Industrial Clusters

Repliker och kommentarer strider mot en hypotes som Braconier söker härleda ur vår artikel, nämligen att” den regionala utvecklingen inom en nation blivit alltmer ojämn som en följd av att lyckade klusterbildningar utvecklas i vissa regioner”.(Braconier [1999, s 439]).

Though (regional) economic development based on innovation clusters and regional systems of innovation is gaining prominence throughout the EU, (public) funding institutions are still reluctant to provide development guidelines to the ecosystems they help to develop. In this essay, I examine a small set of case studies to illustrate this trend and show that the most revered cases of good practice in regional development do include a sectoral focus. Furthermore, I propose that institutions should be less risk averse when distributing funding, as innovation is a convoluted process and initial failed ideas (“phantom innovations”) can still lead to successful buisnesses.

The necessity of differentiation within industrial-profile companies, correlated with the high importance granted to environmental problems, have led to the development of new ways of obtaining the competitive advantage ,within the knowledge-based economy. Thus, a new model of investment strategy, with a high degree of applicability, states the development of an exclusively environmental-focused industrial cluster, between large sized competing organisations, in order to implement an Environmental Management System.

The main question in Porter article “The capitalism is under siege” is: “How to reinvent capitalism”? Business has fallen and caught in a vicious circle. Government and civil society have often exacerbated the problem by attempting to address social weaknesses at the expense of business. The moment for a new conception of capitalism is now! The solution lies in the principle of shared value, in an outdated approach to value creation which involves creating economic value for society by addressing its needs and challenges, optimizing short-term financial performance and ignoring the broader influences that determine their longer-term success. Corporation must be redefined as creating shared value, not just profit per se. Society’s needs are large and growing, while customers, employees, and a new generation of young people are asking business to step up. Transformative power of shared value require leaders and managers to develop new skills and knowledge, bringing business and society back together, in new model which can emerging wave of innovation and productivity growth in the global economy, which will reshape capitalism and its relationship to society.

This chapter will examine the development of Taiwan’s vibrant industrial districts through case studies of arguably the four most successful industrial districts over time: bicycles, machine tools, information and communication technologies (ICT) hardware products, and integrated circuits (ICs). While the Taiwanese state played an active and often critical role in developing these industrial sectors and clusters as it did more broadly in Taiwanese economic development (Chu 2017; Wade 2004), these industrial clusters also varied in terms of the state’s role, the nature of their transnational links, and the concomitant density of their domestic clusters, and whether or not rural industrialization was an antecedent to
each cluster’s development.

Global dreams or local dynamics? An agenda for competitive clusters.
In spite of economic globalization, sustainable industrial dynamics is increasingly developed and determined on a local and regional level. In this book, the dreams of footloose capital are confronted with this paradox of globalization. The reason for the enduring competitive advantage of four sticky places, for very different dynamic regions, are discussed in detail; one in the US, one in Italy, and two in Sweden. Against this background an agenda for competitive clusters is presented, elaborating on six propositions which concern:
+ The role of embedded ownership and ´sticky capital´;
+ The importance of large ´locomotive firms´ with a big local heart;
+ The need for intensified interaction between business, social organizations and university research & education;
+ The productivity of public investments by private firms;
+ The contribution of union commitment to local development;
+ The necessity of public institutional funding of long-term cluster projects.

The Kasongan pottery industry is one of the most competitive in Indonesia. It has been able to sustain its competitiveness despite a range of shocks: the Bali bombing in 2001, a devastating earth quake in 2006 and the financial crisis since 2008. We have studied an innovative cluster project that aimed to support sustainable competitiveness of Kasongan pottery firms in the period 2009 – 2011. The project combined a bottom-up cluster program of local government, with a top-down program that is nationally funded, called ‘One Village, One Product’. The chapter fleshes out the importance of organized capacity in cluster development. First of all, Yogyakarta provides an exceptionally enabling and decentralized environment,  while most other cluster projects in Indonesia are top-down and remain disconnected from local visions, strategies and practices. Second, the project combines formal leadership of local government with informal leadership of the entrepreneur chairing the business association of the cluster. Third, the project builds on trust and reciprocity between the public and private sector.

