George Washington

George Washington gave several notable farewell addresses. The first was a written circular to the troops distributed in September 1783. Four months later, he would give a brief address as he returned his commission to the American Congress.

Charles Willson Peale was the first artist to have portrayed George Washington in uniform from life. Washington sat for Peale seven times — more than for any other artist. Beginning with his earliest works, Peale channeled his politics and those of his patrons through his brush. His portraits familiarized Americans and Europeans with Washington, presenting the man, the cause, and the republic as one and the same. Specifically, Peale’s commissions celebrating Washington’s earliest victories heralded American resilience. Peale portrayed Washington as the personification of the American struggle for independence while heralding his service and leadership as a republican general. As visual biographies of the first soldier of the republic, Peale’s wartime portraits of Washington, therefore, represent his most important contribution to the creation of American identity through art.

Greenberg Steinhauser Forum in American Portraiture, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institute

"Just as Grant Wood portrayed Parson Weems pulling the curtain back on the life of George Washington, we shall illuminate Washington's mathematical education. We are blessed with 179 pages of handwritten manuscript in Washington's youthful hand and while this material has frequently been mentioned by scholars, it has never been analyzed; we shall present an abundance of detail. Little is known about Washington's youth, so these papers provide a way of learning about his education.

The individuals and organizations that have controlled these papers have organized and reorganized them into disorder. Is it reasonable for a thirteen-year-old --- living in plantation Virginia where there were few schools --- to begin his mathematical education with the study of formal geometry? Could he have learned surveying before studying arithmetic and trigonometry? Using physical evidence, handwriting analysis, and mathematical context, we shall present our conjectured order of the pages of the manuscript.

This is a case study in mid-eighteenth century mathematical education in the American Colonies. We shall contrast the surprising depth of his theoretical education --- including logarithms and trigonometry --- with his practical use of mathematics as a field surveyor.

After serving two terms as President, Washington took pains to preserve his papers for he believed that someday they might be "of interest.'' You will be the judge of how interesting these papers are."

From the first days of his presidency, George Washington was determined “to visit every part of the United States” during his term of office if “health and other circumstances would admit of it” (GW to Edward Rutledge, 16 Jan. 1791).  In the spring/summer of 1791, he was gone more than three months and traveled nearly 2,000 miles.

The background of this research has emerged from an interesting point of the birth of democracy and the first republican system government in the world. Methods used for this research is historical methods, that consists of heuristics, critics, interpretation and historiography. The main problem of this research is, " What was the main role of George Washington in the American Revolutionary War in 1775 – 1783? " The American Revolution was generally caused by political and economy policy of British Government that has been felt unfair by the American Colony. Washington played an active role in the movement against British, through influencing the colony leaders and attending forums like the House of Burgesses, Virginia Convention and the Continental Congress. Washington was appointed Commander-in-Chief to lead American forces and had implemented a defensive strategy against the British that he managed to win the Bunker Hill (1775) Princeton (1776) battles, crossing the Delaware (1776) until defeated by the British in Yorktown (1781). The American Revolution has made Washington a hero to the United States and the world.

200+ pages of text intelligently condensed into 17 pages – save your precious time!
For smart lazy students with love from Angel Versetti
Spark Notes style summary of the essentials for your preparation
The American Revolution by Gordon S. Wood summary

John Hanson is a man who may have been completely lost to history, if not for one indisputable fact: on November 5, 1781, he was elected President of the United States of America. Another fact is that George Washington was not elected until seven years later in 1788 and did not take office until the following year. As John Adams said, “facts are stubborn things.” 

This paper will examine the life, impact, and memory of John Hanson by attempting to answer three questions: Who was John Hanson?; What did Hanson’s presidency mean to Americans at the time?; and how has he been included, or not, in the American memory?

One of the most surprising connections of the American Revolutionary era emerged at the very beginning of the war between the African American poet Phillis Wheatley and the commander in chief of the American forces, George Washington. Wheatley's impact on Washington, though subtle, may well have contributed to one of the most important changes in his life.

