Media Law

This book focuses on how media and communications policy is made and what influences its design. It explores the structures and processes in which policymaking takes place worldwide, the factors that determine its forms, influence its elements, and affect its outcomes. It explores how to analyze policy proposals, evaluate policy, and use policy studies approaches to examine policy and policymaking. International in scope, it lays out the variety of political, social, economic, and institutional influences on policy, the roles of industries and policy advocates in the processes, and issues and factors that complicate effective policymaking and skew policy outcomes.

This article will discuss the restrictions related to alcohol advertising which exist in the public space. The main aim of the study is to provide a comprehensive description of de lege lata. First of all, the article will elaborate on the definition of an alcoholic beverage and advertising within the meaning of AUS. Their very wide range limits the marketing activities of producers and distributors. Interpretation doubts related to the functioning of the regulations, combined with very severe consequences of violation of the provisions of the act introduce a chilling effect.

The U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) criminalizes decryption of "copy protected" digital content, even if the decryption itself serves lawful purposes that do not infringe on copyright. However, temporary exemptions to this prohibition are granted triennially if communities of practice can demonstrate that the encryption ban adversely affects noninfringing uses. This study explores to what degree members of communities with existing exemptions for audiovisual work (1) are aware of the DMCA ban on encryption and (2) are aware of the relevant exemptions, and (3) whether they believe they can use the exemptions with confidence. We find that existing knowledge of DMCA exemptions is low, but that creators may employ the exemption reliably if given the exemption language. This empirical evidence demonstrates creative and productivity costs of narrow exemptions, as well as the importance of education. Results are relevant to discussions about international treaty intellectual property discussions, about the function of exemptions in intellectual property law, and about the consequences of criminalizing decryption.

After her termination as a Friends writers’ assistant, Amaani Lyle filed suit for harassment and discrimination. In response, writers defended their professional authority over the writing process, facing two related tensions. First, Lyle v. Warner Bros. emphasized frictions between artistic freedom and social responsibility, amid concerns about a lack of diversity among writers. Second, the case also spotlighted the ambivalence of writers’ artistic status, within a collaborative and vertically integrated system of production. Focusing on problems of organization and profession, this article explores writers’ negotiations of these tensions as negotiations of their role in a complex industry.

Much attention has been devoted towards improving the quality of education that a student receives, particularly with respect to those competencies and skills that are widely accepted as essential to a successful career. Regardless of the student's career choice, the basic skills in English and mathematics taught at the secondary education level, as assessed through standardized tests such as the ACT and SAT, determine the entrance course for continued learning in those subjects at the higher education level. For instance, students pursuing a degree in the mass communication discipline are often required to take English courses at the freshman level before taking any courses within their major. English composition courses are prerequisites commonly identified as essential to learning the writing and editing skills of the journalism or public relations profession.Exactly what type of math instruction should be required, however, and exactly which mathematics course should be the ...

This study of the state of media law in Nigeria contains analyses of the interplay of law, politics, the economy and other social factors on the state of freedom of expression. Juxtaposed are the regime of media law and regulations, judicial interpretation of these laws, the existing environment for the realisation of freedom of expression and the associated general political, social and economic environment. Critical attention is given to the various enactments regulating freedom of expression and the provisions on freedom of expression in the 1963, 1979 and 1999 Constitutions of Nigeria. How national media laws compare with international treaties and how regulators influence media contents, are also examined. The book is addressed to a wide audience: mass communication and law students, lecturers and teachers in tertiary institutions offering relevant courses, legal practitioners, journalists and those working in the field of mass communication, human rights and political activists, politicians and party bureaucracies, policy makers, researchers and experts in think tanks. http:// www.africanbookscollective.com/books/media-law-and-policy-in-nigeria

The principle of Access to Knowledge (A2K) has become a common reference point for a diverse set of agendas that all hope to realize technological and human potential by making knowledge more accessible. This book is a history of international copyright focused on principles of A2K and their proponents. Whilst debate and discussion so far has covered the perspectives of major western countries, the author's fresh approach to the topic considers emerging countries and NGOs, who have fought for the principles of A2K that are now fundamental to the system. Written in a clear and accessible style, the book connects copyright history to current problems, issues and events.

Based on the European Court of Human Right's decision in the von Hannover no 2 case, the paper evaluates the current state of law regarding the media's right to publish photos of public figures engaged in private activities without their consent. Moreover, the paper examines whether the Danish legal position is compliant with the von Hannover no 2 principles.