From the second half of 20 th century different development model was created. Today development model base on small and medium size enterprises 1 has become the centre of several countries consideration. In multifarious articles different model was discussed. The two important development models are as follow:

This paper examines the dynamics of formation of two innovation-driven industrial clusters in Singapore: the biomedical sciences (BMS) cluster; and the offshore marine engineering cluster. The first represents an emerging technology cluster in the early stage of formation; the second represents a more mature cluster that has evolved from an earlier shipbuilding and repair industry-base. By comparing and contrasting these two clusters, we highlight key challenges and relevant policy implications for promoting industrial clusters at different stages of formation. The case studies show that it is possible to accelerate the development of knowledge-based industrial clusters through public policy. Since key processes for cluster development are common to both new and existing clusters, there are common elements in the strategies used in their development. However, there are also distinct differences in the specific roles and timing of state involvement depending on the maturity and nature of the industrial clusters involved.

Clustering is a very important business strategy in enhancing a firm’s performability. Porter provided a seminal theory in this field, but it has three limitations. First, the current theory cannot explain how cluster emerges. Second, a narrow perspective on geographic configuration has limitations in explaining a variety of real business practices. Lastly, Porter’s cluster concept is domestically oriented and understates multinational activities in terms of enhancing corporate performability. Embracing these limitations, this paper extends Porter’s cluster theory and provides a more comprehensive view on the real business world. We then apply it to a successful cluster strategy used by Samsung Electronics Corporation to enhance its performability.

Today economy is far more dynamic and clusters represent a new way of thinking about location, how companies should be configured, how institutions such as universities can contribute to competitive success, and how governments can promote economic development and prosperity.Porter submits that “in theory, open global markets and faster transportation and communication diminish role of location in competition.

Clustering is a very important business strategy in enhancing a firm's performability. Porter provided a seminal theory in this field, but it has three limitations. First, the current theory cannot explain how cluster emerges. Second, a narrow perspective on geographic configuration has limitations in explaining a variety of real business practices. Lastly, Porter's cluster concept is domestically oriented and understates multinational activities in terms of enhancing corporate performability. Embracing these limitations, this paper extends Porter's cluster theory and provides a more comprehensive view on the real business world. We then apply it to a successful cluster strategy used by Samsung Electronics Corporation to enhance its performability.

Simandan D (2009) Industrialization, In R Kitchin & N Thrift, (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography , Oxford: Elsevier, volume 5, pp. 419-425.
ABSTRACT: This article (1) defines industrialisation and indicates ways in which it can be measured, (2) highlights the importance of the timing of industrialisation and the inherent limits to the proper scientific explanation of this phenomenon, (3) disentangles the often confused conceptual relation between industrialisation and capitalism, (4) explicates the causal links between industrialisation and modernisation, (5) undertakes a brief assessment of the relative costs and benefits of industrialisation, and (6) discloses the defining contours of scholarship on industrialisation in Anglo-American human geography and illustrates it with a recent attempt to integrate the field with the help of a master metaphor called ‘recursive cartographies’. Its portrayal of economic reality as interplay of legacies, rhythms, and events conveys the usefulness of spatial thinking in industrialisation research.

Esta publicación da a conocer algunas prácticas exitosas, estrategias o proyectos realizados, o conocimientos generados por algunos actores de la triple hélice (empresas-gobierno-instituciones de educación superior y centros de investigación) en la economía local, para mostrar, qué hacen, cómo lo hacen y qué aportan al desarrollo de la región. El contenido de este libro aporta no sólo a la generación y difusión del conocimiento, sino provee insumos para encaminar acciones para mejorar el ambiente de convivencia, de negocios y a la larga mejorar la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos

Dans le contexte économique mondial actuel, les pays développés et ceux en voie de développement ont fait le pari des pôles et des agglomérations d’entreprises, afin de consolider la compétitivité des territoires et ainsi de l’économie nationale. S’inspirant des expériences internationales, le Maroc s’est investi dans le renforcement de la compétitivité territoriale, à travers des politiques volontaristes, afin de permettre l’éclosion d’une industrie forte en valeur ajoutée et l’ancrage d’une logique d’innovation et de compétitivité territoriale. Cet article se donne pour but, d’abord, de présenter l’évolution des agglomérations d’entreprises et leur rôle dans la valorisation des territoires à travers une revue de littérature. Il s’agit ensuite, de donner un aperçu de l’expérience marocaine dans le développement des clusters à travers des politiques économiques et industrielles, et conclure par une matrice SWOT synthétisant l’expérience marocaine.

