Greek Colonization (Magna Graecia and Sicily)

Resumo: Este artigo traz uma breve introdução sobre a história e arqueologia da colonização grega na área do Mar Adriático, a partir da época arcaica, dan-do destaque à área da Dalmácia Central, região litorânea da Croácia. Além de mostrar o potencial de estudo histórico e arqueológico da região croata acerca da Grécia antiga e do Mediterrâneo antigo, nossa intenção é apresentar um panorama geral sobre a dinâmica da fundação de assentamentos gregos (apoi-kias e/ou empória) e do contato cultural entre gregos de diversas origens e entre gregos e as populações locais não-gregas nessa área entre o Ocidente e o Ori-ente do Mar Mediterrâneo. Palavras-chave: Colonização grega; Mar Adriático; Dalmácia Central; Arque-ologia na Croácia. Abstract: This article provides a brief introduction to the history and archaeology of Greek colonization in the Adriatic Sea area from the Archaic era, highlighting the area of Central Dalmatia, Croatia's coastal region. In addition to showing the potential for historical and archaeological study of the Croatian region about ancient Greece and the ancient Mediterranean, our intention is to provide an overview of the dynamics of the foundation of Greek settlements (apoikiai and/or emporia) and of cultural contact between Greeks from diverse origins in the Greek world and between Greeks and local populations in this area between the West and the East of the Mediterranean Sea.

La cosiddetta “fascia trasformata” consiste in un insieme di territori, ricadenti in diverse province siciliane, in cui le attività agricole in coltura protetta (in serra) hanno, da alcuni decenni, sostituito le colture originarie o per così dire tradizionali e storicamente vocate. Tale trasformazione agraria ha prodotto di conseguenza una serie di mutamenti strutturali dal punto di vista economico, ma anche paesaggistico e culturale. Tali modificazioni territoriali hanno comportato degli effetti positivi e negativi che hanno coinvolto un ampio spettro delle attività antropiche, tra gli altri basti pensare alla perdita di biodiversità, alle modificazioni radicali del paesaggio, alla concorrenza tra i vari usi del suolo legata alla rendita fondiaria, alla coesistenza con gli ambienti dunali, come anche l’annosa questione del mercato del lavoro, con le possibili ricadute dal punto di vista della polarizzazione delle comunità di migranti e le problematiche consequenziali. L’autore intende formalizzare e individuare, tramite appositi strumenti cartografici, l’evoluzione e l’ampiezza attuale della fascia trasformata, intendendo così mettere in evidenza le possibili sovrapposizioni e competizione con altre colture tradizionali, o in pieno campo, o ancora di qualità (DOP e IGP).

Portraits de migrants, Portraits de colons I, RouillaRd P., éd., 2009, p. 53-62 (Colloques de la Maison René-Ginouvès, 5) HéRodote témoin des migRants en gRande gRèce * * J'aimerais remercier les organisateurs du colloque pour l'opportunité de présenter une partie de mes recherches. Je voudrais également exprimer toute ma reconnaissance à Mme Agnès Rouveret pour ses suggestions à propos de ma communication. ** ATER en histoire grecque, Université de Haute Alsace, Mulhouse et Maison René-Ginouvès, Archéologie et Ethnologie, ArScAn (Archéologies et Sciences de l' Antiquité), Nanterre [airton.pollini@mae.u-paris10.fr]. 1. Voir en particulier Plutarque, De Herodoti malignitate. 2. La plus ancienne source incontestable sur son origine vient de l'inscription de la base d'une statue qui ornait la bibliothèque de Pergame, édifiée par Eumène II dans la première moitié du ii e siècle av. J.-C. Résumé Quelques passages chez Hérodote concernent l'histoire et les légendes en Grande Grèce. Cet article affirme une utilisation des récits merveilleux en tant que témoignage de certaines réalités historiques. Cette hypothèse souligne une spécificité des histoires à propos des colons de Grande Grèce et fait remonter au v e siècle av. J.-C. la liaison entre éléments symboliques et historiques. Mots-clés : Hérodote, merveilleux, Grande Grèce, colonisation. Abstract Certain passages in Herodotus deal with the history and legends of Magna Graecia. This article affirms the use of such marvellous tales as evidence of several historical realities. The hypothesis emphasises the specificity of stories relating to the colonists of Magna Graecia and traces the link between symbolic and historical elements back to the 5 th century BC.