The article reviews international standards on the specific right of correction or reply in inter- national law in the context of freedom of expression and freedom of the media. It also provides examples from national law and professional standards of the press in Europe. Part of the article is devoted to the right of reply as envisioned in Article 8 of the Slovakia’s Statute on Periodic Press and News Agencies. It looks into relevant criticism brought in 2008 by the international organizations and traces changes made in this article in 2011. Then it comes to the analysis of the current draft, which, in particular, intends to restore the status quo established prior to 2011.

המאמר מצביע על תופעה שלטונית המכונה במסגרתו "ביוש רגולטורי", עומד על מאפייניה, ומבקש להעריכה מן הבחינה הנורמטיבית. ביוש רגולטורי מתייחס לכל פרסום מכוּון של מידע על ידי רשויות מנהליות המיועד להעביר מסר ערכי שלילי על אודות גופים פרטיים לצורך מטרה רגולטורית. ביוש נדון עד כה בעיקר בהקשרים אזרחיים פרטיים, שבהם אזרחים מביישים אזרחים, וכן בהקשרים שלטוניים פליליים, שבהם הרשות המבצעת או השופטת מביישת עבריינים (כולל תאגידים) באמצעות פרסום דבר העבֵרה לאחר מעשה. מאמר זה עוסק לראשונה בביוש בהקשר שלטוני רחב יותר, ובוחן אותו ככלי אכיפה רגולטורי ברשות המבצעת שאינו מוגבל דווקא להליך הפלילי, אלא חל גם על פרסומים "מביישים" הקשורים לאחריותם המנהלית, האזרחית או המוסרית של תאגידים.


לצד המגמה המסתמנת של שימוש ב"ביוש רגולטורי" ברשות המבצעת, נראה כי גורמים ברשות המחוקקת חוששים לאמצו, ואינם מבינים את משמעותו באופן מלא. במענה לחששות אלה, המאמר עומד על יתרונותיו הרבים, ומקדם תפיסה שלפיה הביוש הוא טקטיקה רגולטורית ראויה ליישום על ידי רשויות מנהליות. המאמר מציע שלוש הצדקות מרכזיות לביוש רגולטורי: ראשית, הביוש הרגולטורי הוא מכשיר יעיל להשגת יעדי הרגולציה באופן מהיר, פשוט וזול יחסית לחלופות אכיפה; שנית, הוא מקדם שיתוף פעולה, ערכים דמוקרטיים ויחסי אמון בין המדינה לבין אזרחים הנוטלים חלק פעיל בביוש, וזאת בעידן שבו האמון האזרחי בשלטון ובמערכי הבירוקרטיה והרגולציה, כמו גם בתאגידים עצמם, הולך ופוחת; ושלישית, הוא אינו פוגעני כלפי תאגידים הכפופים לרגולציה באותו אופן שביוש שלטוני פוגע במובן הפסיכולוגי-הרגשי באזרחים בשר ודם, ועל כן הוא יכול לשמש כלי רך ומידתי בהשוואה לאסטרטגיות אכיפה חלופיות, דוגמת ההליך הפלילי או המנהלי.

The text covers both the core principles and practices for novice journalists and the fundamental issues facing journalists today – convergence, online, growth of magazine formats, challenges presented by technology, new demands in feature writing – from both a conceptual and practical perspective to provide students with a thorough grounding in the key debates and techniques in the discipline. It gives clear, no-nonsense practical advice to help you develop your generic journalism skills and make a success of your studies and career. It also serves as an essential introduction to the key debates on the industry.

Balancing the freedom of expression and right to private life in the recent practise of the ECtHR – application and interpretation of the key criteria

In my paper I’m going to analyse the recent praxis of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) when balancing the freedom of expression and right to private life. In the current court practice the right to private life is considered as an equivalent right to freedom of speech. This has made the weighting and balancing between the protection of private life and freedom of expression a more difficult task both in the national courts as well as in the ECtHR.

The key criteria that the ECtHR laid down in 2012 in Grand Chamber cases Axel Springer and von Hannover N:o 2 are important when balancing the freedom of expression and the protection of private life. Those criteria are: 1) contribution to a debate of general interest 2) the public role of the person concerned 3) what is the subject of the news reporting 4) how the information is obtained and how the truthfulness of it has been verified 5) the content, form and consequences of the publication 6) the special characteristics of photography and 7) the proportionality of the sanctions imposed. As the examination of the court practise has shown, those criteria have been applied some way also before the GC cases, but according to the analysis of the praxis, the way in which those have been applied has not always been very coherent or foreseeable. This, in turn, has been very problematic for the national courts, which try to obey the European Convention on Human Rights.