Abstrak Animasi adalah salah satu sektor industri kreatif yang memiliki potensi ekonomi yang sangat baik. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan terus meningkatnya pertumbuhan dari sektor ini, yaitu sekitar 10%-15% per tahun dengan market size sekitar Rp. 5 triliun. Untuk dapat terus meningkatkan pertumbuhan pada sektor animasi dibutuhkan dukungan. Meski termasuk besar namun angka ini masih jauh tertinggal dari industri animasi di India dengan market size sebesar Rp 14 triliun dan pertumbuhan sebesar 30% tiap tahun. Pertumbuhan yang cukup signifikan ini harus didukung dengan peningkatan daya saing produk animasi yang dihasilkan. Sebuah produk dapat berdaya saing jika memiliki dukungan yang kuat dari berbagai pihak. Dukungan tersebut dapat berupa dukungan dari beberapa elemen terkait industri animasi diantaranya adalah : industri inti, industri terkait, industri pendukung, lembaga pendukung dan pembeli. Daya saing suatu kegiatan usaha dapat dianalisis dengan cara melihat rantai nilai yang mencakup perancangan produk, pengadaan input atau sarana produksi, logistik, logistik eksternal, pemasaran, penjualan, purna jual dan layanan pendukung. Tahapan yang ada pada proses pembuatan film animasi 3D terbagi menjadi tiga tahapan yaitu pra-produksi, produksi dan paska produksi. Meskipun saat ini industri animasi di Indonesia belum secara detail memisahkan setiap tahapan tersebut, namun tetap menjadi penting untuk mengetahui detail aktivitas dari tahapan tersebut, dengan tujuan untuk melihat kekuatan dan kelemahan dari setiap proses yang ada pada tahapan tersebut. Oleh sebab itu analisis rantai nilai pada setiap tahapan tersebut sangat penting untuk dilakukan dengan harapan dapat memberikan rekomendasi untuk melakukan agenda perkuatan terhadap industri inti animasi khususnya di Kota Cimahi. Sehingga produktivitas dari klaster industri animasi di Kota Cimahi dapat ditingkatkan. Kata Kunci : Industri animasi, tahapan pra-produksi film animasi 3D, klaster industri, rantai nilai, kerangka kebijakan inovasi

is partner and the Head of Research and International Markets at Swedish place-branding consultancy Tendensor AB, leading research and consultancy projects in the Nordic and Baltic countries. He also serves as executive member of the board of the Association for Place Branding and Public Diplomacy. Marcus has worked for Baltic Development Forum, the Swedish Government and the European Commission, with communication and public affairs and policy areas such as cluster development, innovation and security policy. He holds an MA in Political Science from Uppsala University and an MSc. in Marketing, Business and Economics from Stockholm University School of Business.

The paper describes One among the Cluster Development Projects in Tanzania that promotes national socio-economic development. The project used Cluster Based Approach that engaged academia, research and development organization in stimulating, catalyzing and promoting the development of innovation systems and innovative clusters in Tanzania.  The programme started in 2006 by piloting eight (8) Cluster Initiatives (CI). As of December 2015, the programme has facilitated the establishment of more than 70 clusters.
The project interventions included business support services, training of cluster facilitators, providing and advising new technologies/techniques on business development and provision of entrepreneurship and business skills.
The project has notable achievements, challenges as well as opportunities and recommendations towards cluster development initiatives in Tanzania.
The project has noted one important aspect of having a Cluster Development Guideline for Tanzania that will enable various Cluster Development Practitioners to use in Cluster Development initiatives.

Il settore del mobile-arredamento è uno di quelli che maggiormente rispecchiano la connotazione distrettuale dell’industria manifatturiera italiana e la sua capacità di affermare in campo internazionale il vantaggio competitivo delle imprese che vi appartengono.
Prendendo spunto dall’analisi dei processi di internazionalizzazione delle imprese minori, e in particolare di quelle inserite nei contesti distrettuali, questo lavoro suggerisce una lettura del settore con un’ottica focalizzata sui rapporti di mercato e sul modo in cui questi risentono dell’influenza delle relazioni a monte, in particolare quelle che presenti all’interno del  contesto distrettuale di appartenenza.
La ricerca condotta sul distretto preso come riferimento, quello pesarese, mette in luce l’esistenza di precise economie distrettuali “di canale”, date dalla maggiore capacità di risposta flessibile alle sollecitazioni esterne con accresciuta visibilità e capacità informativa, sfruttando a proprio vantaggio la varietà di sollecitazioni, di interlocutori e di spazi mercato via via disponibili.
Si tratta di un modello di sviluppo che si è protratto nel tempo e ha maturato una diffusa coscienza dell’internazionalizzazione, le cui dinamiche hanno messo in luce una grande versatilità ma talvolta anche profili statici e scarsa permeabilità fra esperienze vissute nel mercato interno e nei mercati esteri. L’appartenenza al doppio sistema distretto-canale determina infatti un’articolazione di ruoli e un intreccio di relazioni che scaturisce dal complesso combinarsi di piccole dimensioni di impresa, distretto industriale e processi di internazionalizzazione e che richiede una visione di insieme e comportamenti coerenti.
Collocare la piccola impresa nel distretto e nel canale aiuta a riflettere sulla sua effettiva e potenziale capacità strategica, dando valore alle dinamiche relazionali nell’intera filiera di produzione-vendita e coinvolgendo la dimensione distrettuale nel confronto competitivo.

