Hierarchy

Résumé Les techniques des sens C'est par une combinaison des cinq sens que les êtres humains perçoivent le monde, mais le mode de combinaison est loin d'être constant. Les cinq sens reçoivent différentes accentuations et différentes significations dans différentes sociétés. Ces différences sont souvent manifestées par des décorations du corps (par exemple, des disques d'oreilles, des disques labiaux, ou des ornements nasaux). Cette idée est étudiée en se référant aux Indiens Suya et Kayapo du Brésil central et aux Dogon du Mali. Les pratiques d'éducation des enfants représentent un autre moyen par lequel une société exprime et renforce sa hiérarchie sensorielle particulière, ce qu'illustre une étude des pratiques de socialisation des Wolof du Sénégal.

We investigate techniques for verifying hierarchical systems, i.e., finite state systems with a nesting capability. The straightforward way of analysing a hierarchical system is to first flatten it into an equivalent non-hierarchical system and then apply existing finite state system verification techniques. Though conceptually simple, flattening is severely punished by the hierarchical depth of a system. To alleviate this problem, we develop a technique that exploits the hierarchical structure to reuse earlier reachability checks of superstates to conclude reachability of substates. We combine the reusability technique with the successful compositional technique of [13] and investigate the combination experimentally on industrial systems and hierarchical systems generated according to our expectations to real systems. The experimental results are very encouraging: whereas a flattening approach degrades in performance with an increase in the hierarchical depth (even when applying the technique of [13]), the new approach proves not only insensitive to the hierarchical depth, but even leads to improved performance as the depth increases.

Research Division (USAITC-A) and Formal Methods Europe (FME), since it is due to their generous contributions that we have been able to support a considerable number of students with an accepted paper at VODCA 2006 to attend both the workshop and the FOSAD school. In this respect we would specifically like to mention that, based on her excellent contribution to the workshop, Agustina Buccella from the Universidad Nacional del Comahue in Neuquén, Argentina, was selected as FME-bursary. We believe that the most important result of any workshop should be the fostering and establishing of collaborations, as well as the sharing of techniques and their cross-fertilisation. These words sound truer for a workshop like VODCA: We hope that the meeting will help participants to focus on original "views on the design of complex architectures," especially as far as the security and management of information issues are concerned.

According to the great mathematician Henri Lebesgue, making direct comparisons of objects with regard to a property is a fundamental mathematical process for deriving measurements. Measuring objects by using a known scale first then comparing the measurements works well for properties for which scales of measurement exist. The theme of this paper is that direct comparisons are necessary to establish measurements for intangible properties that have no scales of measurement. In that case the value derived for each element depends on what other elements it is compared with. We show how relative scales can be derived by making pairwise comparisons using numerical judgments from an absolute scale of numbers. Such measurements, when used to represent comparisons can be related and combined to define a cardinal scale of absolute numbers that is stronger than a ratio scale. They are necessary to use when intangible factors need to be added and multiplied among themselves and with tangible factors. To derive and synthesize relative scales systematically, the factors are arranged in a hierarchic or a network structure and measured according to the criteria represented within these structures. The process of making comparisons to derive scales of measurement is illustrated in two types of practical real life decisions, the Iran nuclear show-down with the West in this decade and building a Disney park in Hong Kong in 2005. It is then generalized to the case of making a continuum of comparisons by using Fredholm's equation of the second kind whose solution gives rise to a functional equation. The Fourier transform of the solution of this equation in the complex domain is a sum of Dirac distributions demonstrating that proportionate response to stimuli is a process of firing and synthesis of firings as neurons in the brain do. The Fourier transform of the solution of the equation in the real domain leads to nearly inverse square responses to natural influences. Various generalizations and critiques of the approach are included.

A new variant of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis is gaining interest in the field of Machine Learning, called Object Cluster Hierarchy. Being still at an early stage of development, the lack of tools for systematic analysis of Object Cluster Hierarchies inhibits further improvement of this concept. In this paper we address this issue by proposing a generator of synthetic hierarchical data that can be used for benchmarking Object Cluster Hierarchy generation methods. The article presents a thorough empirical and theoretical analysis of the generator and provides guidance on how to control its parameters. The conducted experiments show the usefulness of the data generator capable of producing a wide range of differently structured data. Furthermore, datasets that represent the most common types of hierarchies are generated and made available to the public for benchmarking, along with the developed generator (http://kio.pwr.edu.pl/?page_id=396).

