Ground source heat pumps

Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) combined with ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) offer an attractive technology to match supply and demand by efficiently recycling heating and cooling loads. This study analyses the integration of the ATES-GSHP system in both district heating and cooling networks of an urban district in southwestern Finland, in terms of technoeconomic feasibility, efficiency, and impact on the aquifer area. A novel mathematical modeling for GSHP operation and energy system management is proposed and demonstrated, using hourly data for heating and cooling demand. Hydrogeological and geographic data from different Finnish data sources is retrieved in order to calibrate and validate a groundwater model. Two different scenarios for ATES operation are investigated, limited by the maximum pumping flow rate of the groundwater area. The additional precooling exchanger in the second scenario resulted in an important advantage, since it increased the heating and cooling demand covered by ATES by 13% and 15%, respectively, and decreased the energy production cost by 5.2%. It is concluded that dispatching heating and cooling loads in a single operation, with annually balanced ATES management in terms of energy and pumping flows resulted in a low long-term environmental impact and is economically feasible (energy production cost below 30 €/MWh).

An analysis of thermal performance of a vertical Borehole Heat Exchanger (BHE) from a close loop Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) located in Guayaquil-Ecuador is presented. The project aims to assess the influence of using novels heat transfer fluids such as nanofluids, slurries with microencapsulated phase changematerialsandamixtureofboth. TheBHEssensitiveevaluation is performed by a mathematical model in a finite element analysis by using computational tools; where, the piping array isstudiedinonedimensionscenariomeanwhileitssurroundings grout and ground volumes are presented as a three dimensional scheme. Therefore, an optimized model design can be achieved which would allow to study the feasibility of GSHP in buildings and industries in Guayaquil- Ecuador.

Uptake of geothermal heat pump technology in the UK and corresponding development of a domestic installation industry has progressed significantly in the last decade. This paper summarizes the growth process and reviews the research that has been specifically concerned with conditions in the UK. We discuss the driving forces behind these developments and some of the supporting policy initiatives that have been implemented. Publically funded national trials were completed to assess the performance and acceptance of the technology and validate design and installation standards. We comment on both the technical and non-technical findings of the trials and the related academic research and their relevance to standards development. A number of technical issues can be identified—some of which may be particular to the UK—and we suggest a number of research and development questions that need to be addressed further. Current national support for the technology relies solely on a tariff mechanism and it is uncertain that this will be effective enough to ensure sufficient growth to meet the national renewable heat target in 2020. A broader package of support that includes mandatory measures applied to future housing development and retrofit may be necessary to ensure long-term plans for national deployment and decarbonization of heat are achieved. Industry needs to demonstrate that efficiency standards can be assured, capital costs reduced in the medium-term and that national training schemes are effective.

This thesis investigates the use of a Helical Steel Pile (HSP), as an in-ground heat exchanger for a Ground-Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system. A multi-layered soil conductivity dataset was created to quantify thermal performance across a variety of climate and soil conditions. Geometric features of the HSP were optimized using parametric sweeps, and the capacity of the pile to supply a building load was characterized for a variety of inlet fluid temperatures, seasons, and locations. Transient simulations of the pile characterized its ability to supply three different types of building load sets across a year. Finally, 40-year simulations showed the potential for the HSP to provide heating to buildings in a northern region while also mitigating the thawing of permafrost from climate change. The results indicate a potential to provide sustainable thermal energy to remote communities while delaying the predicted thawing of permafrost locally by up to 75 years.

This work presents an experimental investigation of the performance of a HDH system operated by heat pump. The novel heat pump system provides the necessary heating for the humidifier and cooling for the dehumidifier of the HDH system. The proposed integrated unit is capable of producing freshwater as well as cooling effect for space conditioning through water heated or cooled heat exchange units. Influence of various operating parameters such as feed water flowrate, feed water temperature and chilled water flowrate on the general assessment metrics, including gain output ratio (GOR), recovery ratio (RR), coefficient of performance (COP), energy utilization factor (EUF), Specific electrical energy consumption (SEEC) and productivity are evaluated. The cost of freshwater production from the proposed desalination unit is estimated. Results showed that the integrated system is capable of attaining maximum GOR of 4.07, RR of 4.86%, COP of 4.85, EUF of 3.04, and productivity of 287.8 L/day. The minimum SEEC of the system was found to be 160.16 kWhr per cubic meter of freshwater. The system is also capable of providing cooling load of 3.07 kW while producing the needed desalinated water.

Space cooling energy consumption is a significant component of building energy consumption, and in recent years it has attracted much attention worldwide owing to its significantly increasing usage. The variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system is one common type of cooling equipment for buildings in China and is applied extensively to residential and office buildings. The performance of VRF systems significantly influences the cooling energy consumption of buildings. The system energy efficiency and electricity consumption are the main indicators employed to evaluate the performance of VRF systems. It is hard to obtain the actual energy efficiency and electricity consumption of VRF systems in buildings because of the high cost of the required complicated measurements. This study proposes a virtual sensor modeling method to determine the actual energy efficiency and electricity consumption of 344 VRF systems in residential buildings. Statistical and clustering analyses are conducted to determine the energy efficiency and electricity consumption to obtain distributions and typical operation load patterns of VRF systems in residential buildings in China. The main findings are as follows: the main range of the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) for the cooling season is from 2.9 to 4.4; the median SEER in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter zone is lower than in another climate zones; the longer cooling duration may lead to greater electricity consumption, and the electricity load for VRF systems electricity load is periodic for each day. The oversizing issue is common for VRF systems in the dataset, which also led to the lower energy efficiency of VRF systems. The high usage of VRF systems appeared from July 27th to August 26th. The findings provide recommendations for designing VRF systems in residential buildings. Keywords variable refrigerant flow (VRF), energy efficiency, virtual sensor, residential building Article History