The scholarly community has become increasingly aware of the differences between Roman myths and the more familiar myths of Greece. Early Rome: Myth and Society steps in to provide much-needed modern and accessible translations and commentaries on Italian legends.

This work examines the tales of Roman pre- and legendary history, discusses relevant cultural and contextual information, and presents author biographies. This book offers updated translations of key texts, including authors who are often absent from classical mythology textbooks, such as Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Servius. Jaclyn Neel debunks the idea that Romans were unimaginative copyists by spotlighting the vitality and flexibility of Italian myth — particularly those parts that are less closely connected to Greek tales, such as the story of Caeculus of Praeneste. Finally, by calling attention to the Italian rather than Roman nature of the collection, this book suggests that Roman culture was broader than the city itself. This important work offers:

    * Up-to-date and accessible translations of Roman and Italic legends from authors throughout antiquity
    * Examination of compelling tales that involve the Roman equivalent of Greek “heroes”
    * Unique view of the strength and plasticity of Roman and Italic myth, particularly the parts less closely connected to familiar Greek tales
    * Intelligent discussion of relevant cultural and contextual information
    * Argument that Roman culture reached far beyond the city of Rome

Fresh and readable, Early Rome: Myth and Society offers essential reading for students of ancient Rome as well as those interested in Roman and Greek mythology.

http://ca.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1119083796.html

http://earlyrome.omeka.net/

This reconstruction of Plato’s biography was researched and written when I was at the London School of Economics Department of Government in 2004-05. As an attempt to reconstruct Plato’s life with more detail than had been done before, I hope it may be of interest.

Although it’s not complete and hasn’t been used for a publication, I intend to use this material at some point in the future. I welcome any comments. Feel free to write me at benjamin.bilski@periclesfoundation.org.

Anthropophagy in Medieval Sicily: a cultural theme between chronicle and representation. Anthropophagy is the consumption of human flesh and the most extreme form of destruction of the human body, a physical violence which is the quintessential taboo of the self-described “civilized” societies. It provokes disgust, surprise and sometimes fascination, creating a deep connection between the text and the reader, and between the message and the audience. With regard to Sicily, anthropophagy is a cultural theme useful to discern between the account of real events and their representation. The construction of the image of Sicily, and even more of its inhabitants, the Sicilians, is based on an accumulation of clichés, often of ancient origins, transmitted and interpreted over the ages. One of them is surely the “bestiality” of its first inhabitants, intended as the ancient Cyclops or the Giants sons of Saturn, both of them “tyrants” described as man-eaters. During the Early Middle Ages the idea that the Sicilians eat human flesh was transferred to the new conquerors of the island: the Muslims, an infidel enemy to be fighted and considered beyond the boundaries of humanity and nature, meant as a divine law and therefore “civilization”. In both cases the accusations came from the outside, i.e. from groups as the ancient Greeks or the Christians (both Byzantine and Latin-Norman) who had an interest in representing the old and modern inhabitants of the island as anthropophagists to be feared, conquered, subjugated and converted to religion and/or civilization.

Morgantina in central Sicily has been the site of human activity since the Neolithic era and settlement since at least the Bronze Age.  However, the periods of its history best known to archaeologists are the Iron Age, Archaic, Hellenistic, and Roman.  Employing the settlement component of Franco De Angelis’ proposed model for understanding ancient state formation, this paper analyzes patterns in the settlement data across these periods according to categories of domestic, agoratic, sacred, and fortified space.  It concludes that Morgantina’s settlement type best fits that of a town.

This paper was developed as part of a group project in Dr. Franco De Angelis' Fall 2014 graduate seminar on the formation of the Greek polis.  Each student chose a topic in the areas of settlement, economy and society that bear upon state formation at Morgantina and were expected to make use of each other's research.  As such, this paper cites student presentations (in particularly that of Brad Morrison on demography) in addition to published academic sources.