The transformation of deprived urban areas is important for strengthening social sustainability in particular localities, and it is also instrumental in attracting new investments to cities. Speculative urban development, however, often ignores the social importance of localities and considers them mere economic assets that can be stripped of historical, social, and symbolic meaning and turned into easily marketed commodities. This article examines the somewhat contradictory role of the transformation of deprived urban areas in cities. It compares Barcelona and Seoul, two cities with different historical, cultural, and institutional contexts. The 22@ Activity District in Poblenou and Wangsimni New Town are explored as case studies to understand how urban regeneration and urban redevelopment are embedded in a particular locality and what consequences they have on social sustainability. Although the two cases differ in terms of planning approach, stakeholders, and institutional contexts, the findings suggest that the consequences for social sustainability were similar in both. The article argues that declining social cohesion and a lack of citizen participation were a consequence of speculative urban development, in which urban regeneration and urban redevelopment were instrumentalized to attract investments, strengthen economic competitiveness, and improve the city’s global appeal rather than address diverse local challenges.

La explotación de los recursos mineros en gran escala requiere de un volumen de inversión que el país no tiene capacidad de generar. Por ello, es necesario contar con inversión extranjera directa. La IED proviene de empresas que no son ni ángeles ni demonios. Pero para proteger a la población de los efectos negativos de su presencia y aprovechar todas las ventajas que trae, requiere desarrollar ciertos mecanismos internos en el país de los que carecemos. La IED puede ser un catalizador de desarrollo si se aprovecha adecuadamente su presencia. Este documento propone el aprender de la experiencia del Cluster Minero de Antofagasta en Chile, como ejemplo de desarrollo basado en las oportunidades que genera la IED.

En las últimas décadas, la industria aeroespacial ha tomado relevancia para los países desarrollados, ya que es uno de los pilares que mueven c éstas economías, dando empleo, además de ser un detonador de desarrollo tecnológico y especialización de los recursos humanos.

Provoca el desarrollo de infraestructura de alto nivel debido a la sofisticación y exigencia de los estándares a la cadena de suministro.

La industria aeronáutica estaba establecida en el mundo industrializado, predomiantemente en Estados Unidos y Europa. Sin embargo, esta situación se prevé un tanto diferente, pues la balanza se estará inclinando hacia los países emergentes y la zona de Asia-Pacífico. Según Airbus Global Market, el tráfico aéreo también se duplicará durante los próximos 15 años por las demandas de aeronaves, la flota para pasajeros se incrementará un 109%  entre 2012 y 2032, también se estima que la flota de carga crecerá 77% y el número de pasajeros aumentará de 2.9 billones a 6.7 billones en el mismo periodo.

Dentro de la economía latinoamericana, Brasil y México se alzan como principales en la carrera. México sin embargo, tiene la ventaja de ser el vecino directo del consumidor más grande y uno de sus  principales proveedores actualmente.

La Industria aeroespacial mexicana ha tenido un crecimiento muy significativo en la última década, en ella han progresado regiones que han conformado clústeres importantes como por ejemplo: Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Nuevo León y Querétaro, por mencionar algunos. 

México se ha colocado en una posición muy atractiva para la inversión extranjera directa (IED) en la industria, por ello, el gobierno, la academia y la industria están cada vez más cercanos con el fin de conformar una triple hélice  poderosa que permita llevar al país a la posición número diez o menor superando a Brasil en los próximos diez años. Sonora, Querétaro,  Baja California y Chihuahua son los estados donde se concentran las mayores fortalezas, sin embargo también se tienen muchas áreas de oportunidad como lo han demostrado diferentes estudios.