In this article I first analyze the meaning of mixed feelings and what this expression refers to. I argue that what the term mixed feelings is commonly taken to mean are not mixed feelings because there is no mixture, and also because the same object and the same time condition of what is supposed to be mixed is not satisfied. I then pass on to a case of genuine mixed feelings. Genuinely mixed feelings are feelings composed of simple or basic feelings as well as occurrences of compounds and sets of feelings. I then discuss three categories adjacent to mixed feelings: layered feelings, metaemotions, and moods. Layered feelings are not mixed but superposed one over another, metaemotions have a mixed phenomenology, and moods are an affective mixture par excellence. In conclusion, I suggest that wrong labelling coincides with a category mistake which hampers further progress in the philosophy of affectivity.

The purpose of this paper is to present a hierarchy of progressive IT maturity using Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs as a metaphor for articulating the increasing value that can be derived by the application of Information Technology within competitive organizations. The authors refer to this maturity model as the IT Value Hierarchy. Each level of the IT Value Hierarchy is described using examples and comparisons to Maslow's Hierarchy. The model can be used by IT executives as a framework for better explaining and discussing the value of increasingly sophisticated Information Technology use within the enterprise.

O projeto padrão pode ser considerado impessoal, caso seja puramente uma representação gráfica da intenção projetual para determinada função. No entanto, sem a caracterização de um público-alvo, ainda com ausências de informações socioculturais que dependerão de cada região, a padronização genérica e impessoal pode ultrapassar os limites da humanização e ser uma ferramenta para a criação de espaços que não dialogam com seus usuários e ainda reforçam questões relacionadas à hierarquia espacial, insegurança e ausência de privacidade. Através de estudo de caso explanatório, análise de peças gráficas projetuais e revisão bibliográfica, busca-se relações entre temáticas sobre a qualidade funcional do espaço e as definições adotadas em projeto padrão de Arquitetura. Para este artigo, foi adotado como objeto de estudo o projeto arquitetônico padrão da Casa da Mulher Brasileira (instituição pública para atendimento centralizado às mulheres em situação de violência). Algumas problemáticas causadas pela desorganização espacial e fluxos cruzados foram identificadas e, com base nos argumentos apresentados, pretende-se provocar a reflexão sobre a importância da valorização do sujeito no momento da definição de programas de necessidades e setorizações projetuais para evitar prejuízos à apropriação do espaço: fator primordial à confiança e transcendência.

Can soil be considered as just a component of terrestrial ecosystems and agro-ecosystems or is it an ecosystem in itself? The present piece of opinion suggests that we should refer to the original definition of the ecosystem given by Tansley and apply it to the soil viewed as a multi-scale assemblage of ecological systems.

Abstract The way in which novice programmers learn to write code is of considerable interest to computing education researchers. One research approach to understanding how beginners acquire their programming abilities has been to look at student performance in exams. Lopez et al.(2008) analyzed student responses to an end-of-first-semester exam. They found two types of questions accounted for 46% of the variance on the code writing portion of the same exam. One of those types of question required students to trace ...

The concurrent design of materials and products provides designers with flexibility to achieve design objectives that were not previously accessible. However, the improved flexibility comes at a cost of increased complexity of the design process chains and the materials simulation models used for executing the design chains. Efforts to reduce the complexity generally result in increased uncertainty. We contend that a systems based approach is essential for managing both the complexity and the uncertainty in design process chains and simulation models in concurrent material and product design. Our approach is based on simplifying the design process chains systematically such that the resulting uncertainty does not significantly affect the overall system performance. Similarly, instead of striving for accurate models for multiscale systems (that are inherently complex), we rely on making design decisions that are robust to uncertainties in the models. Accordingly, we pursue hierarchical modeling in the context of design of multiscale systems. In this paper our focus is on design process chains. We present a systems based approach, premised on the assumption that complex systems can be designed efficiently by managing the complexity of design process chains. The approach relies on a) the use of reusable interaction patterns to model design process chains, and b) consideration of design process decisions using value-of-information based metrics. The approach is illustrated using a Multifunctional Energetic Structural Material (MESM) design example. Energetic materials store considerable energy which can be released through shock-induced detonation; conventionally, they are not engineered for strength properties. The design objectives for the MESM in this paper include both sufficient strength and energy release characteristics. The design is carried out by using models at different length and time scales that simulate different aspects of the system. Finally, by applying the method to the MESM design problem, we show that the integrated design of materials and products can be carried out more efficiently by explicitly accounting for design process decisions with the hierarchy of models.

