Low Latency

This paper presents a new intensity-to-time processing paradigm suitable for very large scale integration (VLSI) computational sensor implementation of global operations over sensed images. Global image quantities usually describe images with fewer data. When computed at the point of sensing, global quantities result in a low-latency performance due to the reduced data transfer requirements between an image sensor and a processor. The global quantities also help global top-down adaptation: the quantities are continuously computed on-chip, and are readily available to sensing for adaptation. As an example, we have developed a sorting image computational sensor-a VLSI chip which senses an image and sorts all pixel by their intensities. The first sorting sensor prototype is a 21 2 2 2 26 array of cells. It receives an image optically, senses it, and computes the image's cumulative histogram-a global quantity which can be quickly routed off chip via one pin. In addition, the global cumulative histogram is used internally on-chip in a top-down fashion to adapt the values in individual pixel so as to reflect the index of the incoming light, thus computing an "image of indices." The image of indices never saturates and has a uniform histogram.

We introduce a novel remotely-mounted attack that can expose the network identity of an anonymous client, hidden service, and anonymizing proxies. To achieve this, we employ single-end controlled available bandwidth estimation tools and a colluding network entity that can modulate the traffic destined for the victim. To expose the circuit including the source, we inject a number of short or one large burst of traffic. Although timing attacks have been successful against anonymity networks, they require either a Global Adversary or the compromise of substantial number of anonymity nodes. Our technique does not require compromise of, or collaboration with, any such entity.

The Internet access paradigm is changing and a wide range of overlapping radio access technologies, such as WiMAX, Wi-Fi, 3GPP UMTS/LTE and DVB-H, will soon be available to most users and their multi-access devices. Therefore, novel mechanisms and protocols are needed to provide seamless mobility between different wireless access technologies. This paper presents novel handover procedures, based on media independent schemes, to address seamless mobility in heterogeneous environments. We propose an enhanced Media Independent Handover Framework (eMIHF), which extends IEEE 802.21 by allowing for efficient provisioning and activation of QoS resources in the target radio access technology during the handover preparation phase, and efficiently interacts with the mobility processes of different technologies employed. We evaluate eMIHF using the ns-2 simulator, and demonstrate that the proposed handover scheme provides seamless mobility, with low latency and no packet loss.

Results. For signals near the detection threshold, our low-latency algorithms often localized simulated GW burst signals to tens of square degrees, while neutron star/neutron star inspirals and neutron star/black hole inspirals were localized to a few hundred square degrees. Localization precision improves for moderately stronger signals. The correct sky location of signals well above threshold and originating from nearby galaxies may be observed with ~50% or better probability with a few pointings of wide-field telescopes.

Growing needs for French closed-captioning of live TV broadcasts in Canada cannot be met only with stenography-based technology because of a chronic shortage of skilled stenographers. Using speech recognition for live closed-captioning, however, requires several specific problems to be solved, such as the need for low-latency real-time recognition, remote operation, automated model updates, and collaborative work. In this paper we describe our solutions to these problems and the implementation of a live captioning system based on the CRIM speech recognizer. We report results from field deployment in several projects. The oldest in operation has been broadcasting real-time closed-captions for more than 2 years.

is report describes an implementation of DXT compression in UltraGrid, allowing for low latency, high de nition multi-party videoconferencing requiring only 250 Mbps of bandwidth. is represents a substantial decrease compared to the uncompressed video stream, which requires 1.5 Gbps, while having a minimal impact on latency. e DXT implementation includes a new client-side display which, when using DXT compressed data, takes full advantage of the graphics card, resulting in minimal CPU utilization.

Over the last decade, storage systems have experienced a 10fold increase between their capacity and bandwidth. This gap is predicted to grow faster with exponentially growing concurrency levels, with future exascales delivering millions of nodes and billions of threads of execution. A critical component of future file systems for high-end computing is metadata management. This extended abstract presents ZHT, a zero-hop distributed hash-table, which has been tuned for the specific requirements of high-end computing. The primary goal of ZHT is excellent availability, fault tolerance, high throughput, and low latencies. 1.