"In order to characterise the performance of domestic air and ground source heat pumps (ASHP and GSHP), the Coefficient of Performance (COP) from over 100 models was collected, along with the temperature rise across the heat pump.

From the relationship between COP and temperature rise, the annual seasonal performance in the UK was estimated. COPs for ASHP and GSHP operating in the UK are calculated, with output temperatures ranging from 30 to 60°C. These are compared to published results from independent tests and field trials."

This paper reviewed the state of the art in designing renewable energy systems specifically solar-based energy system, ground source-based system and day-lighting system, to gain optimum performances in sustainable buildings. Efficiency of each of these systems in reducing resource consumption was evaluated. Geometric conditions have a determining effect on the performances of solar-based energy system and day-lighting system. In solar-based energy system, designing factors, such as system selection, building's orientation, installation location, area of installation, tilt angle and surface temperature, are needed to be considered. Factors of day-lighting system, such as fenestration option, material, area or size, shape, orientation, position, ceiling and shading devices, are needed to be designed carefully to optimize the quality of the luminous environment for occupants. For ground source-based energy system, season condition, operating condition, mode of system, selection of compressor, ground heat exchanger, pump, are important to improve system's performance and reduce cost.

ÖZET Jeotermal ısı pompaları (JIP'ları) olarak da bilinen toprak (yer) kaynaklı ısı pompaları (TKIP veya YKIP), geleneksel ısıtma ve soğutma sistemleriyle karşılaştırıldığı zaman, enerji kullanım verimlerinin daha yüksek olması nedeniyle, binaların ısıtılması ve soğutulması için, uzun yıllardır gelişmiş ülkelerde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra, 1977 yılından beri Türk piyasasında da kullanılmakta olup, son zamanlarda kullanımı artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle, TKIP' larının çalışma şekli, sistemleri, yararları, sakıncaları, uygulamaları ve dünya çapındaki konumu verilmektedir. Daha sonra, toprak ısı değiştiricisi üzerine yoğunlaşarak, bir TKIP sisteminin güneş enerjisi ile kombinasyonu ve asfalt ısıtılması-soğutulması konusu sunulmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Toprak kaynaklı ısı pompası, jeotermal ısı pompası, ısı pompası, toprak ısı değiştiricisi, güneş enerjisi, asfalt ısıtılması soğutulması.

One of the most fundamental requirements and the driving force of the economic and social development of countries is
energy. Energy sources must be reliable, continuous, clean and cheap. There have been intensive efforts for establishing a
bridge between the energy demand and alternative energy sources in recent years. The increasing need for energy in
tourism causes the increase in the cost of energy expenditures. For this reason, tourism operators benefit from alternative
energy sources in order to reduce energy cost as well as energy saving. In this study, it is aimed to analyse the energy and
exergy efficiencies of a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system. These analyses generated some compelling results as
expected because of the use of environmentally friendly energy sources. In numerical calculations and graphics EES
(Equation Engineering Solver) software are used. The results show that the COP of GSHP system is 3.683 while the exergy
efficiency is 66.49%. Additionally, parametric studies, including the thermodynamic performance of the system and its
components, have been conducted by the change in some operating conditions, as variety of the ambient temperature
changes from 290 K to 330 K.

Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) systems with groundwater heat pumps (GWHP) provide a promising and effective technology to match the renewable energy supply and demand between seasons. This paper analyses the integration of an ATES and GWHP system in both district heating (DH) and district cooling (DC) networks in terms of system's efficiency, techno-economic feasibility and impact on the surrounding groundwater areas. To that end, a novel method of holistic integration of groundwater modeling is proposed and demonstrated for retrieving and analyzing data from a variety of open Finnish public data sources. A case study is presented, where the ATES integration is examined within an existing district heating network in Southern Finland. It is concluded that combining heating and cooling, with seasonally reversible ATES operation and balanced pumping volumes during summer and winter periods, had low impact on the aquifer area and is economically feasible. Finally, the study concludes that even with limited data, obtained from open public data sources, it is possible to assess the ATES integration with an acceptable accuracy.

Geothermal coil heat exchangers of a ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) system have been simulated in this research for the cooling mode of the heat pump system. Three types of vertical pile-foundation heat exchangers including 1-U-shaped type, 1-W-shaped type and a W-shaped-all round type which 6-U pipes have been connected serially and situated all round inside the pile in order to determine the most efficient type. Heat transfer rates in the three types have been determined via numerical methods which couples convection and conduction through water in pipelines, concrete pile, and soil. Results have been reported to present the heat transfer rate between water, pipe, pile and soil for acquiring the specific outlet temperature of water in comparison of inlet water in three types and three different depths of the pile. This research presents better performance in heat transfer rate between 1-U-shaped, 1-W-shaped, and W-shaped-all round configurations for designing vertical pile-foundation of GCHP. Comparison between serial and parallel connection of pile-foundations in cooling mode has been investigated as well. Results show that a pile-foundation with W-shaped-all round configuration has the best efficiency in heat transfer rate compared to other mentioned types. In addition, serial connection of pile-foundations has better performance and efficiency in comparison to parallel method.

Ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems usually utilize buried vertical heat exchangers, named borehole heat exchangers (BHEs). The accurate design or simulation of a GCHP system requires the calculation of the time-dependent outlet temperature from the BHEs, Tout. However, the most widely employed BHE simulation models yield the time evolution either of the mean temperature of the BHE-ground surface, Tsm, or of that of the fluid, Tfm. In transient regime, it is not easy to relate Tout to either Tsm or Tfm. In this paper we determine, through 3D finite element simulations, simple expressions of a dimensionless coefficient φ allowing the calculation of Tout by means of a simulation model that yields Tfm. These expressions hold for single U-tube BHEs, both in quasi-steady and in unsteady working conditions. We validate our 3D simulation code by comparison with an analytical BHE model. Then, we present applications of our expressions of φ to calculate the time-dependent values of Tout through a BHE model that yields those of Tfm. Finally, we show that the values of φ in quasi-steady working conditions can be used for a simple calculation of the effective borehole thermal resistance.

The combination of the Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) with energy piles has become a viable alternative to traditional indoor climate control. As geothermal energy pile applications increase in size and demand, maintaining the highest possible efficiency is paramount. Therefore, a numerical analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between construction specifications and energy pile efficiency. In particular, inlet flow rate and concrete cover were parameterized within two heat exchanger tube configurations including “U-shape” and “W-shape” configurations. Additionally, cyclic and constant thermal loadings were compared using COMSOL multi-physics software. Simulation results indicate that heat rejected is limited by surface area of the heat exchangers and residence time of working fluid. For this model, an apparent maximum heat rejected was achieved at 240 cm3/s/pile (3.8 gpm) for both U-shape and W-shape configurations. Beyond 240 cm3/s, the increase of rejected heat was negligible. The study also demonstrated that concrete cover contributes significantly to energy pile efficiency. A reduction of concrete cover decreased potential cyclic heat rejected by up to 20%. The comparison of tube configurations bolstered conclusions in the literature that the W-shape configuration is most effective at rejecting heat, improving efficiency by approximately 20% compared to the U-shape configuration.

Ground-coupled heat pumps usually employ fields of borehole heat exchangers (BHEs), which must be designed by suitable models. In order to validate a BHE model, it is advisable to compare the computation results with experimental data. A well-known data set was provided by Beier et al. (Geothermics 2011, 40) through a laboratory model usually called “sandbox”. Several authors proposed estimates of the thermal properties of the sandbox grout and sand. In this paper, we present a new estimate of those properties, obtained by means of 2D finite-element simulations that consider all the details of the experimental setup, including the thin aluminum pipe at the BHE boundary. Our results show that the measured temperatures in the fluid and in the sand can be reproduced very accurately by considering thermal conductivities 0.863 W/(mK) for the grout and 3.22 W/(mK) for the sand, volumetric heat capacities 4.6 MJ/(m3K) for the grout and 3.07 MJ/(m3K) for the sand, and a slightly enhanced heat capacity of the water contained in the BHE. The 2D simulations are validated by comparison with an analytical solution and by 3D simulations.

— The present disclosure relates to an apparatus that can maintain a required thermal condition[TC] of an object for a period of time. The apparatus comprises a thermal sheet[TS] having thickness[t] nearly same as a blanket and incorporates a pipe to circulate a fluid. The thermal sheet can be used in combination with a Thermal Energy Reservoir [TER] that can be configured with a thermally insulated chamber to hold a thermal reservoir substance kept in the thermally insulated chamber. A pump can circulate the fluid through a second pipe placed in the thermally insulated chamber and thereafter through the pipe in the thermal sheet. A hot reservoir substance [heat source] can provide heating effects and a cold reservoir substance [heat sink] can likewise be used to provide a cooling effect. Thus the thermal sheet[TS] has the capability to keep a body at a required thermal condition[TC] (high or low temperature) for a period of time.

Panas bumi merupakan salah satu sumber daya alam yang banyak memberikan manfaat untuk manusia sehingga perlu adanya penelitian untuk mengeksplorasi keberadaan air panas di daerah sekitar sumber air panas Kasinan Pesanggrahan Kota Batu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besar potensi air panas (hydrothermal) di daerah penelitian. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode Geolistrik Resistivitas konfigurasi Wenner Sounding and Mapping dan pengukuran dilakukan dengan menggunakan resistivitymeter MGG 1260. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan lapisan penyusun bawah permukaan pada lintasan B dan C tidak kontinu dan didominasi oleh lapisan yang tidak memiliki sifat pembawa air panas yang berupa batuan lava dan campuran batuan lava dengan andesit yang menunjukkan kemas tertutup dan porositas batuan jelek. Potensi air panas masih kecil dan diduga air panas yang muncul ke permukaan berasal dari aliran air panas dari arah songgoriti-cangar. Air panas tersebut muncul ke permukaan diduga karena adanya rekahan batuan di bawah permukaan

