Materials Technology (Wood Derivatives)

Nosotros los latinoamericanos podemos mejor que nadie decir que el proceso de globalización, con todo y sus secuelas, comenzó el mero día del descubrimiento inesperado de América. Se desarrollaron los medios de transporte y se modificaron las economías cerradas hacia un mercado mundial. La gran desventaja de los pobladores originales fue no haber conocido la pólvora, la brújula, ni el papel y la imprenta. Lo que se ha tratado de maquillar como "Encuentro de Dos Mundos", más bien fue un "Encontronazo".

This comparative study focused on understanding the effect of coupling agent and particle size on weathering behaviour of wood polypropylene composite. Two coupling agents, namely maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene and m-TMI (m-Isopropenyl-α,α− dimethylbenzyl isocyanate) grafted polypropylene were used in preparation of the composites. The composites were exposed to outdoor conditions for one year and changes in surface colour and mechanical properties were measured after 2, 4, 8 and 12 months of natural weathering. During the initial four months of weathering considerable colour change was observed with increase in lightness. Mechanical properties were unaffected largely for the initial four months and thereafter started declining. Overall, tensile strength decreased by about 15 % and flexural strength decreased by about 8 % after one year of weathering. The flexural modulus also decreased by about 10 %. Wood particle size was found to affect the aesthetic and strength of the composites after natural weathering. Coupling agents had a positive impact on mechanical properties however their influence on weathering degradation was not noticeable.

The present study is focused on the effects of the shape and size of Fagus orientalis wood flour on physical and mechanical properties of HDPE based wood plastic composites (WPC). Variables included two mesh sizes (20 and 60), as well as five different contents of ground shavings (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) mixed with sawdust; totally 10 treatments. HDPT content was 40% in all formulations. Panels were compression molded and physical and mechanical tests were carried out in accordance with ASTM D2240 standard specifications. Results showed that mesh size can only significantly affect the hardness in the studied wood-plastic composites. On the other hand, increasing the proportion of the ground shavings possessing higher aspect ratio (l/d) increased both flexural strength and hardness. This increasing effect however was not observed for ground shavings beyond 50%. It was also concluded that while the addition of ground shavings up to 50% could improve the mechanical properties, higher proportions would reduce some of the properties, particularly the impact strength. In was concluded that the panel made of 50% wood flour combined with 50% ground shavings exhibited overall suitable properties for most applications.

Effect of zeolite content on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of wood plastic composites was investigated in this study. To meet this objective, pine wood flour (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 wt%) with compatibilizing agent, zeolite (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 wt%), and polypropylene were compounded in a twin screw co-rotating extruder. The mass ratio of the wood flour to polypropylene was 50/50 (w/w) in all compounds. Test specimens were produced using injection molding machine from the pellets. Physical and mechanical, and thermal (Thermogravimetry Analysis/Differential Scanning Calorimetry) properties of the wood plastic composites were determined. The water absorption and thickness swelling properties of wood plastic composites improved with increasing zeolite content. The flexural and tensile properties of the wood plastic composites decreased with increasing zeolite content. All the wood plastic composites provided the values of flexural strength (58.4–72.9 MPa) and flexural modulus (2718-5024 MPa) that were well over the requirement by the standard specified in ASTM D 6662. The mass loss rates values of wood plastic composites increased with increasing zeolite contents. The Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis showed that the melt crystallization enthalpies and degree of crystallization of wood plastic composites decreased with increasing zeolite content. The decrease in the Tc and Xc indicated that zeolite was the poor nucleating agent for the wood plastic composites.

The wood welding potential of Australian and tropical species has been investigated. Optimized parameters for Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus pilularis, Corymbia maculata, Ochroma pyramidale, and Tectona grandis were determined using a standard tensile strength test. The results confirmed the importance of density in the optimisation process. The grain direction also proved to have a significant impact on the welded joint strength of species featuring large wood rays or vessels in diagonal and/or radial pattern. Wood welding could therefore be an alternative for such species where gluing is required.

