Manufacture

For high-temperature usage (200 C and above) such as in certain supersonic aircraft structures, the adhesives used are either bismaleimides or polyimides, generally supplied as films, with or without a carrier. Other adhesives, such as modified epoxies, can also be used up to 200 C.

The development of parenteral emulsions continues to play an important role in the formulation and delivery of many drugs. In addition to solubilization and stabilization applications, appropriately designed parenteral emulsions are effective delivery systems for sustained release and targeting of drugs. Control of the strict requirements of globule size and surface charge is important in the design and ultimate stability of the formulation. This review highlights the important issues and suggests strategies to assist the scientist in the development, manufacture and stability of this essential dosage form.

In this article, I will focus on the Moravians’ economic practices in
three different locations; namely, in relation to their early mission to
Greenland in 1733, to their beginnings in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
(1741), and in the foundation of one of their later settlements in
Christiansfeld, Denmark in 1772. As the title indicates, a change takes
place in Moravian economic practice, which I argue is connected to their
respective local contexts.

Zirconia is widely used for load-bearing functional structures in medicine and dentistry. The quality of engineered zirconia surfaces determines not only the fracture and fatigue behaviour but also the low temperature degradation (ageing sensitivity), bacterial colonization and bonding strength of zirconia devices. This paper reviews the current manufacturing techniques for fabrication of zirconia surfaces in biomedical applications, particularly, in tooth and joint replacements, and influences of the zirconia surface quality on their functional behaviours. It discusses emerging manufacturing techniques and challenges for fabrication of zirconia surfaces in biomedical applications.

The increasing component packing density and consequent reduction in feature size in printed circuit assemblies (PCA's) continues to place manufacturers under extreme pressures. The most significant demand is for improved first-off process yields because of the high cost and technical difficulty of rework processes and concerns over the reliability of reworked products. The dominant process for the production of PCA's is reflow soldering of a stencil/screen printed solder paste to form the interconnection between the component termination and the substrate. It is crucial for the manufacturer to ensure that each termination experiences a suitable thermal history throughout the reflow cycle. Despite the advances in processes to cope with complex product features, such as increasing the uniformity and amount of heat transfer in the process, ensuring right-the-first-time is still a problem leading to increased lead-times, reduced yields and the scrapping of assemblies used to establish the ideal process parameters for each particular product. This paper describes the utilization of a predictive model as a tool for the off-line determination of the most appropriate process and its specific set-up for a PCA. Results are also presented where PCA design is altered to improve thermal mass distribution

The power consumed in metal cutting is largely converted into heat. Several attempts have been made to predict the temperatures involved in the process as a function of many parameters, as well as many experimental methods to measure temperature directly. Some simple analytical models can be used to show the effects of cutting parameters, such as cutting speed and feed rate. There is no precise experimental method that can be used to check the analytical results. This paper presents a review of the analytical and experimental methods used to measure cutting temperature. Some experimental results using different methods are presented.

Kampus 1: Jln. Kapasa Raya, No. 23, Kima, Makassar-Sulawesi Selatan 90123 Telp. +62 411 472 001 2, Faks. +62 411 472 001 3 Email:info@politeknik-bosowa.ac.id, Website: www.politeknik-bosowa.ac.id TEKNIK CNC TEORI CNC 1 / 34 KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillahi roabbil'alamin, puji syukur kita panjatkan kepada Allah SWT karena atas segala rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan bahan ajar teknik cnc pada semester III. Bahan ajar ini disusun berdasarkan kurikulum Perawatan Dan Perbaikan Mesin Politeknik Bosowa yang merupakan mata kuliah yang disajikan pada semester III. Tujuan utama pelajaran Teknik CNC iyalah agar mahasiswa dapat mengetahui dasardasar dan tata cara proses permesinan menggunakan mesin-mesin CNC. Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya bahan ajar ini akan selalu dievaluasi dan direvisi sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan perkembangannya. Penulis sangant mengharapkan saran dan kritik yang sifatnya membangun demi penyempurnaan bahan ajar ini. Semoga bahan ajar ini dapat bermanfaat sebagaimana mestinya dalam usaha mencerdaskan bangsa. Makassar ,

