Legal Responsibility

It is a common idea, and an element in many legal systems, that
people can deserve punishment when they commit criminal (or
immoral) actions. A standard philosophical objection to this
retributivist idea about punishment is that if human choices and
actions are determined by previous events and the laws of nature,
then we are not free in the sense required to be morally responsible
for our actions, and therefore cannot deserve blame or punishment.
It has recently been suggested that this argument can be backed up
by neuroscience, since neuroscientific explanations of human
behavior leave no room for non-determined free actions. In this
thesis, an argument of this sort is discussed. According to this
argument, that I call “the Revision Argument”, we should revise the
legal system so that any retributivist justification of punishment is
removed. I examine some objections to the Revision Argument
according to which compatibilism about free will and responsibility is
a morally acceptable basis of retributive punishment. I argue that
these objections have difficulties in providing a plausible account of
the relevant difference between people who deserve punishment for
their actions and people who do not. Therefore, I argue that they fail
to refute the conclusion of the Revision Argument.

When trying to capture the meaning of freedom, the issue is approached usually in a negative sense, by specifying the constraints affecting it. «The only freedom which deserves the name is that of 15 pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs, or impede their efforts to obtain it.» - John Stuart Mill, On Liberty. Therefore, the only part of the conduct of anyone for which he is amenable to society is that which concerns others.

The paper refers to the opinions expressed by theorists, regarding the notions of responsibility and liability, seen as logical claims of the consequences of our freedom. The author shows that the 20 terms, although associated, have different meanings and their acceptance and use must be different, only one question remaining: to coerce a man is to deprive him of freedom - freedom from what?

ÖZET
Hekimlerin tıbbi tedavi yöntemlerinden birini seçme hakkı, özel hukuktan doğan sorumluluk hukuku içerisinde incelenen kavramlardandır. Hekimin tıbbi takdir yetkisi kavramı ise, hekimin tedavi yöntemlerinden birini seçmesi kavramından daha geniş kapsamlı olarak düşünülmelidir. Hekimin tıbbi takdir yetkisi sınırsız olarak yorumlanmamalıdır. Hekimin yapmış olması gereken yöntem ve uygulamanın, özel durum koşullarına ve somut olaya uygun olması gözetilmelidir. Somut olayın koşulları ve hekimin buna ilişkin karar süreci gözlemlenmek suretiyle, hekimin tıp bilimince kabul edilen verilere uygun bir tedavi gerçekleştirip gerçekleştirmediği anlaşılabilir. Hasta ile arasında doğrudan sözleşme ilişkisi olan hekimin, somut olay koşulları içerisinde hukuka uygun olmayan uygulamaları için tazminat sorumluluğu söz konusu olacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Tıbbi Müdahale, Hekimlerin Sorumluluğu, Hekimin Tedaviyi Belirlemesi, Hukuki Sorumluluk

MEDICAL DISCRETIONARY POWER OF THE PHYSICIAN

ABSTRACT
The right of physicians to choose one of the medical treatment methods is a concept that is examined within the law of liability arising from private law. The concept of medical discretionary authority of the physician should be considered more broadly than the concept of selection one of the treatment methods by the physician. The medical discretion of the physician should not be construed as unlimited. It should be borne in mind that the method and practice the physician should have performed is appropriate for the special circumstances and concrete events. By observing the conditions of the specific event and the decision process of the physician, it can be deduced whether the physician has performed a treatment according to the accepted definition by the medical science. The physician, who has a direct contractual relationship with the patient, will be liable for compensation for unlawful practices within the context of the circumstances of the concrete case.
Keywords: Medical Treatment, Responsibility of Physician, Physician to Determine Treatment, Legal Responsibility

В работе исследуются основные подходы к определению юридической ответственности в современном избирательном процессе России и ее виды.

The paper examines the main approaches to the definition of legal responsibility in the modern electoral process in Russia, and its types.

Note: Downloadable document is in Russian.