The heterogeneity of characteristics observed in the pith-bark direction within a log causes sawn pieces of wood have different behaviors during water removal. Understanding these differences is important for the industry regarding the possibility of classification of the lumber into juvenile wood and mature wood, facilitating the drying in separate loads. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the behavior of juvenile and mature wood samples of Eucalyptus saligna when subjected to drastic drying. In order to do this, test specimens were submitted to drastic drying at 100°C to obtain the drying times, drying rates and dimensions of end checks. These data were applied in equations to obtain the parameters initial temperature, final temperature and drying potential, used in the elaboration of drying schedules. In juvenile wood we observed that the basic density was lower and the initial moisture content was higher. Mature wood showed a lower drying rate. Drying schedules were developed separately for juvenile and mature wood, the drying schedule for the latter considered milder than the drying schedule developed for juvenile wood.

Baggage sorting is one of the major requirements for rapid processing in an airport. For larger airport automated system is must to match with the dynamic world. But there are many small to medium size airports handling between 1.5 and 6 million passengers a year, still haven’t automated. For many of these airports, there are still big gains to be made – in cost, time, efficiency and sorting quality – by introducing automated sorting system. The problem for many of those airports is finding the right systems to do the job. Because in many cases, solutions are designed primarily for the larger airports where much of the automation market is to be found are not cost effective for lower volume environments, and often those system cannot be accommodated within the space constraints of smaller terminal buildings. In the present project, an automated baggage handling and sorting system has been designed using microcontroller so that it could be cheaply implemented on a small size terminal with a low cost. A small scale model of the project has also been constructed. The sorting system is based on bar code reading and tracking of the baggage in a terminal. The baggages are then diverted to their destined terminal using a gate control system. The model can also be used in any packaging and distribution system.

Polipropileno reciclado (rPP) proveniente de rafia sintética de grandes sacos postconsumo, fueron reforzados con 50 y 60% de harina de madera de Pinus radiata de dos tamaños de partícula (60 y 100 mesh) a través de un proceso de mezclado en fundido, con y sin polipropileno maleado (MAPP), utilizado como agente acoplante. La procesabilidad de rPP y de compositos a base de madera-rPP fue estudiada en términos del torque del proceso de mezcla, al igual que las propiedades físicas, térmicas y mecánicas, y comparadas con polipropileno virgen (PP).

() y Sen x = La derivada de) (x Sen y = se puede obtener como: 0 () () h dy Sen x h Sen x Lim dx h → + − = Para calcular este límite se utilizan los siguientes conceptos previamente estudiados: • 0 () 1 dy = × + × = Por los límites conocidos De donde: () () d Sen x Cos x dx =

This paper proposes a new construction system consisting of double frame crossed panels, to be used for the design and construction of free-form architectural structures. The aim of this study is to combine geometric, productive and constructive aspects with form-finding processes, keeping their selfcompatibility with designers' intentions, Pottmann [1]. For this purpose, a parametric tool has been developed to adapt the cross-panel system to a wide number of target surfaces, by changing the joints angles and, at the same time, maintaining the orthogonality between panels. The experimentation went on with a case study involving a production and assembly phase using digital fabrication tools, for the construction of a temporary wooden pavilion.

Due to the high dimensional variation of bamboo, the manufacturing of materials such as plywood and laminated bamboo produces a high amount of residues. The production of particleboards could be used to overcome this problem and become a viable solution to reuse the generated waste as a raw material to high value-added products. This study aimed to present an overview of the bamboo particleboard production, as well as the mechanical and physical properties of this material, followed by a review of the advances in its research and development. In general, independently of the resin or bamboo species utilization, several bamboo particleboards meet the mechanical properties requirements of international standards for wood-based medium-density particleboards. The main focus of this study is to provide a review, in order to support research groups interested in using new bamboo-based materials for the development of manufactured durable products.

I.T.S fabricates and gathers wooden pallets made to customer prerequisites and particulars. Wooden pallets are a widespread and basic piece of item transportation in the economy. Transportation plays a central role in seamless supply chain operations, moving inbound materials from supply sites to manufacturing facilities, repositioning inventory among different plants and distribution centres, and delivering finished products to customers. Benefits that should result from world-class operations at the points of supply, production, and customer locations will never be realized without the accompaniment of excellent transportation planning and execution. Having inventory positioned and available for delivery is not enough if it cannot be cost effectively delivered when and where needed? To be a world class timber converter while perceiving the estimation of the: HR, Practical Woods, and Entrepreneurial Soul. By using innovation and advancement to end up practical while surpassing client's desire. Timber Supply I.T.S is always searching for approaches to enhance all parts of business by keeping in front of worldwide prescribed procedures. The South African Timber Market is in turmoil right now with steady deficiencies which have been caused by timberland fires which happened in 2002 and 2007, the overall retreat has facilitated the supply lines for the here and now. By reviewing the logistics and supply chain management literature in organisations from different sectors, this study found key issues, namely the operational logistics. These issues have been the obstruction for logistics efficacy. It is observed that major challenges faced by this organization are lack of advanced information technology (IT) and manufacturing systems, unreliable suppliers in terms of raw material quality and distribution time and erroneous forecasting systems.