Background: Waste is defined as unwanted remains, residues discarded, and material or by products which are no longer required by the
initial user. These materials are by-products of human activities such as process of preparation, manufacture, packing, repacking, unpacking,
construction, renovation of structures and mining operations. Almost any substance that is discarded is designated as waste, but it may also
be considered as a potential resource. Virtually everything in the “waste stream” has residual value for someone or some business in the
community. Waste can serve as valuable resources as ground cover to reduce erosion, fertilizer to nourish the crops. KAP studies investigate the
knowledge attitude and practice of respondents on the particular subject of interest. KAP studies tell us what people know about certain things,
how they feel, and how they behave. The knowledge possessed by a community refers to their understanding of waste generation, description
and recycling in this context. Attitude refers to their feeling toward waste separation, collection as well as recycling. Practice refers to the way
in which they demonstrate their knowledge and attitude throw their actions.
Objective: Assessment of the knowledge, attitude and practice of Addis and Kometa kebele community towards waste disposal management
in South West Ethiopia, 2017.
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional design and systematic sampling technique was used to assess liquid and solid waste disposal
management in Mizan-Aman Town community. Data was collected from 392 selected samples and was tallied manually, processed and
analyzed in a line of its objective by using manual tally and table of frequency. Data quality was assured by performing pre-test to evaluate the
appropriateness of data collection instrument.
Result: The finding of this study showed that majority 84% of the respondents were females, regarding their ethnicity 35.5% were
Bench, also majority of the participants(87.1%) were married with regard to their religion (47%) were Orthodox, on the other hand 48.6%
of the respondents were the age between 21-30. Furthermore, the study showed that 81.8% of the respondents have good knowledge, 77.5%
of the participants showed positive attitude toward waste management as well as 76.9% of participants have good practice to ward waste
management.
Conclusion and Recommendation: The finding of the study revealed that majority of Mizan-Aman town community have good level of
knowledge, have positive attitude and showed good practice to ward waste management.
A. The Mizan-Aman town municipality was recommended to prepare pits/ditches in the town in sufficient quantity for solid waste
disposal.
B. Mizan-Aman town community has best knowledge, positive attitude and good practice so Mizan-Aman Municipality, Addis and
Kometa kebele administrators and health extension workers should do more to ensure the sustainability of this trend as well as to aware 100%
of community.
C. Further detailed studies were recommended for intervention by using this high light for further interventions.

Although small heings such as the qupirruit (insects and worms) appear in many different contexts in Inuit culture, they have not received much attention from scholars. In this paper we examine the symbolism associated with these small animals. We show that their small size makes them suitable to operate on the level of the tarniq, a miniature image of a being. We discuss how insects often connect different scales and easily transform into other beings. We first deal with the perceptions of insects as they take shape in narratives and practices, and their roles in the manufacture and use of amulets. Then we move to a more specific analysis of the distinctive features of the various qupirruit.

A group of Islamic objects, found in a pottery workshop in Saragossa (Spain), was studied in order to characterize the cuerda seca decoration in these glazed ceramics. Glaze technology in Islamic pottery was developed during the 11th century in the taifa kingdoms of al-Andalus, but many aspects of this artisan process are still unknown. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study these lead-silica glazes and the black pigments used for drawing the design outlines. Chemical compositions were determined for the glazes, colouring elements and pigments, allowing these to be identified and the stages involved in the cuerda seca decorative technique to be elucidated.

Consideramos que está pendiente un análisis de la evolución del sector de maquinaria agrícola en Argentina en el contexto del mercado mundial. Reconstruimos la historia de la rama en la Argentina y en los Estados Unidos, donde se concentraron los capitales rectores de la actividad durante el siglo XX. El estudio de este sector desde esta perspectiva nos permitirá analizar la escala y productividad media, la competencia que debió enfrentar la producción argentina y sus perspectivas. En definitiva, las condiciones de acumulación de capital en esta industria particular.
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We believe that is pending a review of the evolution of the agricultural machinery sector in Argentina in the context of the world market. For this reason, in this paper we reconstruct the
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history of the branch in Argentina and in the United States, where the “rector capital” of the activity is concentrated during the twentieth century. The study of this productive sector from the perspective chosen, allow to examine the scale and average productivity that prevailed in the world market, the competition faced Argentina production and their prospects. In short, the conditions for capital accumulation in this particular industry.

