Madagascar

Madagascar est une tragédie sans méchants » soulignaient les biologistes Alison et Richard Jolly il y a plus de 30 ans. Il s’agissait alors « soit de participer activement à la sauvegarde des richesses de la terre, soit de leur tourner le dos avec indifférence et de laisser brûler les librairies et les musées de la nature. » Malgré les investissements colossaux consentis en environnement au cours des vingt dernières années à Madagascar, la dégradation des ressources naturelles a progressé en moyenne de 1 % par année, menaçant non seulement l’équilibre écologique de la Grande île, mais celui touchant les domaines économique, social et politique. Pourquoi l’environnement est-il, encore aujourd’hui, toujours aussi menacé à Madagascar ? Pour répondre à cette question et dans le but de contribuer à éclairer les enjeux souvent implicites des actions environnementales, cet ouvrage explore pourquoi et comment la destruction des ressources naturelles est devenue un problème politique dans l’un des pays où le taux d’endémisme est parmi les plus élevés de la planète. Il s’intéresse notamment aux incompatibilités qui expliquent les multiples ambiguïtés d’une politique publique dans un domaine aussi vaste que celui de l’environnement, en offrant un regard critique sur les blocages qu’on lui attribue. Il propose enfin un bilan exhaustif de quinze années de mise en oeuvre d’un Plan d’action environnemental et s’intéresse à la place du tourisme dans ce contexte. Une série de documents politiques et juridiques viennent s’ajouter à cet ouvrage en annexe.

Basé sur une recherche ethnographique détaillée, cet ouvrage explore les représentations qui se produisent autour de l'identité des Zafimaniry, une communauté des Hautes Terres malgaches, à partir de trois domaines différents : l'art ethnique, le classement au patrimoine immatériel de l'UNESCO et le tourisme. L'auteur analyse les discours et les pratiques des protagonistes locaux et des acteurs institutionnels (médiateurs touristiques, organismes ministériels promoteurs de la candidature UNESCO et marchands d'art ethnique), dévoilant comment les Zafimaniry sont « inventés » comme tribu, investis du rôle de culture « traditionnelle » et « originelle » de Madagascar. La notion de « régimes de valeur » sert à éclairer ces processus, qui concernent autant des questions de patrimoine, que de politique et de marchandisation.

Networks of protected areas (PAs) form the backbone for biodiversity conservation worldwide. The effectiveness of protected areas has been studied and it has been shown that confounding factors, such as remoteness and accessibility , correlated with both presence of protection and extractive behaviors, affect the outcomes. We investigated the effectiveness of Madagascar's PA network in decreasing deforestation pressures, using a novel counterfactual methodology, accounting for distance to roads, rivers, major cities and altitude, slope and annual rainfall. The assessment was independently conducted for two different time periods, 1990–2000 and 2000– 2010, and for Madagascar's three major forest types. We found that PAs were effective to some extent in reducing deforestation and that some of this decrease can be attributed to the presence of PAs, not just to the confounding factors rendering the land assigned for protection less likely to be deforested. We found differences in PA effectiveness between the two time periods, and in general lower deforestation in the later time period has meant that the PAs have less pressures to resist. However, in the spiny forest, even if deforestation had overall diminished, the pressure on reference areas used to compare PAs seemed to have increased showing that PAs have indeed a mitigation effect and thus increased in effectiveness in the second time period. Our study highlights the alarming trend of what happens once enough forest has been lost in easily accessible areas and the pressures starts to spread to also more remote areas and lands comparable to PAs (remote and inaccessible).

Placer la capitale malgache dans la compétition des grandes villes du monde suppose de pouvoir gérer et planifier le territoire à l’échelle du Grand Tana, de renforcer considérablement les capacités et les finances des autorités locales, d'approfondir la décentralisation. De changer de paradigme du développement et comprendre enfin que l’avenir de Madagascar dépend étroitement de celui d’Antananarivo. C’est un vaste chantier, d’une urgence absolue. Il est grand temps de donner à Antananarivo toutes les armes pour livrer cette bataille décisive.