In this work Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite have been developed using stir casting process for improving
the Wear Behavior at lower cost. The silicon carbide (SiC) as one of the reinforcement used with 3%
weight fraction and Alumina (Al2O3) as the major reinforcement in 3%,6%,9% &12% weight fraction. Al-
7075 has been considered as the matrix material .The low cost stir casting process has been used for the
development of the composite system. The matrix material was melted in electric furnace and the heat
treated reinforcement in the desired weight fraction have been added followed by constant stirring the melt.
The temperature of the melt held at 750°C. The pouring temperature was recorded which has relation to
quality of the casting. The cast specimens have been obtained in the form of cylindrical rod of 20mm
diameter and 200mm length for carrying out tribological tests. Microstructure analysis reveals the uniform
distribution of reinforcements in the aluminum matrix. The density of the composite increases with the
increase in weight fraction. The composite density found to lie in between the density range of matrix and
the reinforcement. The pin on disc wear test has been carried on all the samples at various speeds of
300,600,900 and 1200 rpm, varying load of 1kg, 2kg, 3kg & 4kg and varying sliding distances of 1km, 2km,
3km & 4km. These test reveals that the wear resistance increases with the increase in the reinforcement
weight fraction. The increase in the speed reduces the wear rate and wear rate increases in with increase
in sliding distance. The wear rate and coefficient of the composite reduces for higher volume fraction. The
addition of SiC apart from improving the wear rate reduces the noise and vibration at higher speed and
load condition. The overall tribological property increases due to addition of the two reinforcement.

Nel corso delle ricerche effettuate in anni più o meno recenti a Ugento, vari materiali architettonici sono stati recuperati nell’area dell’antico centro messapico di Ozan. Il loro inquadramento tipologico e cronologico consente di acquisire, nonostante
l’assenza di ritrovamenti in giacitura primaria, importanti elementi per la ricostruzione del paesaggio dell’insediamento antico e della cultura architettonica del centro messapico, fortemente debitrice nei confronti della colonia di Taranto.

Hoe kwam Sparta’s koning Agesilaos tot de grootheidswaan dat hij het soevereine Rijk van de Perzische koning wel even omver kon werpen? Met kinderlijke eenvoud zet Artoxerxes de Grieken tegen elkaar op en blijft Athener Xenophon niets dan lof als Lakedaimon verslagen is en zijn dappere vriend 360/359 v.C. sterft.

Al Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, dopo venti anni di oblio, sono oltre quattrocento i reperti restituiti al pubblico dal progetto scientifico coordinato da Enzo Lippolis, compianto direttore del Dipartimento di scienze dell'antichità della Sapienza di Roma, prematuramente scomparso nel 2018.

A methodical search for the likely prototype of an extremely barbarous ancient coin is described. The coin's obverse shows parallel line segments projecting from an approximately rectangular solid shape. Several different obverse orientations are considered. The reverse appears to show a stick figure facing frontally, standing on a ground line or low platform, and holding a staff upright at the left side. Likely prototypes are sought by considering coins of relevant metal, fabric, diameter, shape, weight, and thickness, and with an emphasis on their designs. These factors combined with overall frequencies of occurrence seem to point primarily to Eastern coins as likely prototypes. However, indirect consideration of provenance based on source and context information alters the result. A Western prototype of the area from Sicily to North Africa, more specifically a so-called Lopadusan coin type, is deemed more likely though still uncertain.

Ergotism was a terrible plague in southern Italy through the second millennia, especially in the regions of Basilicata and Calabria. Yet, there is a severe lack of scholarship on the subject. In the absence of multidisciplinary studies, some scholars deny that ergotism even existed historically in these regions. The scarcity of original sources and the abundance of indirect evidence and clues call for an abductive, multidisciplinary method of investigation. This book is divided into three sections.

The first part provides a medical-pharmacological explanation of the causes and effects of the disease; the second analyzes the agriculture and diet in southern Italy, highlighting the extremely favourable conditions for the pathology as well as describing local traditions.

The second part analyzes the cultural implications of ergotism in Prehistory and in Magna Graecia. During the ancient Greek colonization, ergotism played a central role in the spread of Dionysian rites first, and subsequently, of the Eleusinian Mysteries. In Magna Graecia, ergotism epidemics can be linked to class struggles between landowners and shipowners-traders.

The last section explores the magical-religious implications of the cult of Saint Anthony Abbot, thaumaturge of plants, animals, and men, divinity par excellence of ergotism, whose votive offerings outnumbered those of all other saints in southern Italy for centuries.
With the demise of the Order of Saint Anthony, other autochthonous saints began fulfilling the same functions, demonstrating that ergotism continued to be a serious
problem into the eighteenth century.

This study is the first analysis of the cultural implications of ergotism in Southern Italy. The author uses the historical method updated on the last researches about what ergotism is. He claims the relevance of this illness in Magna Graecia, and from medieval times to the 19th century.