Why did Palaeolithic people wear shells, and why was the practice so widespread in the world? The authors' own researches in Western Australia show that specific marine shells were targeted, subject to special processes of manufacture into beads and that some had travelled hundreds of kilometres from their source. Whether they were brought in land by the manufacturers, or by specially ornamented people, these beads provided a symbolic language that somehow kept the early peoples of Australia in touch with the sea.

Recent papers reporting CMOS RF building blocks have aroused great expectations for RF receivers using deep-submicron technologies. This paper examines the trend in CMOS scaling, in order to establish the required current levels and achievable performance for different feature sizes, if robust, easily manufacturable designs are to be implemented for cellular applications. The boundary conditions (system-level constraints) for such designs, in terms of the number of trimmed and untrimmed external components and the roles they play in relaxing active circuit requirements, are emphasized throughout to make comparison of active RF circuits meaningful. At 1 GHz, 0.25-μm CMOS appears to be the threshold for robust, low-NF RF front ends with current consumption competitive with today's BJT implementations

The origins of raw glass used to fashion Mycenaean beads were explored using trace elements analyzed by laser ablation ICP-TOFMS. The use of this minimally destructive technique for the in-situ analysis of these beads was ideal given that the material is exceedingly rare and thus too sensitive to make use of traditional micro-sampling (e.g., by scalpel). A wide range of trace elements were measured to compare these Greek glasses to other Late Bronze Age glass coming from Egypt and Mesopotamia. Of the eleven beads analyzed, four blue glasses colored with cobalt and two blue/green glasses colored with copper have trace element compositions consistent with an Egyptian origin of manufacture. The other five of the glasses, all colored with copper, were found to conform to the composition of Mesopotamian glass. These data are the first to demonstrate direct and clear evidence for the trade of raw glass to the Mycenaean states.

The paper addresses the gap between two conventional Marxist readings of the relation between capitalism and the enslavement of Africans. The first reading sees slavery as part of the process of primitive accumulation of capital, the ‘original sin’ of dispossession. The second reading sees capitalism as such as exclusively based on the exploitation of ‘free’ wage labour as its general condition. The paper provides a third interpretation that sees enslavement as a racialised mode of exploitation with a division of labour similar to manufacture.  This paper reconceptualises Marx’s value theory in an analysis of the enslavement of African Americans as a part of the capitalist mode of production with its own special characteristics.

The violent working to death of enslaved Africans on the sugar plantation was a matter of calculation by the slave owner, weighing value produced against the costs of purchase and maintenance. Moreover the cost of slave purchase relied on the supply of Africans seized from their home continent.    This approach demonstrates continuities as well as changes from sugar plantation slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean on to cotton slavery in the US South.

Key words: slavery, mode of exploitation, African enslavement, primitive accumulation, manufacturing.

The flow of multiple concurrent jobs in an automated manufacturing system (AMS), all competing for a finite set of resources, often leads to a deadlock situation. In this paper, we develop Petri net and Markov chain models for manufacturing systems with blocking and deadlock. We compute the probability that the system in an absorbing (deadlocked) state, the mean time to deadlock, and the throughput before deadlock, etc., which can be used to compare performance of various prevention and avoidance strateges. A systematic method for designing locks and interlocks for deadlock avoidance using the reachability graph of the Petri net model is presented.

This paper explicitly examines the relationship that exists between total quality management (TQM) and environmentally responsible manufacturing (ERM) systems. It has been presumed in numerous past studies that such a relationship does exist. It has been argued that those firms that have successfully implemented a TQM system are better positioned to successfully implement an ERM system. This relationship, however, has not yet been statistically and empirically evaluated. In this study, the authors evaluate this relationship using a large-scale survey of plant managers as the data source and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling as the statistical tools. The study develops a series of measures for various aspects of both TQM and ERM. The results show that there is indeed a strong relationship between TQM and ERM. In many ways, ERM is conditioned by the presence of TQM. Furthermore, ERM systems have a parallel structure when compared to TQM systems.