The paper firstly describes how, using the two laws of 'increasing firm size' and 'uneven development', Hymer characterises the multinational corporation (MNC) as a geographically segmented hierarchy. In this structure HQs in a limited number of core countries exercise authoritarian control over global operations through the centralised generation of competitive advantages and determination of strategy. Poor hinterland countries then execute static and dependent low-value roles. The paper then discusses a number of changes to the practical configuration of MNCs since Hymer wrote. Notably the use of integrated supply networks, decentralisation of innovation and R&D and even of strategic decision making. The new organisation is seen in terms of Hedlund's heterarchy. But it is also noted that Hymer foresaw the potential of supply networks and showed the technological feasibility of heterarchical 'grids'. The predicted persistence of hierarchy, for Hymer, was therefore a choice taken by MNCs to secure the continuation of core-country control and the ability to appropriate surplus from the periphery. q

The governing of Sydney Harbour offers a classic case for the application of the 'governance' framework: there were many governmental bodies involved, with few institutionalised modes of coordination, and as an experiment, a position of 'Sydney Harbour Manager' was created, with no powers to direct but much scope to seek cooperation. This paper explores the practice of the Sydney Harbour Manager in the context of the academic discussion about the emergence of 'governance' as a new analytical construct, and a new mode of practice, in relation to the activity of governing. r

This essay explores intimate relationships between Buddhism and power in contemporary Thailand. Considering practices like divination and spirit mediumship as well as more orthodox contexts like kingship and the monkhood, it argues that Thai Buddhism cannot be divorced from the race for political influence and material wealth. The essay ultimately investigates the role of religion in legitimizing social hierarchy and economic inequality in the kingdom. It also illustrates how Thai Buddhism offers opportunities for resistance, as people from the periphery appropriate idioms of morality to challenge the status quo.

1. Introduction 2. Integrable dynamical systems 3. Synopsis of integrable systems 4. Algebraic methods 5. Analytical methods 6. The closed Toda chain 7. The Calogero-Moser model 8. Isomonodromic deformations 9. Grassmannian and integrable hierarchies 10. The KP hierarchy 11. The KdV hierarchy 12. The Toda field theories 13. Classical inverse scattering method 14. Symplectic geometry 15. Riemann surfaces 16. Lie algebras Index.

In his manifesto, Duncan Kennedy aptly identified hierarchies within legal scholarship and the legal profession, but his conclusion -- hierarchies in law are wrong and must be resisted -- is misplaced. Kennedy’s Legal Education and the Reproduction of Hierarchy: A Polemic Against the System, claims law schools breed a hierarchical system, where rank plays an important part in how law schools relate to each other; how faculty members relate to each other and to students; and how students relate to other students. This system trains students to accept and prepare for their place within the hierarchy of the legal profession. According to Kennedy, such training teaches students the necessity of embracing the ideas and opinions of those above their status in the hierarchy in order to succeed. To Kennedy and others, this is a recognizable danger with the potential to perpetuate injustice. While Kennedy’s observation of a hierarchical system’s potential to breed injustice is correct, his c...