The practices of George Washington as to the dogs on his plantation and with which he hunted, and his attitudes towards the dogs of his slaves, show considerable influence from his English roots, though with significant adaptation to the very different North American environment.  Practices such as drowning puppies from unwanted unions of his hunting dogs with loose dogs on the plantation reflect a period where dogs that did not have an economic or decorative purpose were thought best to remove.  Hanging excess dogs of slaves, or threatening to do so, continues a practice found in English law for dogs that violated forest and game laws.  Washington’s efforts to re-establish a hunting pack after the Revolutionary War shows how keen he was to resume his participation in the hunt, though his disappointment with the dogs supplied by the Marquis de Lafayette prove that he was still able to judge the quality of a dog even when he could no longer participate in the sport at the level he had in his youth.  His efforts to find an Irish wolfhound show that he appreciated the range of functions dogs could perform.  Washington was not a precursor of the cooing pet lovers that have since inhabited the White House, but rather had the tastes and skills of an English gentleman with hunting property.

The new designs for the US Paper Money between 1914 and 1918: Federal Reserve Notes and Federal Reserve Bank Notes during the Word War I. Contents:
BEFORE THE FED, THE FED, THE NEW NOTES, 12 BANK SEALS, THE NEW TRADITION, 2 TREASURY SEALS, DATES, FIVE-DOLLAR BILL, TEN-DOLLAR BILL, TWENTY-DOLLAR BILL, FIFTY-DOLLAR BILL, ONE HUNDRED-DOLLAR BILL, ONE-DOLLAR BILL, TWO-DOLLAR BILL, $500 BILL, $1,000 BILL, $5,000 BILL, $10,000 BILL, 4 AUTHORIZATIONS ON THE “FED” PAPER MONEY (1914-1918), FINAL WORDS.

Thousands of enslaved Georgian youth were sold in Ottoman slave markets throughout 17th and 18th centuries, however, some of them managed to voluntarily migrate towards Ottoman capital and major provinces in search for employment and better career opportunities. Hassan ibn Yusuf Ahiskali or Hassan Dey of Algeria (1791-1798) was one such young Georgians, born in historical province of Meskheti (or as Ottoman administration called it Ahiska). The article focuses on major events in life of Hassan Dey of Algeria, starting from his early career in navy, where he skillfully managed Ottoman navy operations as a head of Algerian corsair warships in Black Sea. Hassan was promoted to various elite Ottoman administrative positions in Algeria. At one point he delivered victorious message to the Sultan and was captured by Spanish navy on the way back. Hassan was released with the help of King of France and was promoted to highest positions before he was appointed to be the ruler of the city and regency of Algeria. He was destined to rule Algeria at a most vulnerable time for the United States in the region. The article discusses important role that Hassan Dey played in negotiating peace treaty between the USA and Algeria as well as release of American prisoners in Algeria that followed years of negotiations as well as personal involvement of the first president of the United States of America George Washington.

Exploring notions of history, collective memory, cultural memory, public memory, official memory, and public history, Slavery in the Age of Memory: Engaging the Past explains how ordinary citizens, social groups, governments and institutions engage with the past of slavery and the Atlantic slave trade. It illuminates how and why over the last five decades the debates about slavery have become so relevant in the societies where slavery existed and which participated in the Atlantic slave trade.

The book draws on a variety of case studies to investigate its central questions. How have social actors and groups in Europe, Africa and the Americas engaged with the slave past of their societies? Are there are any relations between the demands to rename streets of Liverpool in England and the protests to take down Confederate monuments in the United States? How have black and white social actors and scholars influenced the ways slavery is represented in George Washington's Mount Vernon and Thomas Jefferson's Monticello in the United States?How do slave cemeteries in Brazil and the United States and the walls of names of Whitney Plantation speak to other initiatives honoring enslaved people in England and South Africa? What shared problems and goals have led to the creation of the International Slavery Museum in Liverpool and the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington DC? Why have artists used their works to confront the debates about slavery and its legacies?