Tipe manufaktur dapat di klasifikasikan menjadi diskrit, repetitive atau proses. Meskipun kombinasi dari tipe ini sering berdampingan di banyak perusahaan, masing-masing tipe mempunyai karateristik operasi dan masalah sendiri. Karena pebedaan ini , setiap jenis produsen memiliki seperangkat persyaratan yang mampu ditanggapi oleh manajemen

No seguinte artigo estudaremos as transformações nas relações de produção, em relação com o ciclo de acumulação capitalista. O objeto de pesquisa está delimitado no estudo sobre a utilização de modelos explicativos para compreender os processos produtivos do início do século XX. Será feito nesse texto uma discussão acerca do uso dos termos "taylorismo-fordismo". Essa discussão pretende mostrar que os termos se transformaram em abstratos universais, usados para explicar as relações de produção no capitalismo, mas que, por esse caráter generalista que o binômio ganha pela tentativa de classificar todas as relações de produção enquanto características do taylorismo-fordismo, pouco explica de fato a realidade.
E por fim, a pesquisa apresentará o caráter manufatureiro do taylorismo-fordismo, chegando a essa conclusão através da definição de manufatura para Marx, que coincide com as características próprias ao taylorismo-fordismo, levantadas inclusive pelos seus próprios idealizadores. Nossa crítica se restringe aos autores à esquerda, mas compreendermos que os termos são usados de maneira errônea nos mais amplos espaços.

The origins of knitting are lost in the mists of time. Probably developed to create elastic fabrics, knitting enjoyed good fortune throughout Europe since its first appearance. In the late Middle Ages, from north to south, from east to west, craftsmen employed in the manufacture of socks began to unite in guilds, sometimes distinguished by the impressive scale of their manufacture. The case of the English hosiery guilds is emblematic in this respect: when the Nottinghamshire reverend William Lee invented a loom for making silk stockings, the then Queen Elizabeth I was forced to refuse the patent twice due to complaints from hand-made stocking manufacturers. However, Lee's invention soon crossed the English Channel, reaching France and spreading, with ups and downs, throughout Europe. The socking loom, without a shadow of a doubt, is one of the most fascinating pieces of machinery of the early modern age. Consisting of numerous parts, it was designed to drastically reduce working time, opening the door to the production of a standard, ready-to-wear garment without having to go through the hands of a tailor.
After outlining the controversial history of the stocking machine, we will look at its diffusion in the 17th century and the results of this important technological breakthrough in the 18th century. At that time, the only yarn able to withstand the decisive blows of the hosiery loom was silk and, as a result, the main countries producing the precious yarn began to produce hosiery. One of these countries was the capital of Savoy, Turin. At the end of the seventeenth century, the Englishman John Hanford, having failed to export his stocking loom to Milan, moved to Turin, where his project was accepted. Over the course of a few decades, the Savoy capital became an important centre for the production of silk stockings on the loom, maintaining its supremacy even in the 19th century.
In the second half of the century, however, the emergence of cotton on the global economic horizon stimulated the invective of craftsmen and shopkeepers. In particular, in the 1760s, the inventor Jedediah Strutt patented a machine capable of making cotton socks. The machine soon spread throughout Europe, becoming particularly important in numerous important centres in France, including Nîmes and Lyon. The Iberian peninsula chose to restrict imports of cotton items during the 18th century, including stocking. The decision stimulated the local market and provoked the migration of many families of stocking workers, in particular in Catalonia. The production of cotton stockings began in the 1770s and spread rapidly across the country.
Through the fascinating history of the stocking loom we will be able to reconstruct from a privileged point of view the complex dynamics inherent in the diffusion and fortune of one of the most advanced textile machines of the early modern age. This raises wide margins for discussion, including the supply of raw materials, the distribution of labour, the role of women, migration and the stages of production and sale.