From the stems of agricultural crops to the structural trunks of trees, studying the mechanical behaviour of plant stems is critical for both commerce and science. Plant scientists are also increasingly relying on mechanical test data for plant phenotyping. Yet there are neither standardised methods nor systematic reviews of current methods for the testing of herbaceous stems. We discuss the architecture of plant stems and highlight important micro- and macro-structural parameters that need to be controlled and accounted for when designing test methodologies, or that need to be understood to explain observed mechanical behaviour. Then, we critically evaluate various methods to test structural properties of stems, including flexural-bending (two-, three-and four-point bending) and axial-loading (tensile, compressive and buckling) tests. Recommendations are made on best practices. This review is relevant to fundamental studies exploring plant biomechanics, mechanical phenotyping of plants, and the determinants of mechanical properties in cell walls, as well as to application-focussed studies, such as in agro-breeding and forest-management projects, aiming to understand deformation processes of stem structures. The methods explored here can also be extended to other elongated, rod-shaped organs (e.g. petioles, midribs and even roots).

The research detailed in this paper investigates the chip formation modes for woodworking handsaw teeth. Two tooth geometries (beveled and un-beveled) were evaluated using a single tooth rig. A high speed video camera was used to observe the chip formation in real time. For both tooth geometries the video footage provides evidence of a shearing mechanism cutting along the wood grain, and a bending mechanism cutting across the wood grain. Un-beveled teeth (with orthogonal edges) generally yield high cutting forces yet are very effective at removing material along the wood grain in a "chisel like" cutting action. Beveled teeth with sharp lateral edges generally yield low cutting forces and are well suited to severing the wood fibers perpendicular to the grain in a "knife like" cutting action.

The chemical contents in cultivated 3 year-old bamboo culms of Gigantochloa brang, G. levis, G. scortechinii and G. wrayi were studied. Different composition were exhibited in the extractives, holocellulose, α-cellulose, lignin, and ash contents between the four (4) bamboo species, location in the culms and position at the nodes and internodes. The extractive content in four species ranged from 8.30 to 9.23%. The extractive content of G.brang, G.levis, G.scortechinii and G.wrayi were 8.30%, 9:23%, 8:00% and 8.62% respectively. The holocellulose content for G. levis were 85.08%, G. wrayi 84.53%, G. brang 79.94% and G. scortechinii 74.62%. The holocellulose content for the cultivated bamboo genus Gigantochloa were 74% to 85%. The α-cellulose is the chemical constituents in the holocellulose. The highest was G.brang (51.58%) followed by G. scortechinii (46.87%), G.wrayi (37.66%) and G. levis (33.80%). The lignin content ranged between 24.84 to 32.65%.The highest were obtained in G. scortechinii (32.55%), G. wrayi (30.04%%), G. levis (26.50%) and lowest in G. brang (24.83%). The ash content in four species of Gigantochloa bamboo ranged between 0.88 to 2.86%. The ash content is the highest in G. scortechinii (2.83%) follow by G. levis (1.29%), G. brang (1.25%) and the lowest in G.wrayi (0.88%).

Though much attention has been given to the prefabrication of architecture, little has been devoted to the discussion of the prefabricated interior environment. The significance of the unit or module is inherent in the prefabrication of architecture, but it is equally critical in its role in the prefabrication of Interior Space. The element of the module in furniture transcends the notion of furniture as object, placing it more expansively into the realm of place-maker. The advent and purpose of modular furniture are not only interconnected with the greater concepts of prefabrication in the built environment but are also inherently interconnected with the development of the modern house. The ability to mass-produce furniture and the concept of the module as a generative place-maker transformed the role of modular furniture into that of defining space or prefabricating environments.

