Greenhouse gas emissions reduction policies

In real world everything is an object which represents particular classes. Every object can be fully described by its attributes. Any real world dataset contains large number of attributes and objects. Classifiers give poor performance when these huge datasets are given as input to it for proper classification. So from these huge dataset most useful attributes need to be extracted that contribute the maximum to the decision. In the paper, attribute set is reduced by generating reducts using the indiscernibility relation of Rough Set Theory (RST). The method measures similarity among the attributes using relative indiscernibility relation and computes attribute similarity set. Then the set is minimized and an attribute similarity table is constructed from which attribute similar to maximum number of attributes is selected so that the resultant minimum set of selected attributes (called reduct) cover all attributes of the attribute similarity table. The method has been applied on glass dataset collected from the UCI repository and the classification accuracy is calculated by various classifiers. The result shows the efficiency of the proposed method.

This study projects electricity savings, cost-benefit analysis and emission reduction of lighting retrofits in Malaysia residential sector. The cost-benefit is determined as a function of energy savings due to retrofit of more efficient lighting system. The energy savings were calculated based on 25, 50 and 75% of potential retrofits of inefficient lighting in residential sector. The study found that, this strategy save a significant amount of energy and consumers money. However, an effort to create energy efficiency awareness among consumers and subsidies efficient lighting should be identified, because this efficient lighting is quite expensive in Malaysia. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0378778804003329/1-s2.0-S0378778804003329-main.pdf?_tid=350c247c-a9c6-11e3-99d9-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1394615631_782b65a7b4a65cc35b795363f0df0acb 
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778804003329

This is an evaluation of one study found in TheNature.com:
Cui, R.Y., Hultman, N., Cui, D. et al. A plant-by-plant strategy for high-ambition coal power phaseout in China. Nat Commun 12, 1468 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21786-0

I found in this study a few important errors that fundamentally affect its output and credibility:
“Moreover, different technology futures or electricity demand has little impact on coal generation pathways under deep decarbonization scenarios.”

I have my own model of China Power production decarbonization. I have created several scenarios that have confirmed that the only essence of the successful decarbonization of China's electricity generation is based on the total freezing of this production on 2020 figures.

Therefore, I take other studies as a challenge if they state that it is possible. Not to make fun of anyone. But because I am a scientist and I need to look for mistakes in my thinking and fix them of course. I am not a friend of any conspiracy theories. As you will see in this work, I use only publicly available data.

Let's look at those mistakes in the mentioned study.

There is also available a discussion:
https://www.academia.edu/s/319529fd47

"Technological change has often been presented as a salable means by which long-term greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions can be achieved.  Cities are the future centers of economic growth, with the global population becoming predominantly urban; hence, increases or reductions of GHG emissions are tied to their energy strategies.  This research examines the likelihood of one such city (the Greater Toronto Area) achieving an 80% reduction in GHG emissions through policy-enabled technological change. 

Emissions are examined from 3 major sources: light duty passenger vehicles, residential buildings and commercial/institutional buildings.  Logistic diffusion curves are applied for the adoption of alternative vehicle technologies, building retrofits and high performance new building construction.  This research devises high, low and business-as-usual estimates of future technological adoption and finds that even aggressive scenarios are not sufficient to achieve an 80% reduction in GHG emissions by 2050.  This further highlights the challenges cities and the wider world face in maintaining a relatively stable climate. Urban policy makers must consider that the longer the lag before this transition occurs, the greater the share of GHG emissions mitigation that must addressed through behavioral change in order to meet the 2050 target, which likely poses greater political challenges."

The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions embodied in 66 different food categories together with self-reported dietary information are used to show how consumer choices surrounding food might lead to reductions in food-related GHG emissions. The current UK-average diet is found to embody 8.8 kg CO2e person−1 day−1. This figure includes both food eaten and food wasted (post-purchase). By far the largest potential reduction in GHG emissions is achieved by eliminating meat from the diet (35% reduction), followed by changing from carbon-intensive lamb and beef to less carbon-intensive pork and chicken (18% reduction). Cutting out all avoidable waste delivers an emissions saving of 12%. Not eating foods grown in hot-houses or air-freighted to the UK offers a 5% reduction in emissions. We show how combinations of consumer actions can easily lead to reductions of 25% in food related GHG emissions. If such changes were adopted by the entire UK population this would be equivalent to a 71% reduction...