The lives of eighteenth-century women merchants in Saint-Louis, Senegal and in St. Mary's, Madagascar, both coastal ports, are locally remembered as cosmopolitan, elegant, and sophisticated - but perhaps they are also remembered as predataory and cruel. This text explores the issues of gender, ethnicity, and kinship as they may have affected the role of women slave merchants in Madagascar at St. Mary's island, and in St. Louis, Senegal. The chapter postulates what their social networks may have been and what effects the women had on local views of material extravagance and women's agency.

Tournadre 2021 : TOURNADRE (M.) – Dzaoudzi (Mayotte, Petite Terre), Parc de la Résidence des Gouverneurs : fouille archéologique d’office (2019), rapport final d’opération. Dzaoudzi, Conseil départemental de Mayotte – Musée de Mayotte (MuMA), DAC Mayotte, 2021, 1 vol, 109 p., 50 fig.

Since 2000 northeastern Madagascar’s subsistence-based
communities have registered record profits thanks to a
boom in vanilla and rosewood exports. Yet, rather than
saving or investing these returns, much of the local
earnings were spent in “hot money” sprees on cold beer,
gambling, and other forms of immediate consumption. Far
from being illogical or unproductive, hot-money spending
and other practices associated with export economies help
local communities navigate the volatility of global markets
and domesticate foreign demands. Although these tactics
come from the margins of global capitalism, they represent
an acute cultural expression of some of the most
sophisticated dynamics found at its core.

Memecylon L. (Melastomataceae, Olisbeoideae) is a widespread paleotropical genus of forest shrubs and small trees, and is one of the ten most species-rich genera of woody plants in Madagascar. In a previous treatment, Jacques-Félix recognized 78 species of Memecylon on the island, of which all are endemic and most are known from just one or two sites. The present work describes and illustrates nine new species of Memecylon from Madagascar (including Memecylon complanatum R.D. Stone, Memecylon convergens R.D. Stone, Memecylon fofifa R.D. Stone, Memecylon longipetiolatum R.D. Stone, Memecylon paraxenum R.D. Stone, Memecylon potamicum R.D. Stone, Memecylon pseudogaleatum R.D. Stone, Memecylon subchartaceum R.D. Stone, and Memecylon unguiculare R.D. Stone), based mainly on material received on loan from the FO.FI.FA Herbarium (TEF). The conservation status of each species is provisionally assessed in accordance with the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Given the extensive anthropogenic deforestation of Madagascar, one must consider the possibility that Memecylon complanatum, Memecylon paraxenum, and Memecylon pseudogaleatum are already extinct since these three species have not been recollected within the last 50-60 years. Work is ongoing towards a comprehensive taxonomic revision of Memecylon in Madagascar.

In Madagascar, as in a large number of other countries, vast areas of community land are being leased or sold to foreign investors, often with the support of the state at a regional level. Large-scale land acquisition deals (LLAD) constitute a multifaceted phenomenon severely impacting land tenure and food systems. These land deals represent a significant challenge for indigenous and local communities when it comes to securing local land sovereignty and sustaining local  livelihoods over time. Justified by the international narratives of scarcity (of food and fuel sources), supported by the World Bank and neoliberal globalist policies, LLADs are typically undertaken by foreign investors and multinational corporations to secure control over means of capital accumulation and create development.

Communities often lack bargaining power and means to demonstrate and secure land property. Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) can play a determining role in supporting communities’ claims and responses to LLADs in their territories. CSOs can facilitate topographic and legal support, training and media coverage. They can produce research and information on LLADs which is both relevant and accessible to the communities. They can mediate the communities’ relations with investors and state institutions. They can improve communication among the stakeholders. Lastly, they can fuel and support the emergence of local social movements for food sovereignty and counter-enclosure.

This thesis sheds light on how local CSOs in the region of Haute Matsiatra, Madagascar, can support communities in facing and preventing LLADs. Through interviews and participant observation this research investigated what kind of CSOs’ support is already present and what is needed. This thesis is based on community-based research conducted with the local CSO VOIALA-Madagascar.

Key words: large-scale land acquisition deals; land rights; civil society organisations; land rights; food sovereignty.

Commercial sexual exploitation of children continues to be a significant and pressing concern in developing countries around the globe. Few existing reports, however, indicate the alarming rate at which the problem is in Madagascar, where child labour is very common until today.