This paper attempts to analyze the sustainability of the Asian wooden furniture industry. Despite booming exports, the furniture industry is besieged with stagnating productivity. The growth attributed to rising exports of low-value, contract furniture is not sustainable in the long-term as other cheaper manufacturers emerge. Industry liberalization coupled with the use of skilled workers, and not industrial policy, are the strategic elements for sustainability. In diesem Manuskript wird versucht, die Nachhaltigkeit der asiatischen Holzmöbel-Industrie zu analysieren. Trotz boomender Exporte ist die Möbelindustrie durch stagnierende Produktivität in Bedrängnis geraten. Das Wachstum ist einem Anstieg geringwertiger Exporte zu verdanken. Vertragsmobiliar ist auf lange Sicht nicht erhältlich, da andere billigere Hersteller auftauchen. Die strategischen Elemente zur Nachhaltigkeit der Holzmöbel-Industrie sind industrielle Liberalisierung, gekoppelt mit der Einstellung erfahrener Arbeiter und keinesfalls die Anwendung industrieller Taktiken.

Semi-fermented fish product was organoleptically of satisfactory quality and it was organoleptically acceptable for a long time. Proximate composition of the semi-fermented fish product was comparable with other processed fish and fishery products. Proximate composition data were moisture 36.63%, protein 33.74%, lipid 18.54% and ash 11.83%. Total Volatile Base Nitrogen (TVB-N) of this semi-fermented product was 3.08 mg/100 g. Bacterial load of semi-fermented fish product was 1.18 × 10 6 CFU/g. To confirm the safety aspect of the semi-fermented fish product of this research study the exact quality of metal and elements particularly the heavy metal quantity was determined. Result of heavy metal concentrations in semi-fermented fish product "Sheedal Shutki or Chapa Shutki" was Arsenic 0.019 µg/g, Cadmium 0.075 µg/g which were within the acceptable level for human consumption.

The only natural material for building boats is wood. There are various designs in the art of wooden boat building. The techniques for building wooden boats depends on the type of boat, the technique and procedure for making day sailors is different from the one used for construction of powerboats, cruising boats, or performance rows among several others.

Likewise, depending on the type of boat you want to build, you have an option of choosing from a large variety of timbers....

Fibre dimensions are of great significance due to their strong relationship with the strength properties of wood and paper. The fibre characteristics of three selected plant species (Verbenaceae family Duranta erecta and Lantana camara, Lamiaceae familyVitex doniana ) were determined and their pulp and paper making potentials were compared with that of Gmelina arborea. The mean fibre lengths of the species were found to be short since they were less than 1.6mm. Gmelina arborea has the highest slenderness ratio with a mean value of 29.8241±1.0928 and the highest coefficient of flexibility (0.8584±0.0109). The Runkel ratio was highest in Duranta erecta recording an average of 0.6507±0.0638. However, the derived fibre values: slenderness ratio, coefficient flexibility and Runkel ratio of the species studied were considered to be good paper making potentials, therefore, making Duranta erecta, Lantana camara, and Vitex doniana a suitable substitute for Gmelina arborea in the papermaking ...

Se realiza el diseño y simulación de un horno de
secado de madera que utilice el sol en reemplazo de los quemadores
tradicionales. Tomando los datos de un proceso de secado de madera
Roble realizado en un horno comercial del SENA, se realiza la
simulación de dicho proceso usando el simulador de dinámica de
fluidos computacional Autodesk CFD 2016, se realiza una
validación de la simulación, comparando la medición del sensor real
de temperatura y humedad relativa con los resultados de la
simulación en esta misma ubicación. Con el simulador validado, se
diseñan y simulan diversas geometrías del horno, cada una teniendo
en cuenta los errores de la anterior. En este documento se mostrará
el último diseño y simulación del horno. Para el diseño de detalle se
utilizó la metodología de diseño de Ulrich. El horno de secado se
diseña con el fin de disminuir costos energéticos y económicos a la
empresa Tecninsumos Ltda durante el proceso de secado de madera
roble en Taraza, Antioquia.