The 21 st century can be best defined by rapid urbanization, and mobility is considered one of the main key challenges that have witnessed major physical transformations. According to UN-Habitat " By 2005, approximately 7.5 billion trips were made in cities worldwide each day " (2012, para. 1), and this number is expected to almost triple by 2050. This phenomena has created long distances between certain destinations, e.g. workplaces, schools, markets, etc., which led to increased dependency on public motorized transportation causing congestion, pollution and other environmental negative impacts. Egypt is one of the many countries that suffer from traffic congestion, especially after the emergence of satellite cities on Cairo's fringes. Recently in Cairo, a city which inhabits around 19 million citizens and 236,000 miles of road (World Bank 2014, as cited in TADAMUN, 2016), the issue of sustainable transport has topped the list of priorities in several conferences and seminars. One of the independent organizations, named STP (Sustainable Transport Project for Egypt), has been working on enhancing sustainable transportation alternatives, where they work with several agencies and governmental sectors to promote non-motorized transport mode in medium-sized cities. Such initiative is needed in a country like Egypt in order to ensure sustainable transport as a basic human right, thus citizens can have access to safe, affordable and environmentally-friendly modes of transport.

Although air leakage from ducts has previously been treated as insignificant and leakage testing as not cost effective, this paper demonstrates that even minor leakage can have a significant effect on plant energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Recognising this, the recently published AS 4254.2:2012 reverses past practice and now mandates leakage testing of systems over 3000 L/s. Not only will reducing leakage reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions producing a better outcome for the building owner and community, but attention to issues raised in this paper will benefit the contractor by reducing or eliminating the need for costly rectification of leaks revealed by leakage testing. The paper examines the implications of the Standard's testing requirements and suggests extension of its scope.

This document is intended for all those who are lost in the endless struggle of information and disinformation. I tried to write simply what was going on here. 

It doesn't matter what causes global warming. We have fundamental changes here, not only in the weather but in nature itself. We are here who are used to certain standards of life. Will we be able to maintain them? I'm afraid not.

First, this is a really long shot, because of the complexity of the topic.

If you belong to a group of readers who only want to read abstracts, then I only have one sad message for you:

the status of compliance with the commitments defined by the IPCC will not be possible to maintain globally or in countries with the greatest impact on global GHG numbers. There is no way to keep the 2050 safe zone, based on existing goals set up by the most important countries` actions. No doubt the 2030 or 2035 goals are just kind of politicians` promises for their electorate. It's even worse than you can imagine.

Nowhere have I found the existence of comprehensive IPCC commitment countries` plans. Just too many parallel activities that shoot off the target, but at least it's well published. It works for the masses that don't understand it but obediently follow the keywords. Followers = a product of this fast era.

This work is a summary of the papers I have published so far on Academia.org. In the end, you will find we do not have many options on how to solve it all. I present a few basic directions. However, it won’t be effortless, and everyone will experience discomfort. In every possible scenario.

Anthropogenic global climate change has large and mounting negative economic impacts. Companies and nations responsible for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are thus acquiring considerable potential liabilities.  If litigation becomes widespread,  renewable energy technologies (RETs) potentially offer emitters reduced liability for climate change. This benefit has been ignored because of the lack of knowledge of potential liabilities. To overcome this information deficit, this paper reviews recent literature on the potential for climate change litigation and methods to quantify liability for climate change.  Next, the top ten emitters in the U.S. are identified and their potential liability is quantified using standard GHG emission costs. Potential liabilities are explored in depth with a single case study company comparing the results of the fractional liability from only natural disasters within the U.S. for a single year to a sensitivity of the future costs of carbon emissions from other sources of emission-related liability. Then classes of potential climate change litigants are identified and their capacity to bring such lawsuits are evaluated. The results show that the net income available to shareholders of large companies could see a significant reduction from the emissions liability related to only natural disasters in the U.S. from a single coal-fired power plant.  Finally, a rough estimate of the economic risk associated with future scenarios and existing organized international potential litigants is quantified. The results show that potential liability for climate change for the Alliance of Small Island States is over $570 trillion.  It is concluded that as emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide additional powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies.