Fault-based side channel cryptanalysis is very effective against symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms. Although straightforward hardware and time redundancy based Concurrent Error Detection (CED) architectures can be used to thwart such attacks, they entail significant overhead (either area or performance). In this paper we investigate systematic approaches to low-cost, low-latency CED for Rijndael symmetric encryption algorithm. These approaches exploit the inverse relationship that exists between Rijndael encryption and decryption at various levels and develop CED architectures that explore the trade-off between area overhead, performance penalty and error detection latency. The proposed techniques have been validated on FPGA implementations.

Network on Chip is an efficient on-chip communication architecture for SoC architectures. It enables the integration of a large number of computational and storage blocks on a single chip. The router is the basic element of NoC with multiple, connecting to other router and to a local IP core. This router architecture can be used later for building a NoC with standard or arbitrary topology with low latency and high speed and High maximal peak performance. The low latency and high speed is achieved by allowing for each input port a routing function which runs in parallel with Link controler and with distributed arbiters. To evaluate our approach, A wormhole input queued 2-D mesh router was created to verify the capability of our router. Various parameterized designs were synthesized to provide a comparative study with other implementations in FPGA thechnology, with different flit size.

Multi-proxy approach was used to reconstruct the environmental conditions of remote lakes in the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) over the past few centuries (approximately 500-1000 years). Short sediment cores (*30 cm) taken from three morphologically similar glacial lakes distributed along altitudinal gradient (subalpine to alpine conditions) were analysed for organic matter content (LOI), diatoms and chironomids. Both descriptive and correlative approaches were used for analysing stratigraphical data. Predictive canonical correspondence analysis and co-correspondence analysis were applied to directly relate physical and biological proxies to each other. The relationship between LOI and biotic proxies was inconsistent across groups and lakes. Concordant patterns in diatom and chironomid composition were found in two non-acidified lakes. Common trends in those assemblages indicated major past environmental events such as the Little Ice Age, air pollution and lake acidification. In contrast, no relationship between the composition of diatom and chironomid assemblages was found in the formerly acidified lake, suggesting different responses of assemblages to acidification. While chironomids showed shifts that are attributable to recovery, diatoms assemblage remained relatively stable throughout the uppermost layers of the sediment record. On the other hand, climatic-driven changes in assemblages detected in the deeper layers were more pronounced in diatoms than in chironomids.

This paper examines two Network Interface Card microarchitectures that support low latency, high bandwidth userlevel message passing in multiuser environments. The two are at different ends of a design spectrum-the Resident queues design relies completely on hardware, while the Non-resident queues design is heavily firmware driven. Through actual implementation of these designs and simulation-based micro-benchmark studies, we identify issues critical to the performance and functionality of the firmware-based approach. The firmware-based approach offers much flexibility at a moderate performance penalty, while the Resident design has superior performance for the functions it implements. This leads us to conclude that a hybrid design combining complete hardware support for common operations and a firmware implementation of less common functions achieves both high performance and flexibility.

In this paper, we describe the hard- and software of a new low-cost infrared-optical pose-tracking system for room-sized virtual envi- ronments. The system consists of 4-8 shutter-synchronized 1394- cameras with an optical bandpass filter and infrared illuminator. All image-processing is done in software on an attached workstation. Preliminary results indicate low latency (20-40ms), minimal jitter (RMS less than 0.05mm/0.02°), submillimeter

Networking together hundreds or thousands of cheap microsensor nodes allows users to accurately monitor a remote environment by intelligently combining the data from the individual nodes. These networks require robust wireless communication protocols that are energy efficient and provide low latency. In this paper, we develop and analyze low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), a protocol architecture for microsensor networks that combines the ideas of energy-efficient cluster-based routing and media access together with application-specific data aggregation to achieve good performance in terms of system lifetime, latency, and application-perceived quality. LEACH includes a new, distributed cluster formation technique that enables self-organization of large numbers of nodes, algorithms for adapting clusters and rotating cluster head positions to evenly distribute the energy load among all the nodes, and techniques to enable distributed signal processing to save communication resources. Our results show that LEACH can improve system lifetime by an order of magnitude compared with general-purpose multihop approaches.