The important debates addressed in this book resonate in the present day. Arguing that memory of slavery is racialized and gendered, the book shows that more than just attempts to come to terms with the past, debates about slavery are associated with the persistent racial inequalities, racism, and white supremacy which still shape societies where slavery existed. Slavery in the Age of Memory: Engaging the Past is thus a vital resource for students and scholars of the Atlantic world, the history of slavery and public history.

The Continental Army entrusted many of its junior officers with a great degree of responsibility and autonomy. Captain Henry Lee’s role in commanding a vital foraging operation in Delaware and Maryland for the Main Army at Valley Forge in February and March 1778 sheds light on the role of a company-grade officer within the broader framework of petite guerre. Lee demonstrated his ability at planning and executing autonomous operations and proved himself a capable, thoughtful, and energetic officer in an important, but overlooked expedition that reveals something of the important operational middle ground occupied by American company-grade light officers.

Bu kitap Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin kuruluşunun tarihini anlatmaktadır. Bu tarih beş yüzyıldan uzun bir süreye yayılan olağanüstü bir hikâyedir. Bir ulusun çok çeşit halkların yaşadığı bir kıtaya nasıl yayıldığını ve bu halkıların özgürlük ve eşitlik ilklerini temsil eden bir bayrağın altında nasıl birleştiğini açıklayan bir hikâyedir.

On This Day in the History of American Independence 1754 to 1812, the thirteen American colonies under the British Empire declared independence and twice beat the mightiest military power in the world. This book is the story of the American Revolution told from significant dates and events that changed history. The story of the American Revolution starts with the French-Indian War in 1754, adopting the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and ending with the War of 1812 in 1815. Americans gained their independence from Britain and became the first modern democracy in the world. Also, revolutionary is this new nation's Founding Fathers created a Constitution and Bill of Rights that granted minorities such as the small Jewish community the rights, freedom, and equality that eluded them throughout history.

Sol Bloom (1870-1949) was a fourteen term U.S. Congressman from New York and was the individual behind the success of the U.S. Bicentennial Commission celebration of the birth of George Washington in 1932.  Through Bloom's actions, the achievements of Washington were recorded, preserved, displayed and made available to all to help ride out the depression. 

He commissioned two paintings.  The classic painting by Gilbert Stuart, the "Athenaeum" was placed in schools throughout the nation and, in every lodge, the painting by Hattie Burdette, shown of the cover of this issue.  The original oil is in the collection of the George Washington Masonic National Memorial and was just recently restored in 2018.

Ricostruzione dei fenomeni storici e analisi strutturalista e formalista, rigidamente laicista delle strutture economico-sociali e culturali che determinano le rivoluzioni inglesi e la rivoluzione americana nelle quali i confessionalismi fungono da vettori per obiettivi politico-economici razionali finalizzati a dinamiche separatistiche o a processi di riconfigurazione dello stato entro l'involucro repubblicano grazie all'apporto determinante della lotta di classe e della lotta anti-coloniale.

Thank you to Amanda Charland for creation of this pdf, and Roy Edwards, Kara Kozikowski, Jennifer Novotny, M.R. Wood, Elizabeth Pierce, Ryan K. McNutt, Terence Christian, Marjory Horne, Adrian Maldonado, and Christy McNutt for their help and advice with images, text, and formatting.

[NEW BLOG HERE! https://lovearchaeology.wordpress.com/2016/12/14/hugh-mercer/]

Described by the Massachusetts Historical Society as an 'interesting case study on historiography in the internet age', I try to move beyond the Wikipedia entry for Hugh Mercer using only online sources and providing the archaeological context for his life and times.

Hugh Mercer was a medical doctor who served as a battlefield surgeon's assistant for the forces of Bonnie Prince Charlie at the Battle of Culloden (1746) before fleeing to western Pennsylvania. Practicing as a frontier doctor, Mercer joined with the British militias to fight in the French and Indian War, which was the name given to the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War, a global conflict fought chiefly between Britain and France. It was during this period that Mercer became friends with fellow militia officer, George Washington.