China is nowadays a global leader in manufacturing clean energy. Unexpectedly, the serious environmental degradation that has been occurring since 1990s is now under control, as well as the critic air pollution's situation. Many steps still need to be taken in order to fix all the problems linked with the long-aged environmental crisis. However, since Xi Jinping’s advent to power in 2012, Beijing has undertaken a solid ecological path. As evidence of this, China has recently been labeled as the “Green Dragon”. This paper, besides examining the environmental crisis occurring in China before Xi’s presidency and the measures adopted by him to tackle the disastrous consequences of pollution nationwide, will analyze the high Electric Vehicles (EVs) diffusion in China. After comparing Chinese EVs market with western nations, I intend to shed light on the “green revolution” occurring in the Asian demographic giant since 2012.

Southern Amazonia is the first region of Brazil's Amazon area to be exposed to intensive conversion to agriculture and ranching. This conversion emits greenhouse gases from the carbon stock in the biomass and soils of the previous vegetation. Quantifying these carbon stocks is the first step in quantifying the impact on global warming from this conversion. This review is limited to information on Brazilian Amazonia's carbon stocks. It indicates large amounts of carbon at risk of emission in both biomass and soils, as well as considerable uncertainty in estimates. Reducing uncertainty is a priority for research but the existence of uncertainty must not be used as an excuse for delaying measures to contain deforestation. The magnitude of carbon stocks is proportional to greenhouse gas emissions per hectare of deforestation and consequently to impact on global climate.

The study of total carbon sequestered in trees in the campus Dr. B. A.M. University, Aurangabad is
conducted. The biomass and total organic carbon of standing trees is estimated by non destructive method. The tree
height and girth is taken into consideration for the measurement of biomass and carbon content. The height of tree is
measured by using a theoretical model and concept is used for actual measurement of 20 different tree species
having diameter > 10 cm. Theodolite is used for the measurement of angle between tree top and observer. The total
biomass and total organic carbon has been determined and compared with Allometric model. At the time of
estimation of organic carbon storage by Allometric model, the study revealed that Allometric model based on
theoretical model can success used to determine the tree biomass by non-destructive method.

Abstract: It is believed that energy issue is one of the most sensitive and complicated issues in the globe. Industrial energy consumption varies from 30% to 70% of total energy used in some selected countries and the global average stands at 37%. As a result of the successful implementation of the industrialization plan in 1985; Malaysia has changed from an agricultural economy into industrial based economy. The industrial sector represents the highest consuming sector and accounts for about 48% of all total energy demand.

This paper focused on a review of international experiences on fuel economy standard based on technologies available. It also attempts to identify savings possibilities and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions. It is known that road transport, particularly private cars are responsible for large, and increasing share of transport fuel use and emissions. With the implementation of fuel economy standard and label for motor vehicles, it will reduce the risks of increasing dependency on petroleum-based fuel and will increase the profit to consumers. The GHG emissions, which causing global warming, air pollution, diseases, etc. can be reduced as well. In this regard, advanced technologies such as, engine, transmission, and vehicle technologies may brought significant consumers and social benefits. Studies in developed countries have shown that fuel economy standard is beneficial for the society, government as well as the environment. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110002339