This case analysis contributes to the academic development of knowledge management by questioning the widely accepted data-information-knowledge hierarchy. It examines the practical use the hierarchy during the development of a knowledge-based system in a large utility company. The data-informationknowledge hierarchy was found to be of limited practical use. The literature related to the hierarchy sheds little light on separating the concepts of data, information and knowledge. This case uses empirical data from an in-depth study to present a counterpoint to the conventional data-information-knowledge hierarchy. It contributes to theory in two distinct ways. First, it introduces the knowledge-informationdata model, which proposes a top-down perspective rather than the traditional bottom-up approach. Second, the case suggests that the terms knowledge and information can be understood in terms of their purpose and location. r

This study investigates how the members of four different role-playing communities on the online platform Second Life perform social as well as dramatic roles within their community. The trajectories of power influencing these roles are my main focus. Theoretically I am relying primarily on performance scholar Richard Schechner, sociologist, Erving Goffman, and post-structuralists Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. My methodological stance has its origin primarily within literature studies using text analysis as my preferred method, but I also draw on the (cyber)ethnographical works of T.L. Taylor, Celia Pearce, and Mikael Jakobsson. In this dissertation my focus is on the relationship of the role-player to their chosen role especially in terms of the boundary between being in character, and as such removed from "reality," and the popping out of character, which instead highlights the negotiations of the social, sometimes make-belief, roles. Destabilising ...

We propose a model-based approach to nonpreemptive multi-project management problems, based on a hierarchical two-stage decomposition of the planning and scheduling process. Two performance criteria are considered: the net present value, which includes investment costs, operating costs, revenues, penalties for late completion; and the service level, expressed as the agreement between the completion times of the different projects and the customer needs. The resulting hierarchy of integer programming models is aimed at assisting the planners in understanding the interrelations among the allocation of resources, the timing of the activities, the cash flows. A class of branch-and-bound procedures is then proposed for the solution of these integer programming models.

This paper is based on an ethnographic study of corridors in a large university building, originally built to house local government in the early 20th century. By attending to their huge physical presence in the everyday culture of an institution, the paper shows how corridors matter. Too often invoked as iconic, intangible metaphors, the presence of corridors as cultural materials can be forgotten. Conversely, as incidental – or even detrimental – remnants of past design trends, they are perceived parts of a divisive, hierarchical organisation of space. As the open-plan office, indoor street, forum and atrium displace them in a new design for ‘openness’, the study focuses on the mobilisation of corridors in the daily, sometimes momentary re-arrangements of meaning in an organisation. In conclusion, I discuss how the new architecture of ‘openness’ might be reconfigured through mobile understandings of everyday ‘openings’ and ‘closings’.

This paper presents a system, specially designed for the grape spraying through a robotic system. Agricultural Robotics is the logical proliferation of automation technology into bio systems such as agriculture, forestry, green house, horticulture etc. Presently a number of researches are being done to increase their applications. Some of the scientist contributions are mobile robot, flying robot, forester robot, Demeter which are exclusively used for agriculture. Humans are force to work in risky environment while spraying chemicals and pesticides on the crops for bug control. The tractors compress the soil, as they are heavier in weight. They cannot move in terrain environment. These techniques cannot recognize the crop and soil in close propinquity. Main aim is to avoid manual spraying of pesticides at actual farm, which will apparently reduce the impact of harmful chemicals on humans due to direction interaction of chemicals in manual spraying, and also increase the productivity of grapes. It will achieve by replacing human by a robotic system which will do the task of pesticides spraying over.

Satellite remote sensing and geographic information systems are emerging technologies in geomorphology. They offer the opportunity to gain flesh insights into biophysical systems through the spatial, temporal, spectral, and radiometric resolutions of remote sensing systems and through the analytical and data integration capability of GIS. The two technologies can be linked together into a synergistic system that is particularly well suited to the examination of landscape conditions through the interrelationships of scale, pattern, and process, a paradigm that has gained prominence in the fields of biogeography and landscape ecology. In this study, we apply optical and microwave remote sensing systems and GIS methodologies to case :studies flamed within the fluvial and alpine environments. We use the scale, pattern, and process paradigm to explore landscape relationships in those environments. Satellite image processing, change-detection analyses, digital elevation models, GIS-derived geomorphic indices and variables, composition and pattern metrics of landscape organization, and scale-dependent analyses are described and related to the study of river channel abandonment and the alpine treeline ecotone. We describe appropriate remote sensing and GIS techniques for geomorphic research, and demonstrate the use of such techniques in the application of the scale, pattern, and processes perspective in geomorphic studies.