Telah dilakukan penelitian dengan metode geomagnetik pada tanggal 26 -27 April 2011 di daerah Songgoriti Kota Batu dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pola Anomali Magnet Total dan struktur geologi bawah permukaan. Setelah dilakukan koreksi data yang meliputi koreksi diurnal dan koreksi IGRF  maka didapatkan nilai anomali magnet total serta kontinuasi ke atas dan reduksi ke kutub. Selanjutnya dilakukan interpretasi secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Interpretasi kuantitatif dilakukan dengan membaca pola kontur anomali magnet lokal dan reduksi ke kutub, sedangkan interpretasi kualitatif dilakukan dengan membuat penampang 2,5 D pada dua lintasan AB dan CD. Berdasarkan interpretasi kuantitatif pada kontur anomali magnetik lokal didapatkan variasi nilai anomali antara  -800 nT-600 nT dengan anomali tinggi terdapat pada arah timur dan barat daerah penelitian, anomali sedang terletak pada daerah tengah penelitian dan anomali rendah terdapat pada sedikit daerah tengah penelitian. Daerah penelitian didominasi anomali magnetik sedang. Berdasarkan interpretasi kualitatif pada model penampang 2,5 D lintasan AB dan CD, didapatkan tujuh body yaitu batuan tufa, batuan tufa, batuan breksi vulkanik, batuan breksi tufaan, batuan lava, batuan basalt, dan batuan andesit. Berdasarkan sifat fisik dari tiap lapisan batuan, diduga batuan sarang dalam sistem geothermal yang berupa sumber air panas di daerah penelitian adalah batuan breksi vulkanik dengan batuan penutup (cap rock) berupa batuan tufa.

Ground source heat pumps represent the single best renewable technology for space heating applications. The ratio between electrical energy input and heating energy output allows for few comparisons – they are, in short, the best at what they do. Yet the GSHP market in the UK has not been fully developed, even in tandem with Government support mechanisms such as the Green Deal or the Renewable Heat Incentive. High initial and residual costs often eclipses actual long-term benefits, meaning GSHPs are not seen as a valid option for many projects within the built environment. This paper takes a holistic approach to GSHP deployment, and explores novel ways in which the full benefits of GSHPs can be realised. Critically, this integrated approach places the real and increasing problem of fuel poverty at the heart of the solution.

Abstract Geothermal coil heat exchangers of a ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) system have been simulated in this research for the cooling mode of the heat pump system. Three types of vertical pile-foundation heat exchangers including 1-U-shaped type, 1-W-shaped type and a W-shaped-all round type which 6-U pipes have been connected serially and situated all round inside the pile in order to determine the most efficient type. Heat transfer rates in the three types have been determined via numerical methods which couples convection and conduction through water in pipelines, concrete pile, and soil. Results have been reported to present the heat transfer rate between water, pipe, pile and soil for acquiring the specific outlet temperature of water in comparison of inlet water in three types and three different depths of the pile. This research presents better performance in heat transfer rate between 1-U-shaped, 1-W-shaped, and W-shaped-all round configurations for designing vertical pile-foundation of GCHP. Comparison between serial and parallel connection of pile-foundations in cooling mode has been investigated as well. Results show that a pile-foundation with W-shaped-all round configuration has the best efficiency in heat transfer rate compared to other mentioned types. In addition, serial connection of pile-foundations has better performance and efficiency in comparison to parallel method.

The aim of this paper is to examine the COP
and the applicability of certain refrigerants, which are
used today in refrigeration systems, such as R410A,
R404A and R407C. Special attention was given to
refrigerants R134a and R1234yf. Because of the higher
GWP (1430) of the R134a, researches have begun in a
world scale, which of the cooling agents could serve as a
substitute. In the USA it has been announced that from
2017 the R1234yf will be in use for automobile air
conditioning systems, instead of the R134a. However
Mercedes has proved that the use of R1234yf is dangerous
due to flammability. In addition R1234yf has lower COP
compared to R134a refrigerant. Due to the flammability
and lower values of COP, R1234yf cannot replace the
R134a in heat pumps. It should be used in very low power
refrigerators only, because of small quantities.

Ground heat exchangers represent the barrier between installing a ground source heat pump (GSHP) or a heat pump that use another source as water or air. While the vertical ground heat exchangers (VGHE) yield better results than horizontal ground heat exchangers (HGHE), the installation cost is higher than HGHE. Although, HGHE installation cost is a lot more affordable for residential use, it has the disadvantage of requiring a large installation area and lower efficiency than VGHE due to the temperature variation at the surface of the ground throughout the year. This study focuses on investigating possible use of the energy that is lost through the ground from basements in general, to help the heat pump when the HGHE is installed in the proximity of the basement. In order to achieve concluding results, an experiment was conducted at the University of Transilvania from Brașov, at the Faculty of Civil Engineering. In the experiment the HGHE was installed next to the basement exterior wall. In addition, a CFD numerical study was conducted. Firstly, to verify the experimental measurements and secondly, to obtain results with different working parameters. The results indicate that the thermal insulation degree of the basement wall and floor is an important parameter when considering heat loss into the ground. Likewise, the thermal state of the basement, heated or unheated, contributes considerably to the final results. Consequently, positioning the HGHE in the proximity of basements can represent an energetic optimization, especially when the basement is heated and it isn't thermal insulated, as can be the case for an existing building.