Wood and tools. They bring to mind the cabinetmaker’s factory, boat builder’s jigs, the residential construction site, concrete forms and the amateur’s workshop. Each is at the end of conception, where already set ideas become reality. Mostly what is made are the ideas of others-the hand holding the tool is not that of the designer. The history of design would appear to force such a separation between design and its realization. Modern artifacts are complex and demand specialized knowledge and machines for their production. It is easy, or at least expedient, for designers to leave tools and materials to others. Sadly, the common view that designers are ungrounded in practical reality may be simple historical necessity. This book is a bridge. Its contributors, designers all, show how new tools can span the historical gap between thought and hand, between idea and materiality. Contemporary computer-aided design systems and digital fabrication machines allow us to bend the process of design in on itself, to connect its start and finish. Both computation and physical machines are tools for developing the substance of design. Computational tools enliven the sketch. Once modeled inside a computer, a sketch becomes plastic. We develop, refine and adapt it to context. We create alternative sketches in the hundreds. Digital fabrication makes these sketches physical, as models, prototypes and built form. Th e loop closes as we use the physical sketch to inform the world of ideas. And the world of ideas changes as we learn the consequences of our design choices.

إن حفظ وترميم المواد الأثرية ذات المنشأ العضوي يتطلب معالجة خاصة كونها
تشمل على أنسجة سريعة التحلل بفعل العوامل الحيّة وغير الحيّة، فالأخشاب مثلاً تدخل
في صناعة العديد من اللقى الأثرية، سواء كمادة خام في أعمال النحت الخشبي، أو كمادة
حاملة كما في الأيقونات أو كجزء من العمل نفسه، ولكونها تعتبر جزء من تراثنا المادي
الأثري الهام فقد تم تسليط الضوء من خلال هذا المقال على التعريف بالخشب وأنواعه،
بالإضافة إلى عوامل التلف المؤثرة على تدهوره والطرائق المتبعة في صيانته و حفظه
ليستمر لأكبر فترة ممكنة.

This article presents results from the first statistically significant study of cost escalation in transportation infrastructure projects. Based on a sample of 258 transportation infrastructure projects worth US$90 billion and representing different project types, geographical regions, and historical periods, it is found with overwhelming statistical significance that the cost estimates used to decide whether such projects should be built are highly and systematically misleading. Underestimation cannot be explained by error and is best explained by strategic misrepresentation, that is, lying. The policy implications are clear: legislators, administrators, investors, media representatives, and members of the public who value honest numbers should not trust cost estimates and cost-benefit analyses produced by project promoters and their analysts.

Efectuarea unei schimbări organizaţionale poate fi înşelătoare, chiar şi pentru top management. Schimbarea poate necesita cooperarea a zeci sau chiar sute de manageri, iar rezistenţa întâmpinată poate fi considerabilă, iar managerul va trebui probabil să finalizeze schimbarea, în timp ce, firma continuă să-şi servească clienţii. Uneori rezistenţa la schimbare este atât de puternică încât promotorul/promotorii schimbării sunt obligaţi să părăsească postul.

Muhammad Mashuri Alif,
Trisakti University, February 2, 2017
Dr. HifniAlifahmi. M.Si
Keywords
"EffectLabel Eco-Friendly Toward Brand Reputation the Mediated by Perceived Toward the Brand Quality and Trust Toward  Papers Products  Brand".

Label Eco-friendly mediation ecolabel ecolabel the quality of the brand ecolabel trust the brand image the perceivedbrand quality to trust toward brand image the quality brand to brand reputation while the trust towardbrand image to the brand reputation the Ecolabel and brand reputation
Major Advisor: .
is essentially a procedure that was created by the global community to ensure that consumers and producers are aware of their responsibilities to the preservation of the environment, since the beginning of the production process to the end. The process transformed the society through building a perception of quality and Trust towards brand of paper production which is mediated by the quality of the Trust towards brand in enhancing brand reputation labeled environment.
The background and objective of the research was to examine the relationship of each variable based on the research and literature contained in scientific journals that are used to strengthen tiori about label eco-friendly, brand quality perception, trust towards the brand and the brand's reputation in paper products.
The data is source used in this study were obtained from 200 respondents consisting of students D3, S1 and S2 from universities in Jakarta. This study was developed based on four variables and 5 hypothesis 1 hypothesis directly and indirectly ( ). The entire variable is measured using a Likert scale with a choice of 1 to 7 (Very2 Strongly Disagree to Very2 Strongly Agree).
The results of the management of the data indicates that the label environmentally friendly ( ) positive effect on each variable, which is shown by the on with the estimate of 1.027 and 14.443, to of the estimate of 0.651 and 6.782, 0.566 and 8.463 as well as estimate of 0.345 and 5.943, of the estimate 0.211 and 4.194. While the hypothesis of indirect relationship between worth 0.614.
Keyword: ecolabel, perceived quality brand products, trust toward brand and brand reputation.

