wealth’, and yet it is complex; the human spirit creates culture which creates wealth:
Mental capital creates innovation, constitutes and reshapes collaboration, which constitutes and reshapes nations and (defines and) creates wealth. Using List’s terminology:
1) The task of political economy is to contribute to individual and social progress: The goal is elevation of global civilisation by moral and material improvement.
2) Mental capital, individual and collective, is the prime source of wealth and constitutes the essence of;
3) The Confederation of Labour, which both constitutes and continuously reshapes the nation, both its civic institutions and the State.
4) The nation is the main vehicle for the individual person’s quest for freedom, happiness and wealth.
5) The ultimate confederation of Labour lies in global free trade, making the selfish colonial system as well as navies obsolete.
Ad 2) ‘Mental capital’ is the founding stone of List’s system. It alone can utilise the resources given by nature. List’s inspiration lies in contemporary German Idealism, and in a tradition with roots in Cameralist- and Renaissance statecraft, and the ancient Greeks.
Ad 3) Mental capital is the essence of the intergenerational ‘Confederation of Labour’: Knowledge, innovation, education, morality, trust, credit, social networks, traditions and institutions. Mental capital is fragile and needs to be wisely nurtured and protected against the gusts of the world markets, payment imbalance and economic crises. Physical capital move and perish less easily. According to List, this Confederation of Labour constitutes the nation as a market and as a national system of innovation and production, which reaches its furthermost potential in an urban-industrial civilisation or as List termed it: The Industrial System.
Ad 4) The Nation delivers collective services that an individual cannot – such as traditions, arts, freedom, security, and major investments. The nation resembles a large company, constituted by the Confederation of Labour.
It can only develop well through a carefully balanced development of all vital sections of agriculture, trade, and industry, and furthermore their efficient interconnection through state of the art institutions, standards, communications, and communication hubs: towns.
According to List, Adam Smith’s materialism led him to gross and fatal generalisations and to misunderstand the nature of capital. List claims that because intangible capital largely was ignored by the English Classical School, it therefore focused on increased division of labour through free trade; on increased accumulation of material capital through austerity and saving; and on curtailing population growth. Smith and the English Classical School largely ignored immaterial factors and therefore the roles of stability; - social cohesion; -co-operation; -civil society; - institutions; (such as the nation); and - economic regulation. Ironically, England was the nation that more than any had used every trick in the book of government intervention to promote industrialisation, and then prevent other nations from doing the same.

This paper examines the question of whether it is ethical for company officials to use the force of government to reduce or eliminate foreign competition, using the antidumping laws as a case study. This paper begins with a brief examination of the U.S. antidumping laws, then examines several ethical questions related to the antidumping laws. The main question to be addressed is whether, and under what circumstances, it is ethical for domestic producers to ask government to launch an antidumping investigation against a foreign competitor. Related questions to be examined include (1) Whether it is ethical to ask the government to launch an antidumping investigation even when the domestic company making the request knows that dumping has not occurred; (2) Whether it is ethical to ask for an antidumping investigation in cases where dumping (according to the definition of dumping) has occurred, where the effect is to help domestic producers at the expense of the general public. This paper will examine these questions by applying both utilitarian and non-utilitarian approaches. A bibliography with links to more than 100 articles on trade is also included. The full paper may be downloaded here. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2861273 BIO Robert W. McGee is an accounting professor and best-selling novelist who has published 58 nonfiction books and more than 700 scholarly articles. He is an attorney and CPA who has lectured or worked in more than 30 countries, and has earned 13 doctorates from universities in the United States and four European countries. The Social Science Research Network has ranked him as high as #2 in the world All-Time among accounting professors and #30 in the world All-Time among all social scientists. Various studies have ranked him #1 in the world for both business ethics and accounting ethics scholarship. He has won 19 gold medals in

Using objective measures of investor protections in 170 countries, I establish that the level of investor protection matters for cross-country differences in GDP growth: countries with stronger protections tend to grow faster than those with poor investor protections.

Nowadays, there is an increasingly higher volume of international transactions and a larger number of internationalized firms in Spain. This fact implies a certain grade of psychological distance, understood as the differences in culture and in the way business is done among countries, and gives rise to commercial difficulties that arise out of culture and language.
In this context, graduates in Translation and Interpreting seem to have the qualification to go beyond those barriers, so they can contribute to successfully addressing international trade or negotiations. Hence, taking the view that firms are in greater need of skilled personal and that graduates in Translation and Interpreting bring linguistic and cultural competence, this doctoral thesis aims to trace out the essential aspects of the adequate training in foreign trade for those graduates so that they can completely fulfil the profile required by firms trading abroad.

1 - COLOMBIA: ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL BACKGROUND. Colombia had a population of 41 million in 1998, and an annual growth rate of 2.2%. The average Colombian household included 5.2 persons, and population density reached 31 inhabitants per square kilometer. The nation's literacy rate was 87%. Per capita income averages US$1,400 annually, and purchasing power is one fourth that of the United States. Sustained economic growth during the past decade has surpassed 4% annually. The Gross Domestic Product is based upon services (51%), industry (28%), and agriculture (20.5%). Foreign trade totals US$23 billion annually and is carried out mainly with the United States (36%), Europe (20%), and the Andean Group (13%). Major exports include petroleum and its derivatives; coffee, coal, and the illegal exportation of cocaine (almost exclusively) to the United States. Industrial output is made up of agricultural and food products (30%); textiles and clothing (16%); and, transportation an...