Compared to a typical heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, a groundwater source heat pump (GSHP) system should have lower operating costs and greenhouse gas emissions, providing economic and environmental advantages for a ground water‐based municipal water utility. This article describes a test of that hypothesis, involving simulations and evaluations of the economic performance of the above two systems for a model office building in five major U.S. climate zones. The cost–benefit analysis suggests that a GSHP system in climate zone 5 (Chicago‐region) has the best return on investment, whereas climate zone 2 (Phoenix‐region) is not economically promising. Relative to a reference HVAC system, the GSHP system has lower carbon emissions in each of the five climate zones, with the greatest reduction of carbon emissions occurring in climate zone 5 (Chicago‐region).

Groundwater-filled boreholes are a common solution in Scandinavian installations of ground source heat pumps (GSHP) due to the particular hydro-geological conditions with existing bedrock, and groundwater levels close to the surface. Different studies have highlighted the advantage of water-filled boreholes compared with their grouted counterparts since the natural convection of water within the borehole tends to decrease the effective thermal resistance Rb*. In this study, several methods are proposed for the evaluation and modeling of the effective thermal resistance of groundwater-filled boreholes. They are based on distributed temperature sensing (DTS) measurements of six representative boreholes within the irregular 74-single-U 300 m-deep borehole field of Aalto New Campus Complex (ANCC). These methods are compared with the recently developed correlations for groundwater-filled boreholes, which are implemented within the python-based simulation toolbox Pygfunction. The results from the enhanced Pygfunction simulation with daily update of Rb* show very good agreement with the measured mean fluid temperature of the first 39 months of system operation (March 2018–May 2021). It is observed that in real operation the effective thermal resistance Rb* can vary significantly, and therefore it is concluded that the update of Rb* is crucial for a reliable long-term simulation of groundwater-filled boreholes.

Given that the issue of variations in geometrical parameters of the borehole heat exchanger (BHE) revolves around the phenomenon of thermal resistance, a thorough understanding of these parameters is beneficial in enhancing thermal performance of BHEs. The present study seeks to identify relative changes in the thermal performance of double U-tube BHEs triggered by alterations in circuit arrangements, as well as the shank spacing and the borehole length. The thermal performance of double U-tube BHEs with different configurations is comprehensively analyzed through a 3D transient numerical code developed by means of the finite element method. The sensitivity of each circuit configuration in terms of the thermal performance to variations of the borehole length and shank spacing is investigated. The impact of the thermal interference between flowing legs, namely thermal short-circuiting, on parameters affecting the borehole thermal resistance is addressed. Furthermore, the energy exchange characteristics for different circuit configurations are quantified by introducing the thermal effectiveness coefficient. The results indicate that the borehole length is more influential than shank spacing in increasing the discrepancy between thermal performances of different circuit configurations. It is shown that deviation of the averaged-over-the-depth mean fluid temperature from the arithmetic mean of the inlet and outlet temperatures is more critical for lower shank spacings and higher borehole lengths.