The issue of the orientation of Greek Temples has been the subject of much debate since the end of the 19th century. In fact, although a general tendency to orientation within the arc of the rising sun is undeniable, specific patterns and the true meaning remain obscure. With the aim of shedding light on this problem we present here a new, complete, high-precision survey of the temples of Akragas, the so-called Valley of the Temples UNESCO site. Our results include all temples – one of which was essentially still unpublished – and show that very different reasons influenced the choices of orientation – some symbolic, but others much more practical – beyond the general rule of orienting 'to the rising sun'. In particular, the temples of the central terrace – including the world famous temple of Jupiter – were oriented in accordance with the town's grid, while a rigorous orientation to the cardinal points is evidenced for the Aesculapius sanctuary. Finally, for two temples having 'anomalous' orientations, a stellar and a lunar proposal respectively are made.

The Ionian culture - the undisputed pinnacle of
Ancient Greek civilization as a whole2, is
nothing less than the sum of the range of all
those elements that determine the (inter)intellect
and everyday living of the people of our region
(and of at that time known world), through the
Greek way of thinking as it has been identified
and developed at its time.

Les tombes peintes de Poseidonia-Paestum constituent des signes éloquents de l’imaginaire de l’élite de la cité. Seules les familles les plus riches pouvaient offrir des funérailles si coûteuses à leurs membres ; leurs croyances et leurs valeurs sont exprimées dans l’iconographie de ces  images.

This research aims to study the temples dedicated to Zeus Olympios, also known as Olympieia, built between the 6th and 5th centuries B.C., during the Archaic and Classical periods. Our intention is to provide an account of the importance of the sanctuary of Olympia played in the origin and diffusion of the Zeus Olympios’ cult, as well as the character
assumed by this cult in other parts of the Greek world. In particular, we intend to deepen the comprehension of the connections of the political power established with this cult during the Archaic and Classical epochs, especially regarding its political manipulation. In order to reach a sharper appraisal of the cult and meet the other purposes set forth herewith, the research will develop a detailed survey of those cities with temples consecrated to this divinity and, associating textual sources with contextualized archaeological data, suggest some themes to discussion as: 1. The use of both the epithet Olympios and the name Olympieion; 2. The spatial configuration of the Zeus Olympios’ sanctuaries and the relationship between society and the sacred place; 3. The tyrannical government in relation with the cult; 4. The role played by the cult in the making of the Greek identity.

Ad oltre quarant’anni dalla scoperta, il complesso santuariale di Vigna Nuova continua a rappresentare una delle più importanti fonti documentarie per la conoscenza del sistema cultuale della polis di Kroton. Posto in aerea extra moenia a ridosso del circuito murario della città antica, questo santuario è contrassegnato da un’architettura molto semplice, il cui nucleo principale nel corso dei secoli rimase grosso modo immutato pur essendo stato interessato da diversi rifacimenti e restauri.
Tra i numerosi ex voto rinvenuti all’interno dell’edificio sacro spiccano per importanza diverse centinaia di manufatti in ferro deposti nella nuda terra o in appositi contenitori. Gran parte di questi oggetti metallici è costituito da strumenti utilizzati per l’imprigionamento di schiavi. Le offerte di catene e ceppi lasciano credere che a Vigna Nuova si compissero anche riti in qualche modo legati alla manumissione sotto l’egida tutelare di Hera - la dea più importante del pantheon krotoniate - significativamente conosciuta presso il vicino Lacinio con l’appellativo di “Liberatrice”. Tanto i resti murari del santuario, quanto buona parte dei reperti metallici recuperati nel corso degli scavi richiedono urgenti interventi conservativi.

The ancient site of Tios (modern Filyos) lies at the mouth of the river Billaios (Filyos Çayı), towards the western end of the southern Black Sea coast, in Zonguldak province. In ancient sources the city is spelt in various ways, including Tios, Tieion, Teion and Tion. In the second half of the seventh century BC the city was founded as a Milesian colony by the priest named Tios.

It was dependent to various kingdoms throughout the Hellenistic period and the city fell under Roman control in AD 70. In the Roman Imperial period, it is understood from inscriptions and coins that Roman emperors and proconsuls encouraged the development of the city. In the Byzantine period the city was a bishopric and we find the names of bishops of Tios on lead seals.