After the ending of the war, Mercer followed Washington to Virginia, setting up a medical practice in Fredericksburg. When conflict with Britain broke out in 1775, Mercer fought with the American Patriots, becoming a Brigadier General and being involved in several major battles and campaigns alongside Washington. Leading one of the Patriots' wings at the Battle of Princeton, Mercer was cut down by the British, dying nine days later despite the best efforts of Dr. Benjamin Rush.

http://lovearchmag.tumblr.com/post/109687295380/what-the-internet-taught-me-about-hughmercer

Americans fought their longest single-day battle during the War for Independence on June 28, 1778 at the Battle of Monmouth in central New Jersey. Extensively studied archaeologically and historically, this important battle showcased Washington’s ability to stand against the British Army and hold the field of battle. Equally important to this success was the role of the New Jersey militia in harassing the British Army in the days before the battle and commanding key, elevated terrain. Such terrain enabled the Americans to advance from the flat plains of Englishtown toward the undulating topography of Monmouth Courthouse. Recent metal detection and military terrain analysis resulted in the archaeological identification and interpretation of an undocumented skirmish that took place between American and British forces at the western, formerly understudied outskirts of the battlefield. Recovered musket balls forced a re-examination and identification of key terrain that may have influenced the course of the battle.

“Walt Whitman’s and Nima Yushij’s Literary Innovations: A Study in Comparative Poetics” is an attempt to investigate the sociopolitical and literary contexts of the nineteenth-century America and that of the constitutional Iran. The purpose of this study is to unravel the relation between sociopolitical situations of the two societies and the literary changes those situations brought about in each society. To be more precise, this study aims to investigate how Whitman and Nima translated the discourses of their societies to a literary discourse and developed free verse and New Poetry.

والت ویتمن به عنوان پدر شعر آزاد آمریکا و نیما یوشیج به عنوان پدر شعر نوی فارسی هر یک در سنّت ادبی
مربوط به خود نقشی اساسی بر عهده داشته¬اند. این دو شاعر در برهه¬ای حساس از تاریخ ملت خود زندگی کردند و نوآوری¬های ادبی¬شان جهت شعر ملت¬شان را تغییر داد. علاوه بر نوآوری¬های شاعرانه، شرایط تاریخیِ دو شاعر نیز وجوه مشابهی دارد. در واقع، هر دو ملت در مسیر حرکت به سوی دمکراسی قرار گرفته بودند. شعر آزاد ویتمن و شعر نوی نیما حاصل تبدیل گفتمان دمکراسی به نظریۀ ادبی است. چنین شباهت¬هایی در شعر، نظریۀ ادبی و شرایط تاریخیِ دو شاعر آن دو را گزینه¬های قابل تأملی برای مقایسه می-سازد.
هرچند پژوهش¬های متعددی در زمینۀ شباهت¬های اندیشۀ عارفانۀ ویتمن و عرفان فارسی انجام شده، امّا هیچ یک از آن پژوهش¬ها به بافت سیاسی-اجتماعی جامعۀ آمریکای قرن نوزدهم و قیاس آن با ایران عصر مشروطه عنایتی نداشته¬است. علاوه براین، نوآوری¬های ویتمن در شعر –که در شعر آزاد آمریکا متبلور شده¬است- با نوآوری¬های شاعرانۀ نیما –که در شعر نوی فارسی متبلور شده¬است- نیز مقایسه نشده¬است. نکتۀ حائز اهمیت این که تأثیر و تأثّری چندانی نیز بین دو شاعر وجود ندارد و همین امر پژوهش تطبیقی آن دو شاعر را جالب¬تر می¬سازد.
این پژوهش بر آن است تا ارتباط میان شرایط سیاسی-اجتماعی و همچنین تحولات ادبی دو جامعه -که در نتیجۀ شرایط تاریخی مذکور در آن دو جامعه بوجود آمده¬است- را آشکارسازد. تجزیه و تحلیل نقاط اشتراک و افتراق بافت سیاسی-اجتماعی و تحول ادبیِ دو ملت به درک عمیق¬تری از قواعد کلی حاکم بر تحول ادبی خواهد انجامید. علاوه بر این، چنین تجزیه و تحلیلی پژوهشگر را به شناخت بهتری از ویژگی¬های تاریخی هر یک از دو ادبیات، یکتایی بافت سیاسی-اجتماعی هر کشور و همچنین فردیت هر شاعر رهنمون خواهد شد. پژوهش پیش¬رو به اثبات این مدعا می¬پردازد که به طور کلی مشترکات موجود در بافت سیاسی-اجتماعی جوامع گوناگون به آفرینش ادبیات و نظریۀ ادبی مشابه –و نه لزوماً یکسان- می¬انجامد. به طور ویژه در این پژوهش ثابت می¬شود که گفتمان دمکراسی موجود در آمریکای قرن نوزدهم و ایران عصر مشروطه به شکل¬گیری شکل¬های آزادتری از شعر –شعر آزاد در آمریکا و شعر نو در ایران- کمک شایانی کرد.