Pusat Agen Penjualan Pompa KSB type Etanorm Syt Penjualan pompa Ksb dengan type etanorm syt di indonesia, agen pusat penjualan pompa ksb dengan harga murah kualitas terbaik. perushaan kami menyedikan dan menjual pompa ksb etanorm syt dimana pompa ksb type etanorm syt ini adalah pompa yang di desain untuk cairan panas, oli panas, hot oil thermal, hot weater, dan cairan lainya. perusahaan kami melayani kebutuhan pompa di usaha industri anda juga menyedikan barang sperti pompa ksb di jamin untuk keaslian bara di sisi kami melayani menjual pompa ksb etanorm perususahaan kami juga memberi pelayanan jasa pemasngan di lokasi maupun pengopelan/perakitan antara pompa dan motors pengeraknya. Pompa KSB selain memang sudah terkenal dengan nama lensensi germany da memakai setandar eropa, pompa ksb etanorm ini juga memiliki kelebihan. Kelebihan Pompa type KSB etanorm KSB etanorm-CentrifugalPompa KSB type etanorm adalah pompa yang mana memang pompa di desain untuk kebutuhan industri sehingga presure hingga 16 bar, dan panas yang bisa di sirkulasikan pompa 180 °C untuk hot water air panas 350 °C untuk thermal oil atau minyak oli dan di lengkapi dengan kecepatan putaran hingga 3500 rpm. tergantung untuk kebutuhan industri yang di perlukan untuk pompa ksb type etanorm ini juga masih ada banyak bagian dan kapasitas yang di perlukan, sperti di bawah ini akan kami ulas untuk pompa ksb etanorm yang di bagi menjadi berbagai type jenis lagi. KSB ETANORM SYT Etanorm SYT/SYN 040-025-160 Pusat Agen Penjualan Pompa KSB type Etanorm Syt Penjualan pompa Ksb dengan type etanorm syt di indonesia, agen pusat penjualan pompa ksb dengan harga murah kualitas terbaik. perushaan kami menyedikan dan menjual pompa ksb etanorm etanorm syt ini adalah pompa yang di desain untuk cairan panas, oli panas, hot oil thermal, hot weater, dan cairan lainya. perusahaan kami melayani kebutuhan pompa di usaha industri anda juga menyedikan barang sperti pompa ksb di jamin untuk keaslian bara di sisi kami melayani menjual pompa ksb etanorm perususahaan kami juga memberi pelayanan jasa pemasngan di lokasi maupun pengopelan/perakitan antara pompa dan motors pengeraknya. Pompa KSB selain memang sudah terkenal dengan nama lensensi germany dan matrial yang di gunakan memakai setandar eropa, pompa ksb etanorm ini juga memiliki kelebihan. Kelebihan Pompa type KSB etanorm CentrifugalPompa KSB type etanorm adalah pompa yang mana memang pompa di desain untuk kebutuhan industri sehingga pompa ksb type etanorm memiliki kapasitas tekanan presure hingga 16 bar, dan panas yang bisa di sirkulasikan pompa 180 °C untuk hot water air panas 350 °C untuk thermal oil atau minyak oli dan di lengkapi dengan kecepatan putaran hingga 3500 g untuk kebutuhan industri yang di perlukan untuk pompa ksb type etanorm ini juga masih ada banyak bagian dan kapasitas yang di perlukan, sperti di bawah ini akan kami ulas untuk pompa ksb etanorm yang di bagi menjadi berbagai type jenis lagi. Penjualan pompa Ksb dengan type etanorm syt di indonesia, agen pusat penjualan pompa ksb dengan harga murah kualitas terbaik. perushaan kami menyedikan dan menjual pompa ksb etanorm etanorm syt ini adalah pompa yang di desain untuk cairan panas, oli panas, hot oil thermal, hot weater, dan cairan lainya. perusahaan kami melayani kebutuhan pompa di usaha industri anda juga menyedikan barang sperti pompa ksb di jamin untuk keaslian barangnya, di sisi kami melayani menjual pompa ksb etanorm perususahaan kami juga memberi pelayanan jasa pemasngan di lokasi maupun pengopelan/perakitan antara pompa dan motors pengeraknya. Pompa n matrial yang di gunakan CentrifugalPompa KSB type etanorm adalah pompa yang mana memang pompa di pompa ksb type etanorm memiliki kapasitas tekanan presure hingga 16 bar, dan panas yang bisa di sirkulasikan pompa 180 °C untuk hot water air panas-350 °C untuk thermal oil atau minyak oli dan di lengkapi dengan kecepatan putaran hingga 3500 g untuk kebutuhan industri yang di perlukan untuk pompa ksb type etanorm ini juga masih ada banyak bagian dan kapasitas yang di perlukan, sperti di bawah ini akan kami ulas untuk

"This study utilised a focus group technique to explore architects, engineers and energy managers’ perceptions of low temperature geothermal (LTG) and biomass energy technologies. More specifically, the emphasis was on how they made decisions about heating and cooling systems, what they saw as barriers to uptake and solutions they identified, with the goal of expanding the New Zealand market for these technologies.

Research participants overwhelmingly perceived New Zealand to be economically, geographically, socially, climatically and culturally different from the rest of the world. Consequently, they placed an emphasis on the need for new innovations to be New Zealand proven. In practice, this perception of difference coloured participant responses, and discussions were contextualised by references to a complex, socio-technical national landscape.

There were some misconceptions about the range of temperatures encompassed by the direct use of geothermal energy. Moreover, the term Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) was deemed a more accurate and marketable term than Geothermal Heat Pump (GHP). In comparison, there was more clarity about what compromised the range of biomass energy technologies/resources, their renewability and how they differed from fossil fuels. In sum, the names of new heating and cooling technologies must put out a clear, simple and comprehensible message to potential customers.

Heating and cooling professionals advocated for the installation of accessible and viewable retrofits to prove that the technology can work in the New Zealand context, even though they were accepted in Europe and North America. Alternately, the country was not seen as a suitable location for District/Aggregated Heating Systems,  although their merit could be understood in overseas contexts. However, participants recognised that an increasing number of potential customers had either migrated from overseas or were returning from living overseas, with higher comfort level expectations and a willingness to spend more money on effective heating and cooling systems.

Within the heating and cooling industry, there was a general risk aversion to new technologies and high capital costs, with the favouring of a standard cookie-cutter approach to outfitting buildings. Participants did not think that the current emphasis on a (highly competitive) free-market economy would allow for the incorporation of innovative, renewable technologies, without the deliberate subsidisation/taxation of polluting systems. More locally, the potential for new technologies during the Christchurch rebuild was sullied by the need for immediate re-investment of fixed price insurance pay outs and commercial pressure to get back to business as quickly as possible.

There was some concern over the impact on the reputation of heating and cooling technologies when client’s encounter ‘cowboy’ companies, and the role that social media and word-of-mouth played in propagating rumours. Participants outlined a number of marketing strategies that focused on the relationship between the technologies and clients. Moreover, based on these discussions, it appears that communication between different tradespeople and between engineers and energy managers needs to be purposefully fostered and encouraged, particularly in terms of follow-up and feedback on the performance of an installed system.