Calvert K and Simandan D (2010) Energy, space, and society: a reassessment of the changing landscape of energy production, distribution, and use Journal of Economics and Business Research XVI(1), pp. 13-37.
ABSTRACT: While geography has always mattered for the energy sector, the relative effects of location and distance on the economics of energy regimes are increasing as we begin to deploy more renewable energy technologies. This reintroduction of the friction of distance is leading to an energy landscape that is far different from fossil-based regimes. The new energy paradigm, based as it is upon the physics and the economics of renewable energy, is being reflected in the landscape as distributed, decentralized, and diversified patterns of energy generation. Because the increased use of renewable energy technologies is beginning to change the spatial patterns of political and socioeconomic activities, a thorough understanding of these patterns is crucial to increasing the socio-political acceptability of new technologies and to avoiding the socially costly unintended consequences of policy and investment decisions.  This paper proposes a theoretical foundation upon which economists and economic geographers could scaffold their analyses of the spatial characteristics of the economics of energy use.  To this end, we bring together two complementary conceptualizations of economic geography: firstly, as the study of the effects of location and distance on energy economics, and secondly, as the study of the ways in which political, economic, and technological energy-related practices give rise to particular spatial patterns of socio-economic welfare. We end the paper by developing the concept of energy rationality and showing how it relates to discussions of metarationality, common sense, and wisdom.

Abstract: Aimed Contribution—Fuel economy via car window film implementation will also reduce vehicle-sourced emissions,
health and welfare impacts associated with those emissions; thus, contribute to the economy. Focused Problem—During summer, solar
irradiation heats up the car and Mobile Air Conditioning (MAC) usage becomes essential. Moreover, MAC usage raises the fuel
consumption and vehicle emissions. Eventually, imported energy sources for MAC and vehicle emissions lead global economic and
health impacts. Proposed Solution—For a parked car under blazing sun in summer, car window film application limits the entrapped
radiation in car cabin and reduces peak cabin temperature. Hence, MAC energy consumption will be reduced. Under consideration of
film implementation costs, it is seen that MAC energy savings for diesel, gasoline and hybrid cars still contribute to the economy.
Research Perspective—The physical and economic effects of several car window film and tinting applications are researched. Clear
and tinted rear and side windows covered with three unique film types separately and analyzed for a parked passenger car with clear and
20 % shaded windshield. The overall impact in WA, NY, NC, USA and Istanbul, Turkey is also examined. Results—Regarding USA
and Istanbul, the widespread deployment of the best possibility has potential to decrease the sum of diesel and gasoline fuel
consumption by 1.7 and 0.06 billion liters, reduce the passenger car sourced total vehicle emissions by 10.5 and 0.4 billion kg and
contribute to the economy by 5-year net savings of 21.3 and 1.4 billion $, respectively.

This document is a simple consideration for anyone who expects a feasible plan to reduce Anthropogenic GHG emissions worldwide or country-level scale. Unfortunately, it does not exist.

All the considerations were prepared as a result of an in-depth analysis of the data source collection state and processing of them, which serves to define Anthropogenic GHG emissions and their subsequent interpretations in scientific fields, for policy-makers to reduce the impact of Anthropogenic emissions and to the non-professional public or media that they just blindly follow something that seems to be a fact. However, it is often very far from the fact.
It is not possible to make a change without a clearly defined plan. There is a mess in that. This is the state where we are as a civilization. We shoot in the dark only.

Every plan needs an authority responsible for its creation, implementation, evaluation of the running processes and application of sanctions for non-compliance. You are wrong if you think it is the current UN (United Nations).
Keep this document open for discussion.
The online discussion is available here:
https://www.academia.edu/s/bcbe1d91b1?source=work

This paper quantifies the increased green house gas emissions and negative effect on energy conservation (or “efficiency penalty”) due to electric rate structures that employ an unavoidable customer charge. First the extent of customer charges was determined from a nationwide survey of U.S. electric tariffs. To eliminate the customer charge nationally while maintaining a fixed sum for electric companies for a given amount of electricity, an increase of 7.12% in the residential electrical rate was found to be necessary. If enacted, this increase in the electric rate would result in a 6.4% reduction in overall electricity consumption, conserving 73 billion kW-hrs, eliminating 44.3 million metric tons of carbon dioxide, and saving the entire U.S. residential sector over $8 billion per year. As shown here, these reductions would come from increased avoidable costs thus leveraging an increased rate of return on investments in energy efficiency, energy conservation behavior, distributed energy generation, and fuel choices. Finally, limitations of this study and analysis are discussed and conclusions are drawn for proposed energy policy changes.