In this major new history of the Continental Army’s Grand Forage of 1778, award-winning military historian Ricardo A. Herrera uncovers what daily life was like for soldiers during the darkest and coldest days of the American Revolution: the Valley Forge winter. Here, the army launched its largest and riskiest operation—not a bloody battle against British forces but a campaign to feed itself and prevent starvation or dispersal during the long encampment. Herrera brings to light the army’s herculean efforts to feed itself, support local and Continental governments, and challenge the British Army.

Highlighting the missteps and triumphs of both General George Washington and his officers as well as ordinary soldiers, sailors, and militiamen, Feeding Washington’s Army moves far beyond oft-told, heroic, and mythical tales of Valley Forge and digs deeply into its daily reality, revealing how close the Continental Army came to succumbing to starvation and how strong and resourceful its soldiers and leaders actually were.
Sample: https://flexpub.com/preview/feeding-washington-s-army

This book examines the daily details of slave work routines and plantation agriculture in the eighteenth-century British Atlantic, focusing on case studies of large plantations in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia. Work was the most important factor in the slaves'' experience of the institution. Slaves'' day-to-day work routines were shaped by plantation management strategies that drew on broader pan-Atlantic intellectual and cultural principles. Although scholars often associate the late eighteenth-century Enlightenment with the rise of notions of liberty and human rights and the dismantling of slavery, this book explores the dark side of the Enlightenment for plantation slaves. Many planters increased their slaves'' workloads and employed supervisory technologies to increase labor discipline in ways that were consistent with the process of industrialization in Europe. British planters offered alternative visions of progress by embracing restrictions on freedom and seeing increasing labor discipline as central to the project of moral and economic improvement.

During the Revolutionary War, Commander in Chief of the Continental Army  George Washington established headquarters at hundreds of locations. For three months in 1780, perhaps the darkest days of the war, he headquartered at the home of Theunis Dey in the Preakness Valley of New Jersey (today Wayne). This paper explores Washington's time at the home

Walt Whitman escribió que Abraham Lincoln es la personalidad moral y artística de los tiempos modernos. El culto de la personalidad significaba para Whitman la introducción a la democracia, que había ocupado un lugar central tanto en el proceso de independencia y la constitución de los Estados Unidos como en la escritura constitucional americana, cuya contenido estaba esencialmente implícito y disperso en la propia historia no solo de la literatura. Pero la perspectiva democrática de Whitman apela a lo que Emerson llamaría la conducta de la vida más que al mundo de la política, dos aspectos inseparables que, sin embargo, solo se corresponden idealmente en la práctica. Lincoln declararía como presidente electo que iba a "emprender una tarea mayor de la que le esperaba a Washington" (p. 21).