Education on life cycle costs was thought to be essential for both clients and financial lenders alike. Furthermore, specific training on the technologies was requested within engineering degrees, as well as separate qualifications for each technology in order to certify professionals and to disenfranchise ‘cowboys’. National seminars, led by experts, were encouraged by participants, and these should be used to present realistic case studies, alongside supporting facts and statistics on the performance of a system."

The world impact of fossil fuels on air pollution is responsible for several millions premature deaths every year. The present study analyses the decarbonization of district heating (DH) and cooling (DC) networks by the integration of ground source heat pump (GSHP) within an urban district in southwestern Finland, in terms of technoeconomic feasibility, efficiency and environmental impact. A novel mathematical modelling for GSHP operation and energy system management is proposed and demonstrated, using hourly-based data for heating and cooling demand. Hydrogeological and geographic data from different Finnish data sources is retrieved in order to calibrate and validate a groundwater model. Three different Scenarios for GSHP operation are investigated, limited by the maximum pumping flow rate of the groundwater area. The additional pre-cooling exchanger in Scenario 2 and 3 resulted in an important advantage, since it increased the heating and cooling demand covered by GSHP by 15% and 16% respectively as well as decreased the energy production cost by 4%. Moreover, Scenario 3 was solved as nonlinear optimization problem resulting in 4% lower pumping rate compared to Scenario 2. Overall, the annually balanced GSHP management in terms of energy and pumping flows, resulted in low long-term environmental impact and is economically feasible (energy production cost below 30 €/MWh).

For promoting the diffusion of GSHP (Ground Source Heat Pumps) a tool for sizing these systems will be carried out in the H2020 research project named " Cheap GSHPs ". The paper presents the set up of a database with energy profile of a certain amount of buildings representative of the typology (single family houses, block of flats, office buildings) with different insulation levels and in different climatic conditions. Based on the weather analysis among European climatic files, twenty locations have been considered. For each location the overall energy and the mean hourly monthly energy profiles for heating and cooling (sensible and latent) have been calculated. Based on the results, the correlations with Degree Days (DD) for heating

In this case study, calculations and analyses were performed mainly for a solar-ground source heat pump system using a newly built office–factory building. Calculations for the collector panels, the water heater system and the saving for natural lighting system were also performed. Results have shown that the energy consumption in ground source system is 34.1% more efficient than that of air source system in normal days in winter. The required data for the calculations were measured using calorimeters and electricity meters which form part of the building automation system (BAS). The BAS works through a direct digital control system. On the basis of the observation and research on the actual operation, suggestions related to the design, operation and inspection are given.

For promoting the diffusion of GSHP (Ground Source Heat Pumps) a tool for sizing these systems will be carried out in the H2020 research project named “Cheap GSHPs”. The paper presents the set up of a database with energy profile of a certain amount of buildings representative of the typology (single family houses, block of flats, office buildings) with different insulation levels and in different climatic conditions. Based on the weather analysis among European climatic files, twenty locations have been considered. For each location the overall energy and the mean hourly monthly energy profiles for heating and cooling (sensible and latent) have been calculated. Based on the results, the correlations with Degree Days (DD) for heating and cooling have been found in order to generalize the results to have pre-calculated profiles for sizing GSHP.

Groundwater-filled boreholes are a common solution in Scandinavian installations of ground source heat pumps (GSHP) due to the particular hydro-geological conditions with existing bedrock, and groundwater levels close to the surface. Different studies have highlighted the advantage of water-filled boreholes compared with their grouted counterparts since the natural convection of water within the borehole tends to decrease the effective thermal resistance Rb*. In this study, several methods are proposed for the evaluation and modeling of the effective thermal resistance of groundwater-filled boreholes. They are based on distributed temperature sensing (DTS) measurements of six representative boreholes within the irregular 74-single-U 300 m-deep borehole field of Aalto New Campus Complex (ANCC). These methods are compared with the recently developed correlations for groundwater-filled boreholes, which are implemented within the python-based simulation toolbox Pygfunction. The results ...

Groundwater-filled boreholes are a common solution in Scandinavian installations of ground source heat pumps (GSHP) due to the particular hydro-geological conditions with existing bedrock, and groundwater levels close to the surface. Different studies have highlighted the advantage of water-filled boreholes compared with their grouted counterparts since the natural convection of water within the borehole tends to decrease the effective thermal resistance Rb*. In this study, several methods are proposed for the evaluation and modeling of the effective thermal resistance of groundwater-filled boreholes. They are based on distributed temperature sensing (DTS) measurements of six representative boreholes within the irregular 74-single-U 300 m-deep borehole field of Aalto New Campus Complex (ANCC). These methods are compared with the recently developed correlations for groundwater-filled boreholes, which are implemented within the python-based simulation toolbox Pygfunction. The results ...