Purpose -The paper defines a theoretical model which assesses and measures the intangible asset contribution to company performance. The model keeps into consideration the most meaningful elements that reflect the success factors, crucial to company business strategy and value creation. Design/Methodology/Approach -The model adopts a hierarchical structure. The strategic intangible assets of the company have been divided into value drivers; a series of measurement indicators have been selected to describe the characteristics of each aspect of the intangible company performance. The measurements obtained from numerical indicators, which express the totality of the results achieved by the organizational strategies, are combined to create the Hierarchical Assessment Index (H.A.I.), by assessing quantitative and qualitative company features, through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (A.H.P.). Findings -The H.A.I. identifies the sources of added value and competitive advantage in each business context; it traces the subordination of every element on company performance, and singles out those intangible assets which improve the company performance, at every level of the hierarchy. Practical implications -The H.A.I. provides guidelines to understand what are the key intangible factors to create the value of the company and suggests the implementation of corrective strategies. Originality/value -The H.A.I. is the expression of the combination of the objective measurements of intangible assets with the subjective contributions by the managers. In fact, besides the numerical results of the performance of every element in the hierarchical structure, also the managers' opinions about the significance of their performance are considered. Thus, objective and subjective evaluations jointly contribute to suggest the way to the achievement of the expected objectives.

The paper articulates a variety of aspects of hierarchical structure suitable for application to transport networks. The paper first considers key attributes of transport modes relevant to network structure. It then identifies the structure of traditional road networks,

This investigation on the Corpus Dionysiacum focuses on the study of some of the fundamental concepts in the theology of the Pseudo-Dionysius (v. gr. beauty, light, symbol, hierarchy, liturgy, apophatic theology, mysticism, divinization) in order to answer the question: How is the ontologic hierarchy of creation both valued and defined by the aesthetic theology of the Pseudo-Dionysius? The Areopagite arrives to the idea of hierarchy from the notion of the universe as ordered by the criteria of sacrality. “The common goal of every hierarchy —he tells us— consists of wishing, aspiring, loving the Goodness-Beauty and His Sacred Mysteries; a love infused by Him, perfected in His Union” (EH I, 3, 376 A). Thus, in the goodness of this hierarchical order, “thanks to Him and by Him, the inferior beings trustingly love superiors, equals communicate with their kindred and superiors care for inferiors” (DN IV, 10, 708 A). It is proper of the celestial hierarchy to manifest the beauty of light, based on the immediate nature of its relations and to the inherent transparency of its immaterial subjects; in the same manner, it is proper to the human hierarchy to reflect the beauty of the symbolized, due to the nature of our human limitations. On the other hand, Dionysius describes hierarchy as a salvific liturgy, structured in virtue of its ontological unity with God. The liturgy, turns, undoubtedly, into a deeply aestetical experience, seen as the dynamic by which one ascends in love and community by means of light and symbols. Therefore, we reach to the conclusion that Dionysius values and defines the ontological hierarchy of creation as liturgy: a liturgy encompassing the metaphysics of light and the mysticism of ascension, based on the anagogic strength of symbols. In this way, the thought of the Areopagite turns into a surprisingly modern topic, in light of the contemporary necessity to revive mysticism, as well as focusing theology in aesthetical terms and perspectives.