This paper argues that the two warnings against internal factions and external alliances in George Washington’s Farewell Address—often considered separate admonitions—are instead a unified rhetorical strategy to imagine a nation. In both his text and context, Washington constructs an “imagined community” specifically though his discourse on patriotism. While Washington’s stark contrasts between “true” and “false” patriotism would only widen the division of current U.S.
politics, Washington’s conception of patriotism ought to be emulated in the modern Presidency in order to advance a transcendent form of patriotism.

Anlässlich des 200. Geburtstags der amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitserklärung fragt Jacques Derrida nach dem deklarativen Akt und Eigennamen, die eine Institution gründen: Die Unterschrift der Urkunde sei es, die hier ein Volk erst erfinde, in dessen Namen vorgeblich unterschrieben werde. Damit aber verbinden sich rechtlich-politischer Gründungsakt und Vertretungsverhältnis; das Zertifikat der ‚Founding Fathers‘ schafft ein Volk und lässt es zugleich in der Repräsentation durch Schrift und Kongress verschwinden.

Angesichts des historischen Misstrauens Amerikas gegenüber Rechtsformen politischer Repräsentation („not the committees that were supposed to stand for the rest but the rest themselves!“) mag das – fehlende oder finstere – Bild George Washingtons im Film als Entgegnung auf solche Entmündigung und Ersetzung verstanden werden. Wo uns populäre Filmgeschichte den Staatsgründer und ersten Präsidenten nicht vollends vorenthält, gerät er zum Maschinenmonster oder Menschenfresser. Und tatsächlich setzt Peter Medaks THE WASHINGTONIANS (2007) den Kannibalismus Washingtons mit Schrift, verbrieftem Wort und klandestiner Geschichtsschreibung ins Verhältnis und demonstriert damit die mehr als nur metaphorische Verzahnung von Logos und historischem Rechtstext einerseits und dem Bild einer Zahnreihe oder Beißprothese andererseits (McLuhan, ebenso Flusser).

Den filmischen Reflexen oder Relationen von Unterschrift und Bissspur will der Vortrag nachgehen und skizzieren, wie die Revolution – wenn sie Rechtsformen schafft – im Kino zuweilen Kinder frisst.

Conventional wisdom may hold that, despite the passage of time, our Revolutionary Era historical figures should remain static, consistent, and etched in stone in our history books. However, as historical methodologies and national perspectives have changed and new sources have been uncovered and explored, historians have revisited these figures.

This essay examines the National Museum of African American History and Culture, focusing on the historical galleries and especially the slavery exhibition, and argues that the museum embraces a narrative of liberation and national progress that reaffirms dominant ideologies of the United States. The inclusion of African American history at the nation's memorial core, and especially the painful history of slavery and Jim Crow, would present an opportunity to critique the ideologies of freedom and equality that have been proclaimed as core national values ever since the Declaration of Independence. Analyzing the museum's narrative structure and spatial configurations, I argue that the museum singles out Thomas Jefferson while failing to mention that many Founding Fathers owned slaves, most notably George Washington. Ultimately, Jefferson, too, is redeemed as the author of the Declaration of Independence, which the museum stages as the guiding light on the path to liberation and ever expanding freedom. In the end, the museum's embrace of a narrative of racial uplift prevents a fuller discussion of the enduring racial discrimination today.

"Dragoon Diary" is the history of the 3rd Continental Dragoons.  Two generals were chosen to lead the American Army during the Revolution.  George Washington and Charles Lee were soon the top leaders.  To carry out their instructions, two young men were chosen as the aides. General Washington and his aide George Baylor were on their way to Trenton and General Lee and his aide Frances Otway Byrd were told to join them.  Seems General Lee stopped for the night in Basking Ridge, NJ and an Elder from Mendham, NJ Presbyterian Church was asked by a British dragoon why he was some seven miles from home.  And he pointed to an inn and answered that he was there to see General Lee.  The next morning....guess you have to read the story...