This work presents an experimental investigation of the performance of a HDH system operated by heat pump. The novel heat pump system provides the necessary heating for the humidifier and cooling for the dehumidifier of the HDH system. The proposed integrated unit is capable of producing freshwater as well as cooling effect for space conditioning through water heated or cooled heat exchange units. Influence of various operating parameters such as feed water flowrate, feed water temperature and chilled water flowrate on the general assessment metrics, including gain output ratio (GOR), recovery ratio (RR), coefficient of performance (COP), energy utilization factor (EUF), Specific electrical energy consumption (SEEC) and productivity are evaluated. The cost of freshwater production from the proposed desalination unit is estimated. Results showed that the integrated system is capable of attaining maximum GOR of 4.07, RR of 4.86%, COP of 4.85, EUF of 3.04, and productivity of 287.8 L/day. The minimum SEEC of the system was found to be 160.16 kWhr per cubic meter of freshwater. The system is also capable of providing cooling load of 3.07 kW while producing the needed desalinated water.

A desiccant-based hybrid cooling is among the most cost-effective air conditioning systems. The main purpose of this paper is the assessment of the potential of ground-assisted direct evaporative cooler together with a desiccant evaporative cooling cycle integrated with a ground source renewable energy for the pre-cooler process. Simulation results obtained using the TRNSYS software are compared with experimental data. The simulation of the mentioned systems are conducted in Bari (south of Italy), Palermo (south of Italy) and Ramsar (north of Iran) for the humid-mild climate of July. Assuming the low regeneration temperature (Treg) for the desiccant wheel is one of the highlights of this paper. Utilizing ground source heat exchanger (GSHE) will result in increase of the system potential in providing thermal comfort. The average thermal comfort achieves in Bari, Palermo and Ramsar in 95.72%, 93.94% and 93.15% of the time from 6 AM to 6 PM in July with utilizing the combination of GSHE and desiccant cooling system. The COP of this cycle is highly dependent on the Treg, and varies in the range of 0.35-0.53, 0.34-0.6 and 0.34-0.52 for the maximum Treg of 50 ℃ in Bari, Palermo and Ramsar, respectively.

For promoting the diffusion of GSHP (Ground Source Heat Pumps) a tool for sizing these systems will be carried out in the H2020 research project named " Cheap GSHPs ". The paper presents the set up of a database with energy profile of a certain amount of buildings representative of the typology (single family houses, block of flats, office buildings) with different insulation levels and in different climatic conditions. Based on the weather analysis among European climatic files, twenty locations have been considered. For each location the overall energy and the mean hourly monthly energy profiles for heating and cooling (sensible and latent) have been calculated. Based on the results, the correlations with Degree Days (DD) for heating

For promoting the diffusion of GSHP (Ground Source Heat Pumps) a tool for sizing these systems will be carried out in the H2020 research project named “Cheap GSHPs”. The paper presents the set up of a database with energy profile of a certain amount of buildings representative of the typology (single family houses, block of flats, office buildings) with different insulation levels and in different climatic conditions. Based on the weather analysis among European climatic files, twenty locations have been considered. For each location the overall energy and the mean hourly monthly energy profiles for heating and cooling (sensible and latent) have been calculated. Based on the results, the correlations with Degree Days (DD) for heating and cooling have been found in order to generalize the results to have pre-calculated profiles for sizing GSHP.

Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) combined with ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) offer an attractive technology to match supply and demand by efficiently recycling heating and cooling loads. This study analyses the integration of the ATES-GSHP system in both district heating and cooling networks of an urban district in southwestern Finland, in terms of technoeconomic feasibility, efficiency, and impact on the aquifer area. A novel mathematical modeling for GSHP operation and energy system management is proposed and demonstrated, using hourly data for heating and cooling demand. Hydrogeological and geographic data from different Finnish data sources is retrieved in order to calibrate and validate a groundwater model. Two different scenarios for ATES operation are investigated, limited by the maximum pumping flow rate of the groundwater area. The additional precooling exchanger in the second scenario resulted in an important advantage, since it increased the heating and cooling dem...

Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) combined with ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) offer an attractive technology to match supply and demand by efficiently recycling heating and cooling loads. This study analyses the integration of the ATES–GSHP system in both district heating and cooling networks of an urban district in southwestern Finland, in terms of technoeconomic feasibility, efficiency, and impact on the aquifer area. A novel mathematical modeling for GSHP operation and energy system management is proposed and demonstrated, using hourly data for heating and cooling demand. Hydrogeological and geographic data from different Finnish data sources is retrieved in order to calibrate and validate a groundwater model. Two different scenarios for ATES operation are investigated, limited by the maximum pumping flow rate of the groundwater area. The additional precooling exchanger in the second scenario resulted in an important advantage, since it increased the heating and cooling dem...

Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) systems with groundwater heat pumps (GWHP) provide a promising and effective technology to match the renewable energy supply and demand between seasons. This paper analyses the integration of an ATES and GWHP system in both district heating (DH) and district cooling (DC) networks in terms of system's efficiency, techno-economic feasibility and impact on the surrounding groundwater areas. To that end, a novel method of holistic integration of groundwater modeling is proposed and demonstrated for retrieving and analyzing data from a variety of open Finnish public data sources. A case study is presented, where the ATES integration is examined within an existing district heating network in Southern Finland. It is concluded that combining heating and cooling, with seasonally reversible ATES operation and balanced pumping volumes during summer and winter periods, had low impact on the aquifer area and is economically feasible. Finally, the study concludes that even with limited data, obtained from open public data sources, it is possible to assess the ATES integration with an acceptable accuracy.