Once again about the transition from feudalism to capitalism. Some notes

Until the decade of 1980, the explanations of the so-called transition from feudalism to capitalism process were dominated by the Marxist historiography. Since then, the mainstream has gone situating progressively near of the “smithian” paradigm. It was acknowledged  that the logic of the capitalism -the research of individual profit- is something “natural” but institutionally constrained. The European industrialisation would represent the release of the  capitalist rationality through the markets expansion. The paper, after a brief historiographical review, examines some elements of both this approach and the Marxist or the malthusian-ricardian inceptions. It provides features that have been neglected or badly focused, showing which of them could be understood as structural elements of the feudal system. It pays special attention to structure of the feudal system itself from its origins by the year 1000, attending to the central role of the Church, the kinship structures, the space articulation of both work and settlement areas, the specific forms of surplus labour capture and some unique features of the manufacturing production. On the basis of the concept of “process” and the difficulty to isolate a primus movens, the ultimate goal is to contribute to improve the understanding of the inner logic of the feudal system behaviour and of which way contributed to the process of “primitive accumulation” of the capital.

Hasta la década de 1980, las explicaciones del proceso de la llamada “transición” del feudalismo al capitalismo estuvieron dominadas por la historiografía marxista. Desde entonces, el mainstream se ha ido situando progresivamente cerca del paradigma “smithiano”. Se acepta que la lógica del capitalismo –la búsqueda del beneficio individual– es algo “natural” que se hallaba constreñido institucionalmente. La industrialización europea representaría la liberación de la “racionalidad” capitalista mediante la expansión de los mercados. La contribución, tras un brevísimo repaso historiográfico, revisa algunos elementos tanto de ésta visión como las aportaciones realizadas desde el propio marxismo o desde orientaciones malthusiano-ricardianas. Se aportan elementos que han sido negligidos o mal enfocados, apuntando cuáles de ellos podrían entenderse como elementos estructurales del sistema feudal. Se presta una especial atención la estructura del propio feudalismo desde sus orígenes hacia el año 1000, atendiendo al papel central de la Iglesia, las estructuras familiares y de parentesco, la articulación espacial de las áreas de trabajo y de residencia, las formas específicas de captura de plustrabajo y algunas peculiaridades propias de la producción manufacturera. Partiendo de la concepción de “proceso” y de la dificultad de aislar un “primus movens”, la intención última es la de contribuir a mejorar la compresión de la lógica interna del funcionamiento del sistema feudal y de qué manera contribuyó al proceso de “acumulación originaria” del capital.

Mechanical strength properties and dimensional stability of composite wood prod ucts are determined to some extent by the environment within the mat during press ing. The objectives of this study were to define time-related temperature and vaporpressure parameters occurring in a mat during different steam injection pressing (SIP) schedules and to relate these conditions to board properties. thick aspen flakeboards made with either phenol formaldehyde or isocyanate resin using a 12-min conventional press schedule were compared to boards made with four different SIP schedules of shorter duration. Maximum temperatures in the SIP boards varied from 220°F to 302°F (104°C to 150°C) as compared to a maximum of 270°F (132°C) in the conventional boards. Measured temperatures sometimes deviated from temperatures predicted from saturated steam tables at the measured va por pressures. Vapor pressure differentials of >30 lb/in 2 (>207 kPa) occurred for short periods at different locations within a board. The vapor pressures at various board locations tended to equalize and simultaneously rose and fell at different rates depend ing on the dynamics of the system, their relative position, and the permeability of the board.

As long ago as the sixteenth century, Paracelsus recognized that 'the dose makes the poison'. Indeed, environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals excreted by humans are limited, most importantly because a defined dose is given to just a fraction of the population. By contrast, recent studies have identified direct emission from drug manufacturing as a source of much higher environmental discharges that, in some cases, greatly exceed toxic threshold concentrations. Because production is concentrated in specific locations, the risks are not linked to usage patterns. Furthermore, as the drugs are not consumed, metabolism in the human body does not reduce concentrations. The environmental risks associated with manufacturing therefore comprise a different, wider set of pharmaceuticals compared with those associated with risks from excretion. Although pollution from manufacturing is less widespread, discharges that promote the development of drug-resistant microorganisms can s...