Novel composite materials having desired performance properties can be developed by nanotechnology. The major objective of this research was to produce nanomaterial-reinforced particleboard composites with enhanced physical and mechanical performance. Urea formaldehyde adhesive used to produce particleboard composites was reinforced with nanoSiO2, nanoAl2O3, and nanoZnO at loading level of 0%, 1%, and 3%. To evaluate physical properties density, thickness swelling, water absorption, and equilibrium moisture content were determined while modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, bonding strength, and screw withdrawal strength tests were carried out to evaluate mechanical properties of the particleboard composites. The results acquired in this work revealed that nanomaterial reinforcement technique significantly affected the physical and mechanical performance properties of the particleboard composites. The findings showed that the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, bonding s...

Low permeability of many wood species due to their anatomical properties causes problems during timber drying as well as impregnating with preservatives and resins. Microwave (MW) treatment influences heartwood permeability and improves preservative uptake and distribution. In the present study, microwave treatment of chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) wood was done at 2,45 GHz frequency at different level of intensity and radiation time. The gas permeability of chir pine wood was measured in an in-house built apparatus. Preservative uptake was tested using acid copper chromate (ACC) preservative by a dipping process. The effect of radiation intensity and time on preservative uptake and air permeability were studied. The results revealed remarkable increase in longitudinal wood air permeability and preservative uptake with the increase of intensity and time of treatment. The results indicate that this technology can be tested and applied on pilot scale for application in wood preservation industry.

The Michigan furniture industry produces >150 tons/day of wood-based waste, which can be upcycled into a wood polymer composite (WPC). This study investigates the viability of using furniture waste as a feedstock for 3-D printer filament to produce furniture components. The process involves: grinding/milling board scraps made of both LDF/MDF/LDF and melamine/particleboard/paper impregnated with phenolic resins; pre-mixing wood-based powder with the biopolymer poly lactic acid (PLA), extruding twice through open-source recyclebots to fabricate homogeneous 3-D printable WPC filament, and printing with open source FFF-based 3-D printers. The results indicate there is a significant opportunity for waste-based composite WPCs to be used as 3-D printing filament.

Self-cleaning properties have received significant attention for the importance of their potential. Coatings at Nano-scales offer possibilities of using materials for self-cleaning surfaces. Recent efforts have begun to focus on the kinds of materials including metals, semiconductors and polymers. Such materials can have enormous potential in only a few applications. Moreover, the production of these materials requires high costs with low photo activity. In this regard, TiO 2 and its derived materials have shown acceptable and effective suggestions for this application. Moreover, the mechanism of self-cleaning has been explained by the effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic can have many applications in different areas like water purification, microfluidics and photovoltaic. In this review, the application of self-cleaning in solar cells and environment as well as TiO 2 derived materials and their applications in water management have been briefly illustrated. In addition, it has been explained that a huge number of self-cleaning materials, applications and improvement in utilities have been essential. In short, we have conducted a comprehensive review of the new approach and to mention numerous materials with hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties would be promising for most environmental concerns. Bio-inspired surface respond in nature through hydrophobic (Cicada Wing, Butterfly Wing, Lotus Leaf, Rice Leaf) and hydrophilic (Fish Scale, Snail Shell, Shark Skin) properties was divided in 4 and 3 respectively. Anti reflective coatings with self-cleaning properties have drowned considerable attention for both their basic appearances and vast applied usages. Antireflective coatings with self-cleaning properties have been considered because of their fascinating features and vast diversity of empirical uses.