Kovid-19 süreci gerek dünya genelinde gerekse Türkiye'nin ekonomi üzerinde etkisi kaçınılmaz olmuştur. Ülkelerin uluslararası ticaret faaliyetlerinde daralma meydana gelmiştir. Salgın tüm dünyayı etkisine altına almış ve salgının bitmesi yönünden belirsizlikler devam etmektedir. Ülkeler tarafından salgınla mücadele etmek için birçok önlemler, kısıtlamalar uygulanmış ve bu doğrultuda ülke ekonomilerinde daraltıcı etki meydana gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Kovid-19 sürecinin Konya İhracatına etkisini tespit etmektir. Çalışmada 2019 Ocak-2021 Haziran dönemlerini kapsayan aylık ihracat verileri analiz edilmiştir. Kovid-19 sürecinin Konya ihracatına etkisi, Makine ve aksamları, otomotiv endüstrisi, savunma ve havacılık sanayi, iklimlendirme sanayi, Hububat, bakliyat mamulleri, çelik, kimyevi maddeler ve mamulleri gibi sektörel açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre pandeminin ülkemizde ve Konya ilinde ihracat faaliyetlerini nisan ve mayıs aylarında en çok etkilendiği değerlendirilmiştir. Pandeminin etkisi ülkemizde ilk çeyrekte görülmemesine rağmen ikinci çeyrekte bu etki çok yüksek seviyede gerçekleşmiştir. Konya ihracat bakımından değerlendirildiğinde, makine ve aksamları ihracatının mayıs ayında % 25 oranında düşme, otomotiv endüstrisinin ihracatının mayıs ayında %35 oranında düşme, iklimlendirme sanayisi ihracatının mayıs ayında %42 oranında düşme, hububat, bakliyat mamulleri ihracatının mayıs ayında %37 oranında düşme, kimyevi maddeler ve mamuller ihracatı mayıs ayında % 4 oranında düşme, çelik ihracatında mayıs ayında %53 düşme meydana gelmiştir ve savunma ve havacılık sektörü pandemi döneminde yükselişe geçen sektör konumundadır.

Özet: Türkiye, rekabetin işlerliği ile özel sektörün ekonomide öncü, kamunun ise düzenleyici rol oynadığı, liberal dış ticaret politikasının uygulandığı bir serbest piyasa ekonomisidir. Türkiye'de son yıllarda ekonomideki yapısal reformlara büyük önem verilmektedir. Reformlar sayesinde ekonomik kurumların altyapısı güçlendirilmiştir. Dünya ekonomisi içerisinde Türkiye bugün bulunduğu noktaya gelinceye dek pek çok dönemden geçmiş, savaş ve buhran dönemlerinde önemli iniş çıkışlar yaşamıştır. Çalışmamızda, bu düzenlemelerin etkilerinin incelenmesi için ilk bölümde tarihsel süreç ele alındıktan sonra Türkiye ekonomisinin dünya ticareti içindeki yeri ve önemi, geçtiğimiz on yıllık dönem itibariyle dış ticaretin büyüme ile ilişkisi tablolar aracılığıyla açıklanacaktır. Abstract: Turkey is a pioneer in the private sector economy cooperation with competition, with public regulatory the implementation of liberal foreign trade policy and free market economy. Great emphasis on structural reforms in the economy in recent years in Turkey. Through reforms it has strengthened the infrastructure of economic institutions. When it comes to the point where Turkey today in the world economy until the past period many important fluctuations of war and crisis period has survived. In our study, after the historical process in the first chapter the effects of these regulations place in foreign trade growth and world trade of Turkey's economy and its importance, it will be examined through the past decade with tables. Türkiye'nin Dünya Ticaret Tarihi İçindeki Yeri İkinci Dünya Savaşının ilk yılı olan 1938'de, dünya ticaret hacmi (ithalât + ihracat kıymeti) 49 milyar dolar, Türkiye'nin dış ticaret hacmi 234 milyon dolar ve dünya ticareti içindeki payı yüzde 0.48'dir. Türkiye'nin, kıymet olarak dünya ithalât hacmi (25.4 milyar dolar) içindeki payı yüzde 0.47, dünya ihracat hacmi (23.5 milyar dolar) içindeki payı yüzde 0.49'dur. Savaş döneminden sonra 1948 yılında, Türkiye'nin dünya ithalât hacmi içindeki payının artmasına karşılık ihracat hacmi içindeki payının azaldığını, toplam ticaret hacmi içindeki payının da yüzde 0.45'e indiğini görmekteyiz. Savaş yılları içinde dış ticaret yollarının kısmen tıkanmış olması, ithalâtımızın bünyesinde önemli bir yeri olan makine ‐ teçhizat ve çeşitli ham maddeler gibi, bazı temel

This paper pulls together into one practical model two strands of economic theory to assess the impact of baseball player exports on the aggregate economic performance of the Dominican Republic. On one hand, foreign trade theory predicts a strong correlation between a country’s exports and economic performance measured as per capita income. On the other hand, microeconomic research finds a positive, but statistically insignificant, impact of sports activities on local economies. Analysis finds a strong correlation between baseball player exports and economic performance for the years 1962-2004, suggesting that both the USA and the Dominican Republic benefit from encouraging baseball player trade and repatriation of baseball export earnings.

Foreign trade plays a very important role in the economy of India. India import and export large number of products and services with many countries all over the world. As it has been seen that COVID-19 pandemic has affected the global economy severely and as such global trade. So, an attempt has been made to study the impact of COVID-19 on foreign trade of India. The study is made to know the trend of India's foreign trade during and before the pandemic and also to make a comparison on the growth of foreign trade with corresponding period of the preceding year. The nature of the study is descriptive and analytical. The data have been collected from secondary sources on foreign trade from government websites and analysed with the help of graphs and tables prepared in Microsoft Excel. The study revealed that the pandemic has negative impact on India's foreign trade. Massive contraction has been seen in the export and import specially in the month of April. But during this crisis India earns surplus trade balance for the first time after liberalisation. This surplus is observed due to decline in import rather than escalation in export.