In my paper I am going to study how the ECtHR has applied and interpreted the above-mentioned key criteria in its recent court practise after the GC judgments and how the doctrine of margin of appreciation has developed recently. I am going to examine, is there a more consistent and coherent line of interpretation nowadays than it used to be. I will specially focus on the recent praxis and explore what kind of weighting the various criteria are given. I´ll also point out some other characteristics and recent developments of ECtHR´s practise regarding freedom of expression and right to private life.

The history of evolution of media law in India can be traced back to reign of the East India Company in the year 1799 when Lord Wellesley promulgated the Press Regulations 1 , which was the beginning of pre-censorship on the newly evolved newspaper printing industry. However, the pre-censorship was dispensed with in 1818 by Lord Hastings. In 1823, licensing regulations were promulgated according to which starting or using a press without license was a penal offense. In 1835, came the Press Act or the Metcalfe Act, which was meant to undo all the previous repressive legislations on this subject. This new Press Act required the publisher/printer to give clear and to the point explanation on any & every publication.

This article traces the coevolution of musical culture, law, and technology over the arc of modern Western legal and cultural history, from the Renaissance to the present day. This historical analysis is intended to lend context and substance to contemporary conversations about the role of the Internet and digital production platforms, as well as Internet-based intellectual property laws, such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, in shaping contemporary global musical culture. I propose a 5-stage coevolutionary process, based on the dialectical relationships between (1) laws and regulations, (2) market dynamics, (3) codes and practices, (4) music technologies, and (5) concepts of authorship.

In the digital age, the spread of the mobile world and the nature of the cyberspace, offers many new opportunities for the prevalence of the fundamental right to free expression, and therefore, for free speech and freedom of the press; however, these new information communication technologies carry many new challenges. Defamation, censorship, fake news, misleading information, hate speech, breach of copyright etc., are only some of the violations, all of which can be derived from the harmful exercise of freedom of expression, all which become more salient in the internet. Here raises the question: how can we eliminate these problems, and practice our fundamental freedom rightfully? To answer this question, we should understand the elements and the characteristic of the nature of freedom of expression, and the role of the actors whose duties and responsibilities are crucial in the prevalence of this fundamental freedom. To achieve this goal, this paper will explore the European practice to understand instructions found in the case-law of the European Court of Human rights for the rightful exercise of freedom of expression.

Fotocopie per uso personale del lettore possono essere effettuate nei limiti del 15% di ciascun volume/fascicolo di periodico dietro pagamento alla SIAE del compenso previsto dall'art. 68, comma 4 della legge 22 aprile 1941, n. 633 ovvero dall'accordo stipulato tra SIAE, AIE, SNS e CNA, CONFARTIGIANATO, CASA, CLAAI, CONFCOMMERCIO, CONFESERCENTI il 18 dicembre 2000.

Th e 1940s was a contentious decade for US media policy. Activists, policy- makers, and media industries grappled over defining the normative foundations that governed major communication and regulatory institutions. At this time, a reform agenda took shape at both the grassroots social movement level and within elite policy circles. An analysis of the rise and fall of this postwar media reform movement
holds at least three key lessons for contemporary media activists. First, it reminds us of the imperative to maintain a strong inside/outside strategy that keeps regulators connected to the grassroots. Second, we learn that media activists retreat on structural reform objectives at their own peril. Finally, we must remember that media reform rises and falls with other political struggles and radical social movements. With these lessons in mind, media reformers should seek to build liberal- left coalitions and, perhaps, a new popular front.

