J

The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought offers the most comprehensive collection of essays in multidisciplinary metaphor scholarship that has ever been published. These essays explore the significance of metaphor in language, thought, culture, and artistic expression. There are five main themes of the book: the roots of metaphor, metaphor understanding, metaphor in language and culture, metaphor in reasoning and feeling, and metaphor in nonverbal expression. Contributors come from a variety of academic disciplines, including psychology, linguistics, philosophy, cognitive science, literature, education, music, and law.

North begins his book by stating that "institutions are the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction."(3) That being said North then proposes to examine institutions, changes in them, and their impact on economic performance over time.

North begins his book by stating that "institutions are the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction."(3) That being said North then proposes to examine institutions, changes in them, and their impact on economic performance over time.

Edited by J. Maxwell Atkinson and John Heritage 1l11 riflll tJ/tltll Unlursity of Cambrid111 ltlprlftt rmJ srlf 11/1 malfffllr of hooks WQ.f ftDrtltd by Htrtry V11ll11 1.5J4. Tlr11 U,inrsity .\a.r prlntNI (11ft/ publislt11d rontlftllt:I141Y slntt U84.

There are many ways of construing the psychology of loss. This paper describes one such model, which enlightens some, but not all, aspects of bereavement and needs to be used alongside other models. Loss is one aspect of psychosocial transition, the psychological change that takes place whenever people are faced with the need to undertake a major revision of their assumptions about the world. The paper focuses on the ways in which people change or fail to change their internal model of the world in the face of emergent events. Examples are taken from bereavement, loss of a limb, and the succession of losses that mark the course of terminal illness. Implications for identifying people at risk and mitigating that risk are outlined.

Attachment theory has been extremely successful at stimulating research on the formation and quality of emotional bonds and the complex interplay between individual-level and relationship-level processes in all phases of the lifespan . In this chapter, we review and assess some of the empirical findings and propose integrative ideas concerning both normative and individual-difference aspects of personal relationships in adulthood. First, we present a theoretical model of the activation and psychodynamics of the attachment behavioral system in adulthood and describe the intrapsychic and interpersonal manifestations of the sense of attachment security and the regulatory strategies of hyperactivation and deactivation. Next, we focus on romantic relationships, the site of some of the most important emotional bonds in adulthood, and explore implications of variations in attachment-system functioning for the formation and maintenance of these relationships. Specifically, we discuss (a) the contribution of these variations to relationship quality in different stages of a romantic relationship (initiation, consolidation, and maintenance) and (b) the interpersonal processes that explain this contribution. Finally, we extend our theoretical analysis to other kinds of relationships, such as relationships within family systems, friendships, therapeutic relationships, and both intra-and intergroup relations.

Attachment theory has been extremely successful at stimulating research on the formation and quality of emotional bonds and the complex interplay between individual-level and relationship-level processes in all phases of the lifespan . In this chapter, we review and assess some of the empirical findings and propose integrative ideas concerning both normative and individual-difference aspects of personal relationships in adulthood. First, we present a theoretical model of the activation and psychodynamics of the attachment behavioral system in adulthood and describe the intrapsychic and interpersonal manifestations of the sense of attachment security and the regulatory strategies of hyperactivation and deactivation. Next, we focus on romantic relationships, the site of some of the most important emotional bonds in adulthood, and explore implications of variations in attachment-system functioning for the formation and maintenance of these relationships. Specifically, we discuss (a) the contribution of these variations to relationship quality in different stages of a romantic relationship (initiation, consolidation, and maintenance) and (b) the interpersonal processes that explain this contribution. Finally, we extend our theoretical analysis to other kinds of relationships, such as relationships within family systems, friendships, therapeutic relationships, and both intra-and intergroup relations.

This article reports how quantitative and quaiitative methods were combined in a longitudinal multidisciplinary study of interreiationships between perceptions of work and a computer information system. The articie describes the problems and contributions stemming from different research perspectives and methodological approaches. It illustrates four methodological points: (1) the value of combining quaiitative and quantitative methods; (2) the need for context-specific measures of job characteristics rather than exciusive reliance on standard context-independent instruments; (3) the importance of process measures when evaluating information systems; and (4) the need to explore the necessary relationships between a computer system and the perceptions of its users, rather than unidirectional assessment of computer system impacts on users or of users characteristics on computer system impiementation.