En el presente trabajo se presenta un análisis desde la perspectiva de competitividad utilizando las herramientas del Dr. Michael Porter para mostrar las condiciones actuales de la industria Aeroespacial en el estado de Sonora, para visualizar mejor las áreas de oportunidad y  potenciar más la productividad de este estado en dicho sector.

Master's theses.
 What factors and conditions influence innovation clusters emerging in India and Ukraine?
 Can and in which way innovation clusters spread an economic development of both countries and dedicate to their lifting from poverty? What similarities in that impact are common to both countries?
The proposed research intends to answer mentioned questions, investigating cases of India and Ukraine. Both countries are developing and poor, though they have already distinguished a certain success in developing modern technologies and got a few innovation clusters. Two countries have different cultures, and, moreover, are situated on different continents. Thus, their comparison promises to provide rich results.

I examine the development and current situation of the woollen knitwear and woven fabric industry in the Scottish Borders. The paper opens with a brief theoretical exposition of the logic and dynamics of industrial clusters. An overview of the consolidation of the industry as a multifaceted spatial cluster or agglomeration in the 19th century is presented. I then describe changes in the locational structure and productive capacities of the industry over the last several decades. I provide a diagnosis of the industry's decline in recent years together with an assessment of relevant stocks of region-based resources and capabilities. I argue that the Scottish Borders region lacks many of the pooled competitive advantages typically found in successful clusters but that carefully modulated policy could do much to improve local economic performance in the future. A number of specific policy guidelines focussed on inter-industrial relations, labour markets and institutional infrastructures are examined.

O livro Imagens Urbanas e Resistências: Das Capitais de Cultura às Cidades Criativas é uma adaptação da tese de doutorado de Claudia Seldin, vencedora do Prêmio Capes de Tese 2016 na categoria “Arquitetura e Urbanismo” e do VII Prêmio Milton Santos da ANPUR. É escrito a partir do princípio de que para se compreender a cidade é necessário considerar sua esfera cultural, algo essencial na época contemporânea, em que a cultura vem sendo utilizada como uma ferramenta para nortear o planejamento urbano.
A autora coloca que, entre o final da década de 1970 e início da de 2000, diversas foram as revitalizações urbanas pontuais visando a implantação de equipamentos culturais e de lazer capazes de transformar a imagem de cidades diversas, reavivando economias falidas e gerando modelos emblemáticos de “planejamento cultural estratégico” no mundo inteiro: Paris, Barcelona, Bilbao, Berlim... Tratava-se da busca pelo paradigma da ‘capital de cultura’.
Seldin argumenta então que, a partir dos anos 2000, com o fortalecimento de uma economia movida pelo conhecimento e pela provisão de serviços e de bens culturais, começamos a assistir a uma transformação nos discursos que embasam as políticas públicas e que, agora, passam a perseguir o status da “cidade criativa” – um conceito calcado na importância de cidades tolerantes, diversificadas e voltadas para a atração de profissionais produtores de capital cognitivo. A pesquisa realizada mostra que este novo paradigma reforça muitos dos problemas e desigualdades gerados pelo anterior, atuando muitas vezes contra os interesses da “classe criativa” que se alega privilegiar, gerando movimentos sociais com um forte caráter de resistência e que comprovam a existência da atual luta pelo direito à cidade – uma cidade que, independente do rótulo, seja mais justa e menos desigual.

This chapter focuses on the Ontario Entertainment and Creative cluster, most of the firms of which are located in the greater Toronto region.  The core components of this cluster are the book, magazine, film/television, music, and interactive digital media industries. After briefly reviewing the economic and social characteristics of Toronto, I assess the strengths and weaknesses of the Toronto media cluster and its constituent subsectors, and I analyse the principal structural characteristics of the Toronto cluster, including its industrial dynamics, market orientation, and extent of regional agglomeration in the Toronto urban area. I then examine the cluster's growth processes, noting that the cluster's overall orientation to the domestic English-language market is its primary raison d'être as well as a major constraint to further development. However, unlike "satellite" production clusters which provide low-cost services to Hollywood, the Toronto cluster possesses a full range of well-developed higher-order media business, creative, and technological capabilities across a range of media industries, providing a potential advantage. A second potential advantage of the Toronto cluster is its co-location with strong technology, finance, and business service clusters. A third potential advantage is Toronto's multicultural population, whose entry into the mainstream of Toronto's media industries could improve the cluster's global outlook and enhance the city's branding as a cosmopolitan place. This configuration of assets and capabilities provides a range of potential growth pathways that concurrently meet Canada’s needs for cultural sovereignty and jurisdictional advantage.