"A médiapolitika határterület. Nyilvánvaló és szoros kapcsolódásokkal rendelkezik a médiaelmélet, a médiaszociológia, a médiajog, a médiagazdaságtan, sôt a médiatörténet irányába. Olyan alkalmazott médiatudományi diszciplínaként írható le, amely a médiatudomány más területein – illetve más társadalomtudományokban – elért eredményeket összegzi annak érdekében, hogy támpontokat adjon a médiarendszer szerkezetét és mûködését alakító célkitûzések és eszközök meghatározásához, illetve érvényesítéséhez. A médiapolitika ugyanakkor jóval korábban létezett politikai gyakorlatként, mint tudományos diszciplínaként, és tudományos diszciplínaként is elsôsorban a médiapolitikai gyakorlat megalapozását és értékelését szolgálhatja. A médiapolitika mibenlétét, céljait, eszközeit a tömegkommunikáció elméletével, illetve a média szabályozásával foglalkozó mûvek nagy része vizsgálja. E mûvek azonban általában megelégszenek egy-egy rövid áttekintéssel, fogalommeghatározással, problémafelvetéssel. Egyelőre a médiapolitikának mint médiakutatási területnek nincs „nagy klasszikusa”, mindenki által hivatkozott alapmûve. Az azonban nem véletlen, hogy az itt közzétett mûvek közül négynek szerzôje, illetve társszerzôje Denis McQuail, akinek a munkái a tömegkommunikáció kutatásának minden területén megkerülhetetlenek. A tanulmányok egy további, nagyobb része – Patrik Donges, Manuel Puppis, Otfried Jaren írásai, illetve az általuk szerkesztett kötetekbôl válogatott tanulmányok – a zürichi egyetem kommunikációtudományi és médiakutatási intézetéhez (Institut für Publizistikwissenschaft und Medienforschung der Universität Zürich, IPMZ) kötődik."

Arrest of students in Jawaharlal Nehru University and resultant police intervention has kindled a debate on the legal and constitutional dimensions of the right to protest and freedom of expression. It is clear that freedom of speech and expression within the Indian legal tradition includes any form of criticism, dissent and protest. It cannot be held hostage to narrow ideas of what constitutes "anti-national" speech. Published in Journal of Public Affairs and Change, Vol. 1, No. 1, Winter 2017.

In the lead-up of March 4, 2018 Italian elections and resting upon the experience of the last elections in the UK, France, Germany and the U.S., this report proposes an overview of the existing Italian legal framework regulating political communication during electoral campaigns. It will then individuate the regulation holes created by the ever- evolving digital revolution within a context which can still however be defined as “television- centred”.

La Direzione, d'intesa con l'Editore celebra, con questo "Speciale Venticinquennale", i 25 anni di vita della rivista Notariato, affrontando un tema di grande rilevanza per il presente e soprattutto per il futuro del Notariato, come emerge dalle risposte dei partecipanti alla Tavola Rotonda su "Professioni legali e nuove tecnologie" e dai numerosi scritti che la completano.

The Direction, in agreement with the Publisher, celebrates, with this "Twenty-five Year Special", the 25 years of life of the magazine Notariato, addressing a topic of great importance for the present and above all for the future of the Notariat, as emerging from the responses of the participants in the Round Table on "Legal professions and new technologies" and the numerous writings that complete it.

Πρόκειται για την δίκη της υπόθεσης υπ’ αριθμόν 610/2018 ενώπιον του Συμβουλίου της Επικρατείας. Αντικείμενό της είναι οι περιορισμοί στην άσκηση του δικαιώματος του πληροφορεῖν και του δικαιώματος στην πληροφόρηση στο μέτρο που μπορούν να δικαιολογηθούν για την προστασία της αξίας των ανθρώπων, της προσωπικότητας των ατόμων και της ερωτικής τους ζωής και δη της επιλογής του γενετήσιου προσανατολισμού τους.

"Jelen könyv egyik legfontosabb hozadéka éppen abban rejlik, hogy képes összefüggésükben, egymáshoz fűződő kapcsolatukban láttatni a média szabályozásának különböző – technológiai és gazdasági, társadalmi-kulturális és jogi – aspektusait. Polyák Gábor szemléletmódja a magyar médiakutatásban több szempontból is újdonságot jelent. A hazai szakirodalomban most történik először kísérlet arra, hogy a média szabályozásának, az egyes médiumrendszerek politikai-hatalmi-törvényhozói eszközökkel való alakításának kérdéseit a hagyományos médiajogi, illetőleg a politológiai megközelítéseken némileg túllépve egy szélesebb társadalomtudományos kontextuson belül értelmezzék. E szerzői pozícióból következően a könyv horizontja szélesebb, mint azt a területtel foglalkozó korábbi munkák kapcsán megszokhattuk. Az egyes konkrét szabályozási kérdések hátterében minduntalan felbukkan az a bonyolult technológiai, gazdasági és szociokulturális környezet, amely nélkül e problémáknak még a megjelenése is nehezen értelmezhető, s mely nélkül nem képzelhető el a megoldásukhoz rendelkezésre álló (vagy éppen hiányzó) eszközök aprólékos mérlegre tétele. "