Land use policies favoring compact development have been invoked as a way slow potential climate change. While the linkages between density and greenhouse gas emissions may seem obvious, available data indicate that the connections are weak, bordering on non-existent. Thus, it is clear that compact development is not a useful tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

A cumulative emissions approach is increasingly used to inform mitigation policy. However, there are different interpretations of what ‘2°C’ implies. Here it is argued
that cost-optimization models, commonly used to inform policy, typically underplay the urgency of 2°C mitigation. The alignment within many scenarios of optimistic assumptions on negative emissions technologies (NETs), with implausibly early peak emission dates and incremental short-term mitigation, delivers outcomes
commensurate with 2°C commitments. In contrast, considering equity and socio-technical barriers to change, suggests a more challenging short-term agenda. To
understand these different interpretations, short-term CO2 trends of the largest CO2 emitters, are assessed in relation to a constrained CO2 budget, coupled with a ‘what if’ assumption that negative emissions technologies fail at scale. The outcomes raise profound questions around high-level framings of mitigation policy. The article
concludes that applying even weak equity criteria, challenges the feasibility of maintaining a 50% chance of avoiding 2°C without urgent mitigation efforts in the
short-term. This highlights a need for greater engagement with: (1) the equity dimension of the Paris Agreement, (2) the sensitivity of constrained carbon budgets to short-term trends and (3) the climate risks for society posed by an almost ubiquitous inclusion of NETs within 2°C scenarios.

Абстракт: Статията анализира прилагането на Европейската схема за търговия с емисии от парникови газове (ЕСТЕ) в трите фази на търговия (2005-07 г.; 2008-2012 г.; 2013-2020 г.) от началото на схемата до днес. Посочени са основните елементи на ЕСТЕ и са обобщени основните критики на схемата, които се изтъкват в научната литература – свръхпредлагане на квоти, необосновани печалби, волатилност на цените, дебати за авиосектора, сигурност на данните, цялостна ефективност на системата. Събрани са конкретни количествени данни за прилагането на схемата за България през втората фаза на търговия и първите две години на третата фаза. Направен е анализ ползи-разходи за българските предприятия, участващи в схемата на базата на безплатно разпределени и верифицирани квоти. Изводите са, че след края на втората фаза в България има излишък от квоти (19 586 755), но вследствие на промените на схемата през третата фаза през 2013 г. и 2014 г. предприятията изпитват дефицит от квоти (11 052 439 и 14 697 979). Тенденцията е дефицитът да се запази, поне в краткосрочен план. Данните за България показват, че въпреки множеството критики на системата, ЕСТЕ успява да постави непренебрежима цена върху въглерода. Около една пета от оперативните разходите на най-голямата българска ТЕЦ са за покриване на въглеродните емисии.
Ключови думи: Европейска схема за търговия с емисии, ЕСТЕ, Европейска климатична политика, устойчиво развитие.
Abstract: The article analyses the implementation of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) in the three trading phases (2005-07; 2008-2012; 2013-2020) from its beginning to the present day. The main elements of the scheme are presented alongside a summary of the main points of critique found in the scholarly literature – overallocation of allowances, windfall profits, price volatility, inclusion of air transport, security of information, overall effectiveness of the system. Quantitative data have been gathered for the implementation of ETS in Bulgaria in the second phase and the first two years of the third phase. A cost-benefit analysis for Bulgarian companies is presented on the basis of free allocated allowances and verified emissions. The conclusions are that after the end of second phase in the Bulgaria there was a surplus of allowances (19 586 755), but following the changes of ETS in the third phase, there were deficits of allowances in 2013 and 2014 (11 052 439 and 14 697 979). This trend is likely to continue at least in the short term. The data from Bulgaria show that despite the various critiques of the system, ETS has managed to put a price on carbon and this price is not insignificant. Around one fifth of all operational costs of the largest Bulgarian thermal power plant are for carbon emissions.