This presentation investigates Malagasy child prostitution and marriages from an anthropological perspective by outlining the life conditions of Malagasy children against a backdrop of children’s rights, as it is considered a gross violation of their rights and dignity from a Western perspective.

However, this study aims to negotiate these phenomena from a cultural relativist approach by paying attention to children’s aspirations in a changing society, and relating the themes to traditional practices and cultural values.

These anthropological findings can help foster various stakeholders, ranging from families to policy makers, to formulate further and appropriate interventions and to implement policies such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

The objectives of this presentation are to examine what the key social, cultural, historical and economic determinants are which lead children to engage in transactional sex. Moreover, it tries to explain why the Convention of the Rights of the Child do not work in Madagascar.

Key words: sexual exploitation, child prostitution, servile marriages, Madagascar

El texto aborda el derecho ambiental desde su origen en el contexto internacional, aterrizando el estudio en su adopción o rechazo en países megadiversos del mundo dentro de sus cartas magnas (Australia, Brasil, Colombia, Congo, China, Ecuador, EUA, Filipinas, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malasia, México, Papúa Nueva Guinea, Sudáfrica, Perú y Venezuela).

Climate change is the greatest challenge of our time for development. Adaptation to this change combined with the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions can help to boost the economic transformation which stimulates growth, fills the energy gap and reduces poverty. This paper focuses on the potential of renewable energy sources (RES) for electricity generation in Madagascar which is a lower-income country. A large accessibility to electricity could be a driving force for the economic development of this fourth worldwide Island. The Electricity
mix is currently heavily dependent to fossil fuel imports. Indeed, most of the electric demands are fulfilled by diesel power plants. An overview of the power situation and renewable energy potential of Madagascar is first presented, then different scenarios for the evolution its electricity mix are proposed.

Phylogenetic studies have shown that Sche era J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., the largest genus of Araliaceae, is grossly polyphy- letic, representing  ve distinct clades within the family, and that one of these clades, comprising species from continental Africa, Madagascar, the Comoro Islands and the Seychelles, contains two morphologically distinct subclades. In an e ort to establish monophyletic genera among the elements that have been treated in Sche era over the last several decades, we resurrect the genera Astropanax Seem. (15 species) and Neocussonia (Harms) Hutch. (16 species) to encompass the members of the two “Afro-Malagasy” subclades. In this synoptical revision, we provide updated generic descriptions along with a key to the genera, and make 26 new combinations. A lectotype is designated for each genus, a neotype is provided for one accepted species name, and lectotypes are designated for 16 accepted species names and 12 heterotypic synonyms. For each accepted species, full synonymy is provided along with complete citation of type specimens and an indication of habitat and geographic range.

ISBN 9781872843704. Authors/editors: Peter Ucko, Qin Ling and Jane Hubert with Contributors Zhao Hui and Stephen Shennan, Wang Tao, Luan Fengshi, Zhang Chi, C A Folorunso, J  O Aleru and  B J Tubosun, Seonbok Yi, Marta Luciani, Dominic Perring, Sarah Colley, Brigitte Cech, Dorian Q Fuller, Zhao Zhijun, Gustav Milne, Gamini Wijesuriya, Mike Parker Pearson, Timothy D Maxwell and Rafael Cruz Antillón, Arkadiusz Marciniak, Innocent Pikirayi, Surapol Natapintu. Commissioning editor/general editor: Sajid Rizvi. Follow http://www.saffronbooksandart.net and other links for further information. For permissions contact SajidRizvi@eapgroup.com. Additional materials will be uploaded here, please revisit or Follow.