A ugmented reality applications use computer-generated virtual scenes to enhance (or augment) the actual scene viewed by the user with additional information. AR systems are used in the medical, entertainment, and military fields, as well as in engineering design. They enrich human perception and facilitate the understanding of complex 3D scenarios. AR applications require tracking systems with high accuracy, low latency, and low jitter. These systems must recover the full six degrees of freedom (6 DOF) of the user's head pose-the position and orientation of the user's head in the scene coordinate system. While several good and commercially available solutions for stationary tracking within limited volumes exist, mobile and outdoor AR systems demand new tracking solutions. 1 We've developed a fully mobile, wearable AR system that combines a vision-based tracker (primarily software algorithms) that uses natural landmarks, with an inertial tracker (custom hardware and firmware) based on silicon micromachined accelerometers and gyroscopes. Unlike other vision-based and hybrid systems (described in the sidebar "Related Work on AR Tracking Systems"), both components recover the full 6 DOF pose. Fusing the two tracking subsystems gives us the benefits of both technologies, while the sensors' complementary nature helps overcome sensor-specific deficiencies. Our system is tailored to affordable, lightweight, energy-efficient mobile AR applications for urban environments, especially the historic centers of European cities.

This paper presents a low latency pitch shifting algorithm based on the Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT). Unlike existing STFT-based implementations of pitch shifting, the presented algorithm is more robust to reductions of the Fourier transform size. As a result, it achieves latencies as low as 12ms and still produces good quality, whereas other algorithms are performing much worse with similar low latency constraints. The presented algorithm also provides an alternate way of mitigating the well-known phasiness problem of the phase vocoder.

Data centers provide resources for a broad range of services, such as web search, email, web sites, etc., each with different delay requirements. For example, web search should cater to users' requests quickly, while data backup has no special requirement on completion time. Different applications also introduce flows with very different properties (e.g., size and duration).

Recent remarkable advances in nanoscale siliconphotonic integrated circuitry specifically compatible with CMOS fabrication have generated new opportunities for leveraging the unique capabilities of optical technologies in the on-chip communications infrastructure. Based on these nano-photonic building blocks, we consider a photonic network-on-chip architecture designed to exploit the enormous transmission bandwidths, low latencies, and low power dissipation enabled by data exchange in the optical domain. The novel architectural approach employs a broadband photonic circuit-switched network driven in a distributed fashion by an electronic overlay control network which is also used for independent exchange of short messages. We address the critical network design issues for insertion in chip multiprocessors (CMP) applications, including topology, routing algorithms, path-setup and teardown procedures, and deadlock avoidance. Simulations show that this class of photonic networks-on-chip offers a significant leap in the performance for CMP intrachip communication systems delivering low-latencies and ultra-high throughputs per core while consuming minimal power.

Video gushing over Internet has got bunches of consideration as of late. These days over half of the worldwide information activity is devoured by video bundles and it will be over 80% by 2020. Live gushing is testing, since it needs ongoing techniques with low dormancy. Advanced mobile phones and tablets are the new age of PCs with the capacity to do some of our days by day schedules. Live spilling between two cell phones has numerous applications, for example, reconnaissance, video talk, and so on. In this paper we proposed a technique to stream live video from a cell phone to another, utilizing a web-socket. For assessment, we have executed an open source library on Android, being used for any individual who needs to utilize live video gushing as a piece of their application, and showed that our strategy can play remote video with lower than 2 seconds delay in various situations. Moreover, our technique increment and decrement latency according to network condition so as to give a superior nature of experience to the viewer.

This paper presents a scalable rate control (SRC) scheme based on a more accurate second-order rate-distortion model. A sliding-window method for data selection is used to mitigate the impact of a scene change. The data points for updating a model are adaptively selected such that the statistical behavior is improved. For video object (VO) shape coding, we use an adaptive threshold method to remove shape-coding artifacts for MPEG-4 applications. A dynamic bit allocation among VOs is implemented according to the coding complexities for each VO.