... These results hold across languages, whether the plan was generated in Chinese or in English. ... these differences in relation to the plan length and the difference in details for Qingming in the two languages, they appear to offer some insights into how language is stored ...

Conduction has been one of the main barriers to further improvements in Li-ion batteries and is expected to remain so for the foreseeable future. In an effort to gain a better understanding of the conduction phenomena in Li-ion batteries and enable breakthrough technologies, a comprehensive survey of conduction phenomena in all components of a Li-ion cell incorporating theoretical, experimental, and simulation studies, is presented here. Included are a survey of the fundamentals of electrical and ionic conduction theories; a survey of the critical results, issues and challenges with respect to ionic and electronic conduction in the cathode, anode and electrolyte; a review of the relationship between electrical and ionic conduction for three cathode materials: LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiFePO4; a discussion of phase change in graphitic anodes and how it relates to diffusivity and conductivity; and the key conduction issues with organic liquid, solid-state and ionic liquid electrolytes.

El documento está orientado para ser utilizado por personas competentes para evaluar la relevancia, limitaciones y recomendaciones, las cuales aceptan la responsabilidad por el uso del contenido. Las personas que utilicen esta publicación de cualquier manera asumen todo el riesgo inherente y aceptan la totalidad de la responsabilidad por el uso y aplicación de esta información.

eds., Evolution and the human mind: Language, modularity and meta-cognition. Cambridge U.P. 2000, pp 218-237 0. where I'm going The theme of this chapter is that some seemingly arcane philosophers' disputes about the nature of rationality are relevant to questions about the evolution of strategic thinking in our species. By strategic thinking I mean, roughly, the kinds of cognitive processes that an agent uses in order to choose an action or a strategy in a situation involving other agents, taking account of the fact that the others are also choosing acts or strategies in the light of the same factors.

Our aim in this chapter is to show how discursive psychology (DP) deals with psychological states and characteristics. We do this in several ways: by denning what DP is, by demonstrating it analytically, and by discussing various criticisms and misunderstandings of it. As for defining it, DP works in three closely related ways: 1. Respecification and critique. Standard psychological topics are respecified as discourse practices. Topics recognized in mainstream psychology such as' memory','causal attribution','script'knowledge, and so on, ...

9 A new technique has been developed to establish a tube feeding gastrostomy without a laparotomy. The procedure is particularly useful in high risk patients because general anesthesia is not usually required. The procedure is simple, safe, and rapid. It has been employed in 12 children (and 19 adults) with minimal morbidity and no mortality.

1. We reexamine the possibilities for analyzing and interpreting the time course of correlation in spike trains simultaneously and separably recorded from two neurons. 2. We develop procedures to quantify and properly normalize the classical joint peristimulus time scatter diagram. These allow separation of the "raw" correlation into components caused by direct stimulus modulations of the single-neuron firing rates and those caused by various types of interaction between the two neurons. 3. A newly developed significance test ("surprise") is applied to evaluate such inferences. 4. Application of the new procedures to simulated spike trains allowed the recovery of the known circuitry. In particular, it proved possible to recover fast stimulus-locked modulations of "effective connectivity," even if they were masked by strong direct stimulus modulations of individual firing rates. These procedures thus present a clearly superior alternative to the commonly...

Aqueous and methanol extracts of the leaves of Juniperus oxycedrus were investigated for their in vitro antimicrobial properties. The plant was collected from Pelitli Village of Gebze, Kocaeli, in the Marmara region of Turkey. Juniperus oxycedrus is widely used as traditional folk medicine in Turkey for treatment of different infectious diseases. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts against 143 laboratory strains belonging to 56 bacterial species, and 31 isolates of 5 fungi species were evaluated based on the inhibition zone using the disc-diffusion assay, minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. The aqueous extract of J. oxycedrus had no antimicrobial effect against the test microorganisms whereas the methanol extract had inhibitory effects on the growth of 57 strains of 24 bacterial species in the genera of Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Brevundimonas, Brucella, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Xanthomonas. In addition 11 Candida albicans isolates at a concentration of 31.25-250 g/ml were also inhibited.