This is not an academic paper. And also, this is not an essay or a presentation. This is a taste of my complex research. When you have trouble reading this type of document, save time. 

But don't forget the old truth: "Life was like a box of chocolates, you never know what you're gonna get". 

I have tried to explain why the constant struggles between the two camps over Global Warming (GW) lead to only one goal-to waste time. Because so far, I have only read the intentions of how to solve GW. Nothing specific, which would include verification of such purposes. Based on objective data. I tried to formulate the complexity of the interactions that cause this duel. I left my thoughts to you - readers of this document. 

GW cannot be solved on five pages of paper. This problem is complex, and each new interaction confuses the situation even more. As a person who does not wait for others to solve problems, I also tried to present how it is possible to solve the GW impact. But it will hurt. Some solutions you can find in my documents on Academia.edu. 

This document is intended mainly for people who like kicking their minds. And it doesn't matter what form is used. We no longer live in the Middle Ages.

The discussion is available here:
https://www.academia.edu/s/f48f2942b3

Il libro presenta politiche e strategie per la riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra, la loro fattibilità tecnica ed economica e le principali questioni irrisolte. Sono analizzate la normativa comunitaria e italiana, gli obblighi nazionali e aziendali e la direttiva sull'emissions trading.

I principali settori che producono gas serra sono trattati in dettaglio: tra questi la generazione di elettricità e calore, i trasporti, l'industria e l'agricoltura. Sono inoltre esaminate l'efficienza, la gestione dei carichi, le fonti rinnovabili, la biomassa, le strutture urbane e i sistemi di trasporto.

To both replace fossil-fuel-energy use and meet the future energy demands, nuclear energy production would have to increase by 10.5% per year from 2010 to 2050. This large growth rate creates a cannibalistic effect, where nuclear energy must be used to supply the energy for future nuclear power plants. This study showed that the limit of ore grade to offset greenhouse gas emissions is significantly higher than the purely thermodynamic limit set by energy payback times found in the literature. In addition, any use of nuclear energy directly contributes heat to the Earth, which the Earth must radiate into space by raising its temperature to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. This is a relatively small effect, but as energy consumption grows it must be considered for a world powered by nuclear energy. The results of this study demand modesty in claims of ‘emission-free nuclear energy’ as a panacea for global climate destabilisation.

This is next part of my series about CO2 emissions decreasing from fossil fuels, include considerations about goals of nations.

This section deals with the topic of EVs massive uncontrollable deployment. It will help you understand the depth of the problem. Because it seems to me that we are just moving from one problem to another. And it's called - who will make the energy and from what and when? Because there is no such energy today.

Discussion is possible from May 28th, follow the Academia rules.

You can find all of documents here, include discussions:
https://independent.academia.edu/JanRapan

This study projects electricity savings, cost-benefit analysis and emission reduction of lighting retrofits in Malaysia residential sector. The cost-benefit is determined as a function of energy savings due to retrofit of more efficient lighting system. The energy savings were calculated based on 25, 50 and 75% of potential retrofits of inefficient lighting in residential sector. The study found that, this strategy save a significant amount of energy and consumers money. However, an effort to create energy efficiency awareness among consumers and subsidies efficient lighting should be identified, because this efficient lighting is quite expensive in Malaysia. #

In the past decade, a small but growing body of research has drawn attention to the environmental concerns of rising greenhouse gas emissions associated with the consumption and production of food; this is an issue of increasing importance in Southeast Asia where rapid population growth is leading to year-on-year increases in food demand. To date, countries in Southeast Asia have shown little interest in addressing greenhouse gas emissions across the whole life cycle of food—production, processing, transportation, retailing, consumption, and final disposal—despite a growing awareness of climate change andits effects. This paper serves as a starting point to explore the relatively under-researched topic of greenhouse gas emission trends and the production and consumption of food in Southeast Asia, with particular focus on the Malaysian food sector. Previous research documenting greenhouse gas emissions from specific food products and components in the food supply chain has been used to determine the likely greenhouse gas ‘hotspots’ in Malaysia. The paper concludes by recommending the development of an overarching framework for Sustainable Food Systems in Malaysia and identifies specific areas of research to support this framework.