Multi-proxy approach was used to reconstruct the environmental conditions of remote lakes in the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) over the past few centuries (approximately 500-1000 years). Short sediment cores (*30 cm) taken from three morphologically similar glacial lakes distributed along altitudinal gradient (subalpine to alpine conditions) were analysed for organic matter content (LOI), diatoms and chironomids. Both descriptive and correlative approaches were used for analysing stratigraphical data. Predictive canonical correspondence analysis and co-correspondence analysis were applied to directly relate physical and biological proxies to each other. The relationship between LOI and biotic proxies was inconsistent across groups and lakes. Concordant patterns in diatom and chironomid composition were found in two non-acidified lakes. Common trends in those assemblages indicated major past environmental events such as the Little Ice Age, air pollution and lake acidification. In contrast, no relationship between the composition of diatom and chironomid assemblages was found in the formerly acidified lake, suggesting different responses of assemblages to acidification. While chironomids showed shifts that are attributable to recovery, diatoms assemblage remained relatively stable throughout the uppermost layers of the sediment record. On the other hand, climatic-driven changes in assemblages detected in the deeper layers were more pronounced in diatoms than in chironomids.

The massively multiplayer online game (MMOG) industry has become an important e-commerce segment due to its impact on the economy. A MMOG requires the deployment of dozens to hundreds of n-tiered servers around the world to support millions of concurrent players. A slow response time stemming from an illdesigned network infrastructure could render the game noncompetitive in the marketplace. This study proposes a mixed integer program aimed at identifying nodes on a broadband provider's backbone network for hosting a MMOG so that the game distributor's revenue is maximized while meeting the throughput, the latency, and the budget requirements. A heuristic for solving the model is presented with an experiment to measure its solution quality and speed.

Peer-to-peer file sharing applications became very popular, being responsible for a large percentage of the network traffic. However, peer-to-peer traffic may compromise the performance of enterprise critical networked applications or network-based tasks or may overload the network infrastructure of Internet Service Providers, being desirable that this traffic be blocked in some situations. However, this task may be difficult to achieve, namely for networks operating at very high-speed bit rates and low latency and/or when the traffic is encrypted. This paper addresses the problem of detecting and blocking encrypted traffic generated by eMule, which is one of the most difficult to detect among popular peer-to-peer file sharing applications. The proposed method is based on eMule signatures, which are coded as SNORT rules, this system being used to detect and block eMule traffic. Experiments have been carried out to evaluate the proposed method. The contribution of the paper falls within peer-to-peer security or within legal and regulatory issues.

This paper presents a novel pitch shifting algorithm that achieves latency significantly lower than existing techniques. As such, it provides a solution for various situations such as live performances in which pitch shifting within less than 10ms of latency is desired. Based on IIR filters, oscillators and ring modulations, the proposed algorithm completely differs from previous approaches. This paper presents this novel algorithm in detail and shows how it was implemented. It further compares it to other pitch shifting techniques in terms of latency.

Data centers provide resources for a broad range of services, such as web search, email, web sites, etc., each with different delay requirements. For example, web search should cater to users' requests quickly, while data backup has no special requirement on completion time. Different applications also introduce flows with very different properties (e.g., size and duration). The default method of transport in data centers, namely TCP, treats flows equally, forcing equal share of the bottleneck network bandwidth. This fairness property leads to poor outcomes for time-sensitive applications. A better solution is to allocate more bandwidth to time-sensitive applications. However, the state-ofthe-art approaches that do this all require forklift changes to data center networking gear. In some cases, substantial changes need to be made to end-system stacks and applications as well. In this paper, we argue that a simple modification to TCP can help better meet the requirements of latency-sensitive applications in the data center. No modification to end-systems, applications or networking gear is necessary. We motivate our Adaptive TCP (ATCP) design using measurements of real data center traffic. We analytically derive the parameters to use in our proposed modification to TCP. Finally, we use extensive simulations in NS2 to show the benefits of ATCP.