This paper analyses efficiency and productivity changes in 12 broad segments of food manufacturing industries during pre and post liberalisation periods, covering a period of two decades, from 1980-1981 to 2001-2002. The nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach is used to compute the Malmquist Total Factor Productivity (TFP) change, which has been further decomposed into efficiency and technical change. This paper also evaluates the performance of major inputs used in the food processing industry and identifies the causes of inefficiency across various segments. Based on the findings, the paper gives suggestions that can be used by policy makers and food processors in making decisions regarding various technical and managerial aspects to improve productivity and efficiency.

donde se concentraron los capitales rectores de la actividad durante el siglo XX. El estudio de este sector desde esta perspectiva nos permitirá analizar la escala y productividad media, la competencia que debió enfrentar la producción argentina y sus perspectivas. En definitiva, las condiciones de acumulación de capital en esta industria particular.

When detailed product information is not available to consumers inferences are made using product cues to reduce uncertainty and to form perceptions of products. Advertisers can make use of sport sponsorship and sport celebrity endorsement as extrinsic cues to influence consumers’ pre-purchase attitudes. These cues are expensive forms of advertising. Managers need to establish whether they provide a satisfactory return on investment. This study explored consumers’ attitudes and the effect of sport event sponsorship and sport celebrity endorsement on key brand/manufacturer related variables such as brand quality, product uniqueness, manufacturer esteem and corporate citizenship. A total number of 201 respondents participated in the study. A non-probability sample was used. Results indicate that sport event sponsorship was perceived by participants as a product uniqueness, manufacturer esteem and corporate citizenship cue, significantly enhancing responses on product related variables...

Furnaces are equipment used to process metal or non-metallic minerals in the process of reduction or fusion. One of the mineral processing stoves is a single phase electric arc furnace. In this study Si Al-20% alloy will be made using an electric arc furnace, this arc furnace uses an electric arc with a power of 5.6 kW consisting of the main material of the furnace using brass and quartz cylinder glass Ø 120 mm. the furnace was designed with a cylindrical size of Ø 150 mm with a height of 190 mm the diameter of the electrode used was 3 mm and a length of 150 mm. Testing of electric arc furnaces by making Al-20% Si alloys in Ar gas conditions using 100 A electric current, Al and Si melting in the furnace at temperatures of 800-900ºC 40 seconds operating time with a composition of 4 gr aluminum and 1.25 gr silicon ore. then the microstructure was tested using optical microscopy from the fusion consisting of the main Al-α phase with Si in the form of needles, plates, and eutectic Al-Si structures evenly as the micro-structure of Al-Si hypereutectic alloys.

It is generally recognized that some measure of state support for innovation is necessary in order to preserve a position of international competitiveness. During the 1980's, governments of most advanced industrial economies introduced a range of programs designed to facilitate the introduction of advanced manufacturing technologies. This paper reviews the theoretical underpinnings of these policies from the literature on the transfer of technology and outlines the pattern of policy evolution that has occurred as policymakers have become more aware of the determinants of the diffusion process. The paper illustrates the principal features of typical government programs in Europe with case studies from the United Kingdom and (West) Germany. These cases are presented as a means of illustrating how different governments have translated basically similar principles into alternative policy mechanisms for promoting the transfer of technology. The paper argues for the continuing need for government support for small-and medium-sized enterprises and for firms in more traditional sectors and concludes with some reflections on lessons learned during the 1980's that might usefully inform future policy development into the 1990's.

cómo los registros del Justicia ofrecen abundante información sobre la organización manufacturera: aquí aparecen las compraventas de lanas, tintes y paños; también los encargos de trabajos textiles (tejido, tundido, tintado) que unos artesanos realizan a otros; incluso las compañías de capital a través de las cuales se asociaban estos artesanos y pañeros locales. Todo nos permite, en definitiva, reconstruir los tipos de empresa de estas comunidades artesanales y la jerarquización económica que se estableció entre ellas, dando lugar a un sector emprendedor que llegó a gestionar y coordinar buena parte de la producción pañera local.