En esta investigación del Corpus Dionysiacum se aborda el estudio de algunos conceptos fundamentales de la teología del Pseudo Dionisio (v. gr., belleza, luz, símbolo, jerarquía, liturgia, apofatismo, mística, divinización) para tratar de dar respuesta a la pregunta: ¿cómo la estética teológica del Pseudo Dionisio define y valora la jerarquía ontológica de la creación? El Areopagita llega a la idea de jerarquía partiendo de la noción del universo en cuanto ordenado por el criterio de sacralidad. “Toda jerarquía —nos dirá— tiene como fin común desear, anhelar, amar al Bien-Hermosura y sus sagrados misterios; amor que Él infunde y en la unión con Él se perfecciona” (EH I, 3, 376 A). En la bondad del orden jerárquico, “gracias a Él y por Él, los seres inferiores aman confiadamente a los superiores, los iguales se comunican con sus semejantes, los superiores velan por los inferiores” (DN IV, 10, 708 A). Es propio de la jerarquía celeste manifestar la hermosura de la luz, dada la inmediatez de sus relaciones y la transparencia de sus sujetos inmateriales, en cuanto que es propio de la jerarquía humana lucir la belleza del símbolo, por causa de la necesidad de nuestras limitaciones naturales. Por otro lado, Dionisio describe la jerarquía como aquella liturgia salvífica que se estructura en virtud de la unidad que ontológicamente tiene con Dios. La liturgia, como la dinámica por la que se asciende comunitariamente a través de la luz y los símbolos, en el amor, es sin duda una vivencia profundamente estética. Por consiguiente, llegamos a la conclusión que Dionisio define y valora la jerarquía ontológica de la creación como liturgia: una liturgia que engloba una metafísica de la luz con una mística del ascenso, garantizada por la fuerza anagógica del símbolo. El pensamiento del Areopagita es tremendamente actual, debido a la necesidad que tenemos hoy en día de revitalizar la mística y a la pertinencia de abordar la teología en términos estéticos.

Subsequent to rapid information and communication technology development, the scope of the definition of
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT or ICTs) has been utilized within diverse contexts including economic development, education, IT, business and personal usage. A review of academic literature, trade publications and general information was undertaken to establish a hierarchy of
applications for the term ICT or ICTs.

Just here, in Washington Square, not long after the inception of this great univer-sity, Henry James's Catherine Sloper is last seen when, “picking up her morsel of fancy work, she had seated herself with it again – for life, as it were”. By 1901, a couple of generations later, she might well ...

Una regionalización biogeográfi ca es un sistema jerárquico para categorizar áreas geográfi cas en términos de su biota. Esta jerarquía incluye los niveles de reino, región, dominio, provincia y distrito, siendo el nivel básico la provincia. Se han propuesto numerosas regionalizaciones para caracterizar áreas biogeográfi cas, algunas de ellas basadas en la similitud total de sus biotas. Sin embargo, la identifi cación de patrones de homología geográfi ca (a través de la búsqueda de áreas de endemismo sucesivamente anidadas) sería un requisito fundamental para proponer esquemas de regionalización naturales. En el presente artículo se describen los principales conceptos y métodos asociados con el descubrimiento de los patrones biogeográfi cos usados en la construcción de regionalizaciones biogeográfi cas naturales.

Monepiscopacy definition: a form of church government in which a single governing bishop or leader is appointed in a local church, region, or over an entire denomination. This development was a departure from the earliest church model for governing Christian communities typically having a collegial type of leadership in which a group of men share the responsibility of leading and teaching, as among a group of colleagues.

Why is size so important? Why are "economies of scale" a universal feature of all flow systems, animate, inanimate, and human made? The empirical evidence is clear: the bigger are more efficient carriers (per unit) than the smaller. This natural tendency is observed across the board, from animal design to technology, logistics, and economics. In this paper, we rely on physics (thermodynamics) to determine the relation between the efficiency and size. Here, the objective is to predict a natural phenomenon, which is universal. It is not to model a particular type of device. The objective is to demonstrate based on physics that the efficiencies of diverse power plants should increase with size. The analysis is performed in two ways. First is the tradeoff between the "external" irreversibilities due to the temperature differences that exist above and below the temperature range occupied by the circuit executed by the working fluid. Second is the allocation of the fluid flow irreversibility between the hot and cold portions of the fluid flow circuit. The implications of this report in economics and design science (scaling up, scaling down) and the necessity of multi-scale design with hierarchy are discussed. Published by AIP Publishing.