The term image rights generally refers to a loose bundle of enforceable rights that a human being has over aspects of his personality. As a preliminary point, kindly note that jurisprudence towards protection of image rights has been divided between protection on the basis of violation of privacy and protection on the basis of the unpermitted commercialization or appropriation of an individual’s personality. (Personality in this context means name, nickname, slogan and signatures developed from time to time, image, likeness, voice, logos, get-ups, initials, reputation etc. Please refer to definition in Rooney’s case on page 6.) This paper in the first part reviews the enforcement regime for abuse of a person’s privacy when his or her photograph is taken without permission. In the second part, this paper reviews the remedies available to a person whose picture or other aspects of whose personality is used for adverts and other commercial purposes

Since the enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998, breach of confidence has been rapidly reconfigured to become a key vehicle for the preservation of individual privacy in accordance with Article 8.  This development has formed a significant countervailing force to the excesses of a powerful and increasingly intrusive tabloid media which seeks to profit from the exploitation of commercially valuable personal information.  But the rapid evolution in breach of confidence has generated a range of concerns about the suitability of employing an equitable doctrine traditionally geared towards safeguarding commercial trade secrets to protect a fundamental human right.  Commentators have questioned whether post-HRA caselaw has resulted in a distortion of the confidence action and a lack of coherence in the justifications underpinning this area

This article considers recent caselaw and commentary in this area, paying specific attention to the way in which breach of confidence and Articles 8 & 10 have interacted and merged.  It argues that despite legitimate concerns from commentators about early directions in this area, recent judgments have yielded clarification and improvement.  Breach of confidence has been colonised and dominated by the ongoing complex opposition between Articles 8 and 10.  But vitally, confidence also appears to have been gradually discarded as privacy protection takes its own shape as an independent action that co-exists alongside ‘classic’ confidence.  However, remnants of confidence still have background roles to play in privacy disputes where a ‘new methodology’ is applied.

Product placement, the cooperative effort of advertisers and creators of entertainment products in which trademarked goods are embedded into popular entertainment products in order to encourage their consumption, overriding entertainment and artistic concerns is becoming a major player in TV economics. Media reports estimate that advertisers paid more than $300 million to producers and the six networks during the 2003-04 TV season. As such it is raising ethical, moral and legal questions of a new order, mainly, regarding the border between artistic expression and commercial speech. This study describes the development and recent changes in product placement regulation in the U.S., Europe,

Governments around the world are strictly regulating information on social media in the interests of addressing fake news. There is, however, a risk that the uncontrolled spread of information could increase the adverse effects of the COVID-19 health emergency through the influence of false and misleading news. Yet governments may well use health emergency regulation as a pretext for implementing draconian restrictions on the right to freedom of expression, as well as increasing social media censorship (ie chilling effects). This article seeks to challenge the stringent legislative and administrative measures governments have recently put in place in order to analyse their negative implications for the right to freedom of expression and to suggest different regulatory approaches in the context of public law. These controversial government policies are discussed in order to clarify why freedom of expression cannot be allowed to be jeopardised in the process of trying to manage fake news. Firstly, an analysis of the legal definition of fake news in academia is presented in order to establish the essential characteristics of the phenomenon (Section II). Secondly, the legislative and administrative measures implemented by governments at both international (Section III) and European Union (EU) levels (Section IV) are assessed, showing how they may undermine a core human right by curtailing freedom of expression. Then, starting from the premise of social media as a "watchdog" of democracy and moving on to the contention that fake news is a phenomenon of "mature" democracy, the article argues that public law already protects freedom of expression and ensures its effectiveness at the international and EU levels through some fundamental rules (Section V). There follows a discussion of the key regulatory approaches, and, as alternatives to government intervention, self-regulation and especially empowering users are proposed as strategies to effectively manage fake news by mitigating the risks of undue interference by regulators in the right to freedom of expression (Section VI). The article concludes by offering some remarks on the proposed solution and in particular by recommending the implementation of reliability ratings on social media platforms (Section VII).

The compensatory damages remedy afforded in Mosley v News Group Newspapers Limited [2008] was inadequate, but also that no remedy could ever, in principle, be adequate, in misuse of private information/breach of confidence cases where the information in question has already been published. Eady J did not err in refusing to award exemplary damages. These would not have been available regardless. Eady J should instead have awarded an account of profits. This remedy was most appropriate given the uncertain foundation of the claim in 2008 (it was unclear whether the claim should be considered in equity or in tort). It is argued that awarding this remedy would strike the best possible balance between the ECHR rights to respect for private and family life (art.8) and to freedom of expression (art.10).