Human-Computer Interaction is a multidisciplinary field focused on human aspects of the development of computer technology. As computer-based technology becomes increasingly pervasive -not just in developed countries, but worldwide -the need to take a humancentered approach in the design and development of this technology becomes ever more important. For roughly 30 years now, researchers and practitioners in computational and behavioral sciences have worked to identify theory and practice that influences the direction of these technologies, and this diverse work makes up the field of human-computer interaction. Broadly speaking, it includes the study of what technology might be able to do for people and how people might interact with the technology.

3-D integrated circuits promise high bandwidth, low latency, low device power, and a small form factor. Increased device density and asymmetrical packaging, however, renders the design of 3-D power delivery a challenge. We investigate in this paper various methods to improve 3-D power delivery. We analyze the impact of through-silicon via (TSV) size and spacing, of controlled collapse chip connection (C4) spacing, and of dedicated power delivery TSVs. In addition to considering typical cylindrical or square metal-filled TSVs (core TSVs), we also investigate using coaxial TSVs for power delivery resulting in reduced routing blockages and added coupling capacitance. Our 3-D evaluation system is composed of a quad-core chip multiprocessor, a memory die, and an accelerator engine, and it is evaluated using representative SPEC benchmark traces. This is the first detailed architectural-level analysis for 3-D power delivery. Our findings provide clear guidelines for 3-D power delivery design. More importantly, we show that it is possible to achieve 2-D-like, or even better, power quality by increasing C4 granularity and by selecting suitable TSV size and spacing.

We describe our recent effort implementing SRI's UMPCbased Pashto speech-to-speech (S2S) translation system on a smart phone running the Android operating system. In order to maintain very low latencies of system response on computationally limited smart phone platforms, we developed efficient algorithms and data structures and optimized model sizes for various system components. Our current Android-based S2S system requires less than onefourth the system memory and significantly lower processor speed with a sacrifice of 15% relative loss of system accuracy, compared to a laptop-based platform.

Ralph Brothers' parents both died of acute myocardial infarctions at an early age. Ralph inherited dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance, and his blood pressure is above normal. Determined to prevent an early death, he has altered his diet, initiated regular exercise, purchased glucose and blood pressure monitoring devices, and he also takes blood pressure medications regularly. He has a happy family and work life with a comfortable income.

We present the architecture, technology and experimental applications of a real-time, multi-site, interactive and collaborative environment called Distributed Immersive Performance (DIP). The objective of DIP is to develop the technology for live, interactive musical performances in which the participants -subsets of musicians, the conductor and the audience -are in different physical locations and are interconnected by very high fidelity multichannel audio and video links. DIP is a specific realization of broader immersive technology -the creation of the complete aural and visual ambience that places a person or a group of people in a virtual space where they can experience events occurring at a remote site or communicate naturally regardless of their location. The DIP experimental system has interaction sites and servers in different locations on the USC campus and at several partners, including the New World Symphony of Miami Beach, FL. The sites have different types of equipment to test the effects of video and audio fidelity on the ease of use and functionality for different applications. Many sites have high-definition (HD) video or digital video (DV) quality images projected onto wide screen wall displays completely integrated with an immersive audio reproduction system for a seamless, fully three-dimensional aural environment with the correct spatial sound localization for participants. The system is capable of storage and playback of the many streams of synchronized audio and video data (immersidata), and utilizes novel protocols for the low-latency, seamless, synchronized realtime delivery of immersidata over local area networks and widearea networks such as Internet2. We discuss several recent interactive experiments using the system and many technical challenges common to the DIP scenario and a broader range of applications.

We present a fully operable security gateway prototype, integrating quantum key distribution and realised as a system-on-chip. It is implemented on a field-programmable gate array and provides a virtual private network with low latency and gigabit throughput. The seamless hard-and software integration of a quantum key distribution layer enables high keyupdate rates for the encryption modules. Hence, the amount of data encrypted with one session key can be significantly decreased. We realise a highly modular architecture and make extensive use of software/hardware partitioning. This work is the first approach towards application of a new key distribution technology in dedicated security processors. In particular, it elaborates requirements for the integration of quantum key distribution on a chip level. SPDB Key Man. IPsec SADB MAC MAC QKD Keystore WAN Quantum System LAN