Following the WHO recommendations made in the late 1970s, many countries in Africa have implemented dynamics of recognition of traditional medicine and traditional healers. This dissertation focuses on the development of « integrative medicine » in Madagascar, consisting in its integration into the formal and conventional health care system. This development project, focusing on improving population's public health, requires a double evaluation: a social evaluation with the supervision of traditional healers' practices and a therapeutic evaluation with research on medicinal plants and development of improved traditional remedies. This research is the result of a methodological approach based on multi-located fieldworks conducted in the Malagasy capital and its surroundings and an ethnography of a rural town in the Analanjirofo region (east coast of Madagascar). On one side, this approach focuses on the attempts of application of political decisions regarding the supervision of traditional medicine and on the other side, on the real practice of traditional care as well as on individual and communal behaviours when facing disease, sickness, illness and misfortunes with extended case studies. This thesis contributes to the anthropology of health with a focus on political and developmental dynamics. A special emphasis is placed on the nature of cohabitation existing between practitioners (doctors and traditional healers) going from a simple referencing of patients to a rare collaboration. This study tends to highlight the possible gap between government decisions and local applications as well as the resulting social, political and economic issues.

This paper examines the long-term effects of the repression of the Malagasy Uprising (1947-1948) upon current political attitudes and behavior in Madagascar. Drawing data from the most recent wave of the Afrobarometer (2008), we prove that the legacy of violent political repression negatively affects Malagasies’ freedom of speech, freedom of association, and freedom to vote. Likewise, exposure to this legacy of repression positively influences self-censorship, and fear of political hostility (intimidation, violence, and punishment). According to the regression analysis, these traumatic consequences are strongly linked to the geography of the repression. At a broader level, the results suggest that the scope and/or the intensity of the repression matter. A comparison with the repression of the rebellion of Kaba in Benin (1916-1917) suggests that both the geographic extension and the degree of violence play a crucial role in determining the long-term effects of the repression.

Madagascar, parmi les Pays les Moins Avancés de la planète, est le 3ème pays le plus vulnérable aux aléas climatiques après le Bangladesh et l’Inde, et le 1er en Afrique. C’est le 2e pays le plus touché par la faim au monde en 2014. Entre 2009 et 2014, suite au coup d’État, un régime politique de transition est mis en place pendant lequel les risques de conflit violent sont avérés. Pilote en Gestion des Risques et Catastrophes il y a une décennie, Madagascar est jusqu’à aujourd’hui en « transition humanitaire » surveillée pour cause de "transition politique". Pourquoi ? Comment en comprendre les tenants de contournement de l’État et les aboutissants des « process » transitionnels, notamment de « transition financière » ? Quelles conséquences sur la (non) prise en compte des perceptions, de la demande et de la satisfaction des populations – « transition démocratique » – quant à l’aide de l’État et de ses partenaires humanitaires internationaux ? Quelle « transition financière » ?

En 1853 William Ellis (1794-1872), missionnaire membre de la London Missionary Society est envoyé à Madagascar pour rétablir les liens d’amitiés rompus avec l’Angleterre et négocier le retour des missions chrétiennes sur l’île. De ses multiples séjours sur à Madagascar entre 1853 et 1865 il rapporte de nombreuses photographies. Ces clichés, témoignage précieux de Madagascar de l’époque pré-coloniale, sont les plus anciennes images que nous avons de l’île.
Ce mémoire d’étude analyse le fonds William Ellis du Musée du quai Branly, composé de
39 photographies acquises en 2007.

Communication dans le cadre du colloque « Les arts coloniaux : circulation d'artistes et d'artefacts entre la France et ses colonies » (Palais de la Porte Dorée/Musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac, 10-11 octobre 2018).

Alors qu’une création artistique originale est reconnue de longue date pour les colonies d’Indochine du Maghreb, les productions matérielles de Madagascar, conquise en 1895 par les Français, sont jugées avec mépris par la critique coloniale, ce dont témoignent de nombreux articles de presse s’interrogeant sur l’existence même d’un « art malgache ». À l’instar d’autres territoires de l’empire, Madagascar connaît la mise en place d’une politique de « rénovation » de sa création, dont les Ateliers d’arts appliqués malgaches, fondés en 1928 par le peintre alsacien Pierre Heidmann, constituent l’initiative la plus emblématique. Exposé sur l'île, l’artisanat rénové gagne également la métropole, en particulier lors des grandes expositions parisiennes. L’analyse des dispositifs expographiques et discursifs déployés dans ce cadre met en évidence l’évolution du regard porté sur la création malgache : de simples « à-côtés pittoresques » en 1900, les objets deviennent le centre d’une présentation soulignant leur potentiel esthétique en 1937, à mesure que la politique culturelle prend son essor sur l’île.