This study projects electricity savings, cost-benefit analysis and emission reduction of lighting retrofits in Malaysia residential sector. The cost-benefit is determined as a function of energy savings due to retrofit of more efficient lighting system. The energy savings were calculated based on 25, 50 and 75% of potential retrofits of inefficient lighting in residential sector. The study found that, this strategy save a significant amount of energy and consumers money. However, an effort to create energy efficiency awareness among consumers and subsidies efficient lighting should be identified, because this efficient lighting is quite expensive in Malaysia. #

The present research examined the role of a fictional character's trustworthiness on narrative persuasion. The authors suggest that trustworthiness indicators within the story, rather than paratextual cues (fact-fiction-labeling) affect persuasive outcomes. An experiment on fuel-efficient driving behavior (green driving) was conducted, with behavioral intentions and self-reported behavior (three weeks post-exposure) as dependent variables. A story with a trustworthy character who introduced green driving behavior led to stronger intentions to engage in fuel-efficient driving among car owners than a story with a less trustworthy character who provided the same information or a control story. Low character trustworthiness was particularly detrimental to story-consistent intentions and behavior for recipients who were not deeply immersed into the story world (low narrative presence).

This paper presents experimental results carried out to evaluate the brake power, specific fuel consumption (SFC) and exhaust gas emissions when running on an unmodified diesel engine with fuel additive blended biodiesel. The multi-functional fuel additive was added (in mass basis) with B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% ordinary diesel fuel) in a special manner to increase engine brake power. For comparisons three fuels were tested in this investigation which are (1) B20X where X is the percentage of fuel additive, (2) B20 and (3) BO (0% biodiesel and 100% ordinary diesel fuel). The stationary engine test bed used consists of a multi-cylinder diesel engine, eddy current dynamometer with computer control data acquisition system and exhaust emissions analyzer. The exhaust emissions such as CO, HC, and NOx were measured using exhaust gas analyzer. It is found that B20X produces higher performance (brake power) with reduction in exhaust emissions and fuel consumption as compared to B20 and BO fuels. Fuel "B20X" could be a 'breakthrough' and the real solution as an alternative fuel for existing unmodified diesel engine. Detail results including B20X fuel's physicochemical properties are presented with discussions. © 2006 IEEE.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx5/4107286/4107287/04107322.pdf?tp=&arnumber=4107322&isnumber=4107287

India, on June 2016, announced its intent of increasing Renewable Energy portfolio to 175 GW by 2022 taking cognizance of the increasing impacts of global warming across the world. Further, in COP 21, the country committed to have 40% portfolio from renewable energy by 2030. With the dwindling conventional resources, it has become imperative to understand the overall potential that the various renewable energy sources. This paper is an attempt to understand the possible installable solar capacity in India. The study reveals the suitable zones of PV solar installation across the country using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Geo-Spatial technology. Basis the same, the study further analyses possible solar power generation and corresponding greenhouse gas mitigated. It is found around 50.4% area show higher suitability for solar installations in India. If 1% of this suitable zone (high and very high) is utilised for installation of solar PV, then the potential installable capacity is 798.5 GW which can produce 3,194,171 MWh electrical energy and has potential to mitigate 2,619,220 tonne Carbon dioxide per day. The solar energy can also be harnessed to provide electricity access to all rural areas who have been deprived of quality power for so many years. The demand in the country shall undoubtedly grow in the coming years as a result of all the rural consumers connected to the grid under the Saubhagya Scheme. The study will be useful for harnessing the maximum potential in the areas where the grid supply is insufficient to meet the needs of the people.