Smart grid (SG) communication has recently received significant attentions to facilitate intelligent and distributed electric power transmission systems. However, communication trust and security issues still present practical concerns to the deployment of SG. In this paper, to cope with these challenging concerns, we propose a lightweight message authentication scheme features as a basic yet crucial component for secure SG communication framework. Specifically, in the proposed scheme, the smart meters which are distributed at different hierarchical networks of the SG can first achieve mutual authentication and establish the shared session key with Diffie-Hellman exchange protocol. Then, with the shared session key between smart meters and hash-based authentication code technique, the subsequent messages can be authenticated in a lightweight way. Detailed security analysis shows that the proposed scheme can satisfy the desirable security requirements of SG communications. In addition, extensive simulations have also been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in terms of low latency and few signal message exchanges.

We present an IEEE floating-point adder (FP-adder) design. The adder accepts normalized numbers, supports all four IEEE rounding modes, and outputs the correctly normalized rounded sum/difference in the format required by the IEEE standard. The latency of the design for double precision is roughly 24 logic levels, not including delays of latches between pipeline stages. Moreover, the design can be easily partitioned into 2 stages consisting of 12 logic levels each, and hence, can be used with clock periods that allow for 12 logic levels between latches. The FP-adder design achieves low latency by combining various optimization techniques such as: a non-standard separation into two paths, a simple rounding algorithm, unifying rounding cases for addition and subtraction, sign-magnitude computation of a difference based on complement subtraction, compound adders, and fast circuits for approximate counting of leading zeros from borrow-save representation. A comparison of our design with other implementations suggests a reduction in the latency by at least two logic levels as well as simplified rounding implementation. A reduced precision version of our algorithm has been verified by exhaustive testing

Amongst link technologies, InfiniBand has gained wide acceptance in the framework of High Performance Computing (HPC), due to its high bandwidth and in particular to its low latency. Since InfiniBand is very flexible, supporting several kinds of messages, it is suitable, in principle, not only for HPC, but also for the data acquisition systems of High Energy Physics (HEP) Experiments.

Fault-based side channel cryptanalysis is very effective against symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms. Although straightforward hardware and time redundancy based concurrent error detection (CED) architectures can be used to thwart such attacks, they entail significant overhead (either area or performance). In this paper we investigate systematic approaches to low-cost, low-latency CED for symmetric encryption algorithms based on the inverse relationship that exists between encryption and decryption at algorithm level, round level and operation level and develop CED architectures that explore the trade-off between area overhead, performance penalty and error detection latency. The proposed techniques have been validated on FPGA implementations of AES finalist 128-bit symmetric encryption algorithms.

Advanced Telecom services typically go beyond traditional two parties telephone calls. In particular, SIP-based service creation in the Telephone-IP convergence scenario has become an important research issue. Telecom services are typically asynchronous, require low latency, high throughput and high availability: those peculiarities ask for a specific eventoriented framework. Developers can today benefit from a platform that could grant high-level APIs and standard interfaces, in order to ease the process of service development and deployment, as well as extend the service portability over multiple networks and devices. The JAIN SLEE activity tackles those issues, defining a Java-based technology for the development of telecom services and their deployment into a SLEE server. This paper focuses on some key issues relevant to the Mobicents SLEE platform, an open source implementation of the JAIN SLEE specifications. We present the results of an experimental campaign in which several SIP-based VoIP services were tested, in order to evaluate the performance and scalability of the system. Each of the tested services is characterized by a different complexity, in terms of processing and signaling flow. Moreover, we investigate some of the performance limitations that have been observed experimentally, which may relate to any Java-based telecom service.

In a power and area constrained multicore system, the on-chip communication network needs to be carefully designed to maximize the system performance and programmer productivity while minimizing energy and area. In this paper, we explore the design of energy-efficient lowdiameter networks (flattened butterfly and Clos) using equalized on-chip interconnects. These low-diameter networks are attractive as they can potentially provide uniformly high throughput and low latency across various traffic patterns, but require efficient global communication channels. In our case study, for a 64-tile system, the use of equalization for the wire channels in low-diameter networks provides 2× reduction in power with no loss in system performance compared to repeater-inserted wire channels. The use of virtual channels in routers further reduces the power of the network by 25-50% and wire area by 2×.