It is common for philosophers to argue that psychopaths are not morally responsible because they lack some of the essential capacities for morality. In legal terms, they are criminally insane. Typically, however, the insanity defense is not available to psychopaths. The primary reason is that they appear to have the knowledge and understanding required under the M’Naghten Rules. However, it has been argued that what is required for moral and legal responsibility is ‘deep’ moral understanding, something that psychopaths do not have either due to their lacking empathy or practical reason. In the first part of the paper, I argue that psychopaths do not lack the abilities required for deep moral understanding, although they have deficits in those areas. According the M’Naghten Rules, therefore, psychopaths are not insane. Under a less strict formulation of the insanity plea, like the Model Penal Code, however, there is a good case to be made for their lacking substantial capacity. I argue that because psychopathy is an essentially moral disorder, and because of the nature of psychopathic violence, psychopaths should not be excused under the insanity plea. It would be tantamount to excusing someone for committing a crime because they are bad. Arguably, this contravenes the entire system of law.

Corruption is a negative phenomenon in modern conditions, which has penetrated into all areas of the state's functioning, causing significant damage to its development. Therefore, overcoming this phenomenon is the main problem, which negatively affects the stability and security of society, and levels democratic institutions and values. International experience in preventing corruption indicates that corruption is a factor that threatens national security, economic development, and social and democratic principles of society. The purpose of the study is to define the concept, content and features of legal regulation of corruption, analyze and summarize the state of corruption in Ukraine, and determine the results of preventing corruption in Ukrainian legislation and international practice

Bajo la hipótesis de que todo juicio de atribución de responsabilidad supone la defraudación de una expectativa, en el texto se propone comprender a estas últimas como estándares que pueden ser adoptados por los miembros de una comunidad para la evaluación de determinados eventos y que les autorizan a buscar una explicación de los eventos que las defraudan. Después de exponer esa forma de comprender las expectativas, se analiza su relación con la responsabilidad considerando la hipótesis señalada. Por último, se explora la relación entre expectativas y responsabilidad como una alternativa a la idea común de que todo juicio de atribución de responsabilidad supone el quebrantamiento de una obligación, sea jurídica o moral, por parte de quien es responsable.


En REVUS, Journal for constitutioal theory and philosophy of law, 26, pp.  93-110

https://revus.revues.org/3313

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been used by many companies to gain public confidence through providing essential commodities of some high value to a customer, particular in telecommunication industry where only one mobile operator has dominated the market share for the last one decade. The study objective was to determine the effect of legal responsibility on customer loyalty. Carroll model and Stakeholder theory were used to explaining the study. The study employed an explanatory research design. The study targeted all customers of telecommunication companies in Uasin Gishu County. Stratified sampling was used to group the population while the systematic sampling technique was used to obtain 400 customers. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The reliability of the questionnaire was checked using Cronbach Alpha test. Data was purely quantitative. Data collected were coded and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that CSR legal initiatives positively impact on customer loyalty. It's therefore important for telecommunication firms to act as good citizen in all matters beyond the law, operate under the laws and regulations and ensure adequate steps are taken against all forms of discrimination. Telecommunication firms should engage in CSR in order to create a positive attitude on their customers to enhance loyalty.

El artículo presenta una reflexión crítica de la propuesta de Hans Kelsen sobre las relaciones entre algunos conceptos jurídicos fundamentales. En primer lugar, se presentan virtudes del esquema kelseniano para la comprensión de las prácticas jurídicas de atribución de responsabilidad. En segundo lugar, luego de llamar la atención sobre ciertos problemas del esquema, se propone incorporar dos distinciones: una entre estados y acontecimientos y, otra, entre obligaciones y expectativas.


The article offers a critical review of Hans Kelsen’s work on the relationship between some fundamental legal concepts. First, the virtues of a Kelsenian framework are examined in order to understanding legal responsibility practices. Then, afterwards draw attention to some problems of the framework, the incorporation of two distinctions is proposed:  firstly, between states and occurrences and, secondly, between obligations and expectations.