The eruption of 1631 A.D. was the most violent and destructive event in the recent history of Vesuvius. More than fifty primary documents, written in either Italian or Latin, were critically examined, with preference given to the authors who eyewitnessed volcanic phenomena. The eruption started at 7 a.m. on December 16 with the formation of an eruptive column and was followed by block and lapilli fallout east and northeast of the volcano until 6 p.m. of the same day. At 10 a.m. on December 17, several nures ardentes were observed to issue from the central crater, rapidly descending the flanks of the cone and devastating the villages at the foot of Vesuvius. In the night between the 16th and 17th and on the afternoon of the 17th, extensive lahars and floods, resulting from rainstorms, struck the radial valleys of the volcano as well as the plain north and northeast.

Although the description just given is meant to apply to a whole series of thinkers in the West, it fits the position of our opening thinker, Plato, with alarming accuracy. Plato inherited a rich tradition of natural philosophy developed during the pre-Socratic period. Numerous philosophers had developed divergent accounts of what could be the arché or ultimate principle,

Human resource is key factor of organization development for public and business organization. Organization development orientation does not concern directly with human being. However, it's implication is refer to human resource. Therefore, its existence is needed to be given a serious attention. One of methods is Total Quality approach. This paper discusses some problems of developing a good quality of working culture.

Using a cue-word paradigm from autobiographical memory, we report on an investigation of bilingual memory and codeswitching among immigrant adults. The aims of the chapter are threefold: (1) to analyze the relationship between language and memory among bilingual immigrants via same language and crossover memories (memories which were cued in one language yet retrieved in the other language the bilingual knows); (2) to examine the extent to which immigration infl uences classical memory patterns; and (3) to fi nd out whether behavioral evidence -codeswitching -exists to support immigrants' self-reported memory retrieval of crossover memories. Twelve English-Hebrew bilingual immigrants aged 64-79 were asked to retrieve specifi c memories to cue words in separate fi rst language (L1) and second language (L2) sessions. Following retrieval of memories, participants were asked to report the decade of the memory event and the language in which the memory came to them. Results replicated , showing evidence for a reminiscence bump (a higher than expected number of memories during the 10-30 age period) and a trend toward an immigration bump in bilinguals who immigrated at a later age. Overall, 40 percent of the memories recalled were "crossovers" (i.e., memories in a language that differed from the language of the experimental session and cue word). In an attempt to fi nd behavioral correlates for "crossover" judgments, narratives from selected memories were examined for the extent of within-utterance bilingual codeswitching. Narratives elicited for selected memories revealed more codeswitching in crossover memories, showing evidence for a consistency between reported memories and bilingual language behavior. 9781107008908c08_p211-235.indd 211 9781107008908c08_p211-235.indd 211

A key theme of this chapter derives from Slobin's (1973) insight that, with age, new forms are recruited to meet old functions while, concurrently, new functions are realized by familiar linguistic means. This is illustrated in (1) through (3) below by three linguistic categories in the 'frog story' narrative sample (Berman & Slobin 1994): prepositions (in, on, after), the English suffix -ing and the connective and.

Polyploids are desired to produce seedless fruits in watermelon. In vitro techniques pave way towards production of tetraploids by culturing explants on media containing colchicine. Cotyledon, embryonic end of seed, epicotyl and hypocotyl explants were cultured on MS media supplemented with BA (1 mg L -1 ). Shoot proliferation response was maximum in cotyledonary explants cultured on 0.01% colchicine level for four days. The DNA content of regenerated plants was estimated using spectrophotometery. DNA content was found double in tetraploids (4.41µg mL -1 ) than diploids (2.18 µg mL -1 ) in unit gram of sample. Cotyledon explants cultured on colchicine supplemented medium (0.01%) for four days resulted in maximum tetraploids than plantlets regenerated from epicotyl and hypocotyl explants. Embryonic ends and cotyledon as explants produced aneuploids when cultured on the same media for seven days.