Human-Computer Interaction is a multidisciplinary field focused on human aspects of the development of computer technology. As computer-based technology becomes increasingly pervasive -not just in developed countries, but worldwide -the need to take a humancentered approach in the design and development of this technology becomes ever more important. For roughly 30 years now, researchers and practitioners in computational and behavioral sciences have worked to identify theory and practice that influences the direction of these technologies, and this diverse work makes up the field of human-computer interaction. Broadly speaking, it includes the study of what technology might be able to do for people and how people might interact with the technology.

The Myrinet local area network employs the same technology used for packet communication and switching within massively parallel processors. In realizing this distributed MPP network, we developed specialized communication channels, cut-through switches, host interfaces, and software. To our knowledge, Myrinet demonstrates the highest performance per unit cost of any current LAN.

Parallel processing is an efficient form of information processing system, which emphasizes the exploitation of concurrent events in the computing process. To achieve parallel processing it's required to develop more capable and cost-effective systems. In order to operate more efficiently a network is required to provide low latency and be able to handle large amount of traffic. Multistage Interconnection Network [1] plays a vital role on the performance of these multiprocessor systems. This paper introduces an irregular class of fault tolerant Multistage Interconnection Network (MINs) named as New Four Tree (NFT) Network. A NFT network can provide a "full access" capacity in presence of multiple faults. Performance measures show that NFT achieve a significant improvement over other popular existing irregular MINs like FT [7] [20], QT [19] and MFT [20].

Multi-proxy approach was used to reconstruct the environmental conditions of remote lakes in the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) over the past few centuries (approximately 500-1000 years). Short sediment cores (*30 cm) taken from three morphologically similar glacial lakes distributed along altitudinal gradient (subalpine to alpine conditions) were analysed for organic matter content (LOI), diatoms and chironomids. Both descriptive and correlative approaches were used for analysing stratigraphical data. Predictive canonical correspondence analysis and co-correspondence analysis were applied to directly relate physical and biological proxies to each other. The relationship between LOI and biotic proxies was inconsistent across groups and lakes. Concordant patterns in diatom and chironomid composition were found in two non-acidified lakes. Common trends in those assemblages indicated major past environmental events such as the Little Ice Age, air pollution and lake acidification. In contrast, no relationship between the composition of diatom and chironomid assemblages was found in the formerly acidified lake, suggesting different responses of assemblages to acidification. While chironomids showed shifts that are attributable to recovery, diatoms assemblage remained relatively stable throughout the uppermost layers of the sediment record. On the other hand, climatic-driven changes in assemblages detected in the deeper layers were more pronounced in diatoms than in chironomids.

This paper presents a system for remote live video surveillance. Videos are acquired from a fixed camera at 10 fps and QVGA resolution, compressed at 5 or 20 kbit/s with H.264, and streamed to a remote site, where they get processed by an automatic video surveillance system. The target surveillance application performs moving object segmentation and tracking. Both ends (video acquisition and processing) could be connected through a wireless network, specifically GPRS. The whole system is studied and optimized to maintain low latency. The reported experiments demonstrate that the proposed system is able to send up to four video streams over GPRS or E-GPRS network, without significantly affecting the performance of the automatic video surveillance system. Comparative tests have been performed with other existing streaming solutions.

Fog Computing extends the Cloud Computing paradigm to the edge of the network, thus enabling a new breed of applications and services. Defining characteristics of the Fog are: a) Low latency and location awareness; b) Wide-spread geographical distribution; c) Mobility; d) Very large number of nodes, e) Predominant role of wireless access, f) Strong presence of streaming and real time applications, g) Heterogeneity. In this paper we argue that the above characteristics make the Fog the appropriate platform for a number of critical Internet of Things (IoT) services and applications, namely, Connected Vehicle, Smart Grid , Smart Cities, and, in general, Wireless Sensors and Actuators Networks (WSANs).