Le projet « Canopéa, Update 3 » est l’un
des projets développés durant l’année
universitaire 2012-2013, dans le cadre
du master « Architecture et Cultures
Constructives ». Il prolonge la dynamique
de recherche « Canopéa, des nanotours dans
un écosystème urbain », projet vainqueur du
Solar Décathlon Europe 2012, afin d’apporter
des pistes de développement pour concevoir
des logements d’accession à des habitants
aux ressources modérées, éco-responsables,
s’inspirant du projet Canopéa.
Ce projet de fi n d’études a donc pour
ambition de proposer une réfl exion sur
des pistes envisageables et également des
réponses architecturales économiques à
partir du concept de Canopéa, sur un site de
la Presqu’île de Grenoble. Après un examen
du projet Canopéa pour comprendre le
concept core/skin/shell, ou le cœur/la peau /
la double-peau, les principes fondamentaux
du projet et les objectifs visés, la stratégie
énergétique adoptée et la répartition des
coûts, une première analyse des coûts a
permis de déterminer quatre principaux
leviers permettant de réaliser des économies
dans divers domaines : le foncier, la
programmation, la construction et les modes
de production, et enfin la maintenance. Cette
analyse de coûts a constitué une base pour
élaborer des pistes de développement du
projet.
Son approfondissement a débouché sur
le constat que la structure du projet était
déterminante. A partir de là, ont été défi nie
une stratégie économique et une approche
par les systèmes constructifs. Les potentiels
de quatre structures différentes : poteaux poutres
bois, panneaux bois massifs, poteaux poutres
béton et poteaux-poutres acier et
dalle alvéolée, recevant des déclinaisons du
concept Canopéa, ont été explorés.
Les résultats de ces quatre explorations
ont montré que nous pouvons construire
des logements à très haute performance
énergétique, off rant des qualités spatiales.
En plus nous avons prouvé que le coût de
construction de ces projets varie entre
2100€/m² (SHAB) et 2600€/m² (SHAB), la
surface de plancher variant entre 1050€/m²
(SDP) et 1300€/m² (SDP). Ces estimations
ne prenant pas en compte le coût du foncier.
Cette performance est possible avec les
quatre projets que nous avons développés,
construits avec des matériaux ayant leurs
avantages et leurs inconvénients.
Ce PFE a permis d’approfondir les questions
de densité verticale par la nanotour, les
questions de systèmes constructifs en rapport
avec la stratégie thermique du bâtiment,
la qualité de vie et de confort, et surtout la
notion d’économie de la construction.

The « Canopea, Update3 » project is one of
the projects developed during the 2012-2013
academic year, as part of the Master « Architecture
and Constructive Culture ». It extends the
research dynamic made on the project entitled,
« Canopea, an Urban Ecosystem », winner of the
Solar Decathlon 2012. For this project, we are
aiming at providing issues for the development of
the housing design in order to enable his accession
to moderate-income families. Th is graduation
project proposes a refl exion for an economic
architectural answer based on the Canopea
concept, on the site of the Grenoble peninsula.
An analysis made by the “INSEE” in 2006, shows
that most of the French population would like
to live in an individual house; the preference
for this housing typology is causing an urban
sprawl throughout the country. The Canopea
project proposes one solution to avoid that urban
sprawl. Th at solution consists in bringing into
the nanotowers’s apartments located downtown
the qualities of an individual house with all the
benefits of living in the city centre.
We also found four levers on which we could work
to establish our economic strategy in order to
reduce the construction cost of the project. These
levers are, the land use, the project programming,
the building construction process, and at last the
maintenance of the building.
After an analysis of the Canopea project
to understand the costs of the prototype’s
construction, we discovered that the structure
was very expensive and if we wanted to reduce
that cost, we ought to fi nd new ways to build
the nanotowers. Th e potentials of four diff erent
construction systems were then explored: the
timber framework construction, the KLH solid
wood panels, the concrete structure mixed with
a timber framework construction and a steel
framework construction supporting prestressed
concrete hollow core slabs.
This exploration through four construction
systems have showed that we can build a housing
project off ering good space qualities with a very
high performance energy. More over we proved
that the construction cost these projects can be
between 2100€/m² to 2600€/m² of the living
floor surface area. While the total floor area will
be between 1050€/m² and 1300€/m².Th e land
cost is not included in these estimations. Th is
performance is made possible even if we have
different construction materials with their own
advantages and disadvantages.
This graduation project has brought us to develop
further the question of the vertical density made
possible by the nanotowers in the Grenoble
peninsula context taking in consideration the
demands of OPAC69, a local public housing office.
We also studied in a deeper way the question of
the building materials related to their thermal
performance to provide, a good life quality and
a good comfort in the house and more over the
notion of the building construction