Toda teoría jurídica se compromete de forma explícita o implícita con postulados filosóficos. Dichos postulados dan sentido a las afirmaciones e hipótesis que se construyen dentro de la teoría, permiten llenar vacíos que puedan presentarse entre las diversas afirmaciones e hipótesis, guían la interpretación de fenómenos a los que no se había hecho frente previamente y ayudan a lograr cierta coherencia entre los diversos elementos al interior de la teoría, entre otras cosas. Esto es especialmente claro en el ámbito de la responsabilidad toda vez que, en torno a ella, se juegan cuestiones vinculadas al patrimonio de las personas, a su imagen pública, su libertad y a la forma en que se dan sus relaciones con las instituciones jurídicas. Las respuestas que demos a preguntas tales como si existe o no un deber general de no dañar, si la regla general en materia extracontractual es o no un  régimen de responsabilidad por culpa o negligencia, en qué consiste el daño moral (de existir) o cuál es el sentido de obligar a alguien a realizar una indemnización, se alimentan de los postulados filosóficos con los que nos comprometamos y permiten construir teorías, teniendo repercusiones tanto en la práctica jurídica como en la vida de las personas.
Estas páginas se proponen revisar brevemente la forma en que teorías sobre la responsabilidad extracontractual definen la noción misma de responsabilidad con la que trabajan. Ello se hará exhibiendo la manera en que diversos postulados filosóficos sobre la responsabilidad permiten dar cuenta de las relaciones entre dos expresiones muy utilizadas en la práctica jurídica: “ser responsable” y “responsabilizar”. Con esto se procurará mostrar un grupo de relaciones que se dan entre los diversos niveles de discurso a los que se hace referencia en el párrafo anterior. Para ello, en primer lugar, se expondrá una variedad de usos que se dan a dichas expresiones (sección I). En segundo lugar, se presentarán dos concepciones que se sostienen sobre diversos postulados (sección II) mostrando cómo estas dan cuenta de la relación entre ambos conceptos (sección III). Por último, se muestra cómo la definición que diversos teóricos chilenos dan de la noción de responsabilidad refleja dichos postulados a la luz de las relaciones que se presentan entre los mencionados usos (sección IV) y en la defensa de ciertas tesis (sección V).

It is not always clear, through policies or law, where and when family responsibility ends. This article outlines the tensions that underlie policy and legal conceptions of obligation and everyday obligations that shape typically gendered patterns of care in families in South Africa. An examination of court cases reveals that the court found practices of intergenerational financial support amongst diffuse kin relations and ruled that the social insurance system (Road Accident Fund) was obliged to continue these following the death of a breadwinner in a road accident. The Road Accident Fund contested this responsibility by disputing the legal obligation of the deceased to support the kin member. The cases highlight the lack of coherence in policy and law concerning the agreed social norms about the family. On the one hand, the RAF's approach reproduces the gendered assumption of care, i.e. the role of the state is reduced, and the onus is placed on working class black South African women to take care of themselves and their families. On the other hand, the judiciary's focus on social practices of care rather than rights is applauded for being transformative. I argue that the state's ambiguous approach to recognising committed care work results in a situation where people have to 'win' their case in court and consequently leaves the care of family members to the unpaid and paid resources of women.

4857 sayılı İş Kanunu 2. maddesinde alt işveren-asıl işveren iş ilişkisi
unsurları zikredilerek tanımlanmış ve işbu ilişki içerisindeki tarafların
sorumlulukları ana hatlarıyla belirlenmiştir. Yazımızda, alt-asıl işveren
ilişkisinde yer alan tarafların sorumluluğu, emsal Yargıtay kararları ışığında anlatılmaya çalışılacaktır. Öncelikle alt-asıl işveren ilişkisinin tanımı, unsurları ve işbu unsurların eksikliği halleri neticeleriyle açıklanacak, akabinde bağımsız işveren, işyeri devri, muvazaa gibi alt-asıl işveren
ilişkisinde sorumluluğu etkileyen müesseseler üzerinde durulacak ve son
olarak da alt-asıl işveren ilişkisinde yer alan tarafların sorumluluk hallerinin iş davalarındaki şümulü emsal Yargıtay kararları eşliğinde irdelenecektir.