In the Pacific, and in Melanesia in particular, violence against women is considered severe and pervasive.  Roughly two-thirds of the women in Fiji can expect violence in the domestic sphere at some time during their lives.  A number of cultural practices which are represented as supporting and maintaining gender inequity and therefore underwriting gender violence have attracted international attention and national governments have come under pressure to ban them. One such practice in Fiji is the bulubulu, a ritual of atonement. An anthropologist has since argued that the bulubulu has been adapted in such a way that it now supports the victim, and suggests that the performance of the ritual ‘is increasingly rare even in the villages’.  My own research suggests that these arguments are not accurate and that the reality in the villages is quite different. Further complicating the picture, the classic model of women’s refuges or crisis accommodation has faced immense obstacles and therefore has not been terribly effective to-date.  This paper can be found at the following link: http://press.anu.edu.au/node/2168/download

The focus of the chapter is weak islands (WI), i.e. selective islands. Strong (absolute) islands are considered only to set the stage for the discussion of WIs. Up until the late 1980s nothing much beyond wh-islands had been thought to be a WI. Beginning with Relativized Minimality, an ever-growing range of WIs has been recognized. Thus, theories of weak islands have mushroomed, each coming with a significant set of new data and important new connections to other domains. The chapter emphasizes the correspondence between data sets and theories. Less attention is given to proposals that primarily recast the theoretical account of some narrow range of data.

Section 2 explains the distinction between absolute versus selective islands. Section 3 introduces a range of classical strong islands and various types of explanations, among them subjacency, repair by ellipsis, and processing. Sections 4, 5, and 6 enumerate the kind of extractions that are sensitive to WIs and the factors that induce a WI. Under the rubric of weak-island sensitivity, it discusses arguments vs. adjuncts, referential or existentially  presupposing vs. non-referential expression, D-linking, individual vs. non-individual expressions and how many-phrases, functional readings and event-related readings, split constructions, negative polarity licensing, and cross-sentential anaphora. Under the rubric of weak-island inducers, it considers intervention effects due to wh-islands, negatives and other affective operators, response stance and non-stance in contrast to volunteered stance  predicates, extraposition islands, VP-adverbs, and finally quantifier scope islands. Section 7 is devoted to various theories of islands, starting with ECP and subjacency, moving on to Relativized Minimality. Theoretical problems and the diversity of the data motivate the transition to the scope theory that comes in two versions, the algebraic semantic and the dynamic semantic ones. Section 8 concludes.

This is an addition to my work "Analysis of Liberty" written in the Serbian language. It is considered the vector formula l = i · h which connects liberty with intelligence i and hierarchy h of live beings. You have more about this in the book:

https://www.academia.edu/34941678/INFORMATION_of_PERCEPTION_freedom_democracy_and_physics

W e investigate trade-offs associated with delegating authority over multiple interrelated decisions in a complex task structure. The empirical setting is a business process of a global Fortune 50 firm. The firm decentralized its organization and redefined decision authority across organizational hierarchies between 2008 and 2011. We employ regression analysis of microlevel data on the allocation of decision authority between formal and real authority, and further on the organization design of 761 decision tasks within a hierarchy. Our findings show how the specialization of decision-relevant knowledge, the matching of required knowledge and managers' expertise, and information processing intensity affect (a) the occurrence of delegation and, (b) if delegation occurs, how far down the organizational hierarchy authority is delegated. We discuss how these findings complement existing theories on delegation by providing insights into when and how interrelated decisions are delegated across multiple levels of an organizational hierarchy.

In this article, the Victorian class system will be analysed with reference to Elisabeth Gaskell's North and South. It is a well known fact that in the Victorian age, the class boundaries are very strict. Hence, the examples of social mobility is very rare and nearly impossible. Furthermore, in this age, the gap between the working-class and the middle-class is very wide and this results in protests on the side of the workers. Hence, many workers come together and build trade unions in order to protest the unequal distribution of wealth in the society (see Victorian England and Class and Class Consciousnes). As mentioned above, the Victorian society is a class-conscious society and in this article, Elisabeth Gaskell's reaction as a Victorian towards the Victorian class system (to biased attitudes in her society, which she very successfully reflects) in her novel, namely North and South will be analysed in detail.

Contributors:
AYŞE ZARAKOL
DAVID LAKE
ANDREW PHILLIPS
MICHAEL BARNETT
LAURA SJOBERG
VINCENT POULIOT
J.C. SHARMAN
ALEX COOLEY
SARAH STROUP AND WENDY WONG
REBECCA ADLER-NISSEN
SHOGO SUZUKI
JACK DONNELLY