This paper deals with the relationship between legal responsibility and causation. I argue that legal responsibility is not necessarily rooted in causation. First, I show (in §1) that there are significant and independent non-causal form of responsibility that cannot be reduced to causal responsibility; second, in §2, I show that the very notion of causality is—lato sensu—not plainly descriptive. I will suggest that even causation is tied to evaluative elements.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been used by many companies to gain public confidence through providing essential commodities of some high value to a customer, particular in telecommunication industry where only one mobile operator has dominated the market share for the last one decade. The study objective was to determine the effect of legal responsibility on customer loyalty. Carroll model and Stakeholder theory were used to explaining the study. The study employed an explanatory research design. The study targeted all customers of telecommunication companies in Uasin Gishu County. Stratified sampling was used to group the population while the systematic sampling technique was used to obtain 400 customers. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The reliability of the questionnaire was checked using Cronbach Alpha test. Data was purely quantitative. Data collected were coded and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found ...

The article presents definitions of basic concepts related to legal responsibility. The type of teacher’s material liability, responsibility for maintaining order and discipline have been described in detail, and the scope of civil and criminal liability has been mentioned. Basic principles and conditions of liability as well as legal sanctions for committed violations have been indicated. The analysis was carried out on the basis of currently binding legal regulations.
***
W artykule przedstawiono definicje podstawowych pojęć związanych z odpowiedzialnością prawną. Szczegółowo opisano rodzaj odpowiedzialności materialnej nauczyciela, odpowiedzialność za utrzymanie porządku i dyscyplinę oraz wskazano zakres odpowiedzialności cywilnej i karnej. Wskazano podstawowe zasady i warunki odpowiedzialności oraz sankcje prawne za popełnione naruszenia. Analiza została przeprowadzona na podstawie aktualnie obowiązujących przepisów prawa.

Conscious societies closely monitor the activities of the businesses and the results of their activities and show their reactions on an activity they do not find correct or sufficient. This not only leads to intensification of competition among businesses, but also urges governments to make some legal arrangements for the activities of businesses. All these developments form the basis of corporate social responsibility practices. CSR consists of economic, legal, ethical and voluntary responsibilities and these dimensions are interrelated. The fulfillment of one responsibility by the business managers depend on the fulfillment of another responsibility. In other words, investing in a responsibility can facilitate the fulfillment of other responsibilities. With this study, in the province of Şırnak, it was aimed to determine the importance given to the CSR dimensions by SME managers and to reveal the relations between these dimensions. In the hierarchical regression analysis, it was determined that voluntary responsibility partially mediated the relationship between economic and ethical responsibility. It was also found that legal responsibility has a moderating effect on the relationship between economic and ethical responsibility.

This is a teaching and learning guide accompanying my two articles on the ethics of crashes with self-driving cars. The guide summarizes this topic, offers reading suggestions (with short summaries of those readings), and also suggests topics and readings teachers could cover in courses dealing with this topic.

Настоящая статья посвящена исследованию актуального международно-правового опыта на примере некоторых дел, рассмотренных Европейским Судом по права человека, который, как нам представляется, было бы разумно учесть и использовать при реализации мер юридической ответственности в избирательном процессе.

This article is devoted to the study of contemporary international legal experience, as evidenced in some cases considered by the European Court of Human Rights, which, in our view, would be reasonable to consider and use in the implementation of measures of legal responsibility in the electoral process.

Note: Downloadable document is in Russian.

The purpose of the article is to analyse the legal institution of juicio politico (impeachment) in the LatinAmerican presidential system, regarding the regulation adopted in Argentina, Brazil, Honduras and Paraguay. The hypothesis assumes that the impeachment in Latin America turns from the instrument of pure control character into the tool dedicated to resolve the political crisis by mean of “legislative coup d’état”. The author will search for the answers for the following questions: 1) what is the legal character of LatinAmerican impeachment? 2) what makes the impeachment more common in Latin America that in United States or European countries? 3) why does it become an attractive alternative for other methods to resolve political crises? The legal, institutional as well as the comparative method will be adopted in the article.