Modern Europe

This review article discusses yves Cohen's recent book Le siècle des chefs: Une histoire transnationale du commandement et de l'autorité (1890-1940). Cohen provides an extensive analysis of discourses on leadership in France, the soviet union, Germany and the united states. he also studies how leadership was practiced, by French and soviet factory directors as well as by stalin himself. While giving due credit to the scope and sophistication of his book, the review article asks whether Cohen's focus on scientific discourses and highly structured organisations leaves sufficient room for contingency. it argues that interwar political leadership in interwar europe was not least about seeing and seizing opportunities in unforeseeable circumstances, often thriving on a positive fascination with crises and states of emergency. it also points out that, contrary to what the combined title and subtitle suggest, "le siècle des chefs" hardly ended in 1939, and that the quest for leadership continues to preoccupy present-day societies, cultures and polities.

During the course of his 58-year writing career, Wells rarely wrote about Europe in isolation. It is true that he did write a number of books about one or several nations of Europe, but for the most part his considerations were of a wider scope. When writing on international questions (and such questions were addressed in most of Wells's work) he preferred to think globally, in terms of the world as a political unit. Indeed, one need only look at the titles of his works to realise that he was a cosmopolitan who could not think otherwise than in global terms; the words 'world' or 'worlds' appear in the following fourteen of his book-titles: An Englishman

Peter Hayes’ Why?: Explaining the Holocaust gives a coherent and analytical account of the atrocities committed by the Nazis and their auxiliaries before and during the Second World War. What separates this book from many other scholarly works on the Holocaust is that the chief emphasis is not on giving an exceedingly detailed account of events. Rather, Hayes tackles solely the most fundamental questions regarding the persecution and mass killing of European Jewry: why were the Jews the target of the Nazi regime; why did the persecution of Jews turn over time into total annihilation; and why didn’t the Jews receive more help from outside? Hayes does not only provide us with answers to these vital questions, but he also dismisses throughout the book misconceptions about the subject. The author states very clearly that Why? is not driven by a thesis. Still, he argues that the Industrial Revolution, the cataclysms of the First World War, and the Bolshevik Revolution were the contexts in which the Holocaust took place. It is here that hostilities toward Jews turned into an obsession on eradicating them from societal and cultural life. The atrocities formed under specific political and military circumstances and intensified, partially, due to the endorsement, indifference, and self-interests of many Europeans.

The paper explores Tati's use of new film media in 'Playtime' in ways that reveal more fundamental modes of social, mimetic and situational mediation as performed in the film by architects, and architect-like characters, and by the architectural settings which Jacques Tati devised.

Much of the French department of the Nord was occupied during the First World War. This book considers the ways in which occupied locals responded to and understood their situation, focusing on key behaviours adopted by locals and the beliefs surrounding such conduct. Key topics examined include forms of complicity, disunity, criminality, resistance, and the memory of the occupation. This local case study calls into question overly-patriotic readings of this experience, and suggests a new conceptual vocabulary to help understand certain civilian behaviours under military occupation. Drawing on extensive primary documentation, this book proposes that a dominant 'occupied culture' existed among locals: a moral-patriotic framework, born of both pre-war socio-cultural norms and daily interaction with the enemy, that guided conduct and was especially concerned with what was considered acceptable and unacceptable behaviour.

Tasked with researching and writing the chapter on "Malayalis in Europe (excluding the UK)", I set about it with zeal, thinking that it would be relatively easy to locate the relevant information, as Malayalis are highly literate, networked, conscious of tradition, and respectful of elders.

Throughout the nineteenth century, Maskilic journals increased their publication of anti-Hasidic satires. From the eighteen-sixties onward, this literature came primarily as a response to the revival in the publishing of Hasidic hagiography and to the spread of Hasidism into new territory. To this point, no complete review or even general survey has been performed on this extensive polemical literature, despite the fact that it has much to teach us about Hasidism and the Haskalah in those years. We are not speaking of an insignificant bibliographical lacuna, but of a disregard for an entire field of research which would shed light not only on a forgotten chapter of modern Hebrew and Yiddish literature but also on an important chapter in the relationships between Maskilim and Hasidim in that period and the genesis and development of the different streams of Hasidism. This Maskilic literature intended to do more than eradicate Hasidism; it aimed to strengthen the self-consciousness of the individual Maskilim who found themselves alone in Hasidic territory. Paradoxically, the literature documented the very movement it intended to eradicate from the world. The distorted reflection displayed in the anti-Hasidic literature does more than present a caricature of its subject -- it conceals hitherto unknown elements about the nature and development of the Hasidic movement. The present article deals with one such case, a satire on Bratslav Hasidism from 1863, which has at its core a Maskilic satirical text written by Yehiel Meller on pilgrimage to the grave of R. Nahman of Bratslav in Uman.





כתבי עת של משכילים לאורך המאה התשע עשרה הרבו לפרסם סאטירות בגנותה של החסידות. משנות הששים ואילך באה ספרות זו בעיקר כתגובה להתעוררות הדפסת ספרות השבחים החסידית ולהתפשטות החסידות במרחבים חדשים. לא קיימת עד עתה סקירה שלימה, ואף לא מיפוי כללי, של אותה ספרות פולמוסית ענפה, על אף שיש בה ללמד הרבה על דרכי החסידות וההשכלה באותן שנים.  לא מדובר רק בחסרון ביבליוגרפי שאין לו משמעות, אלא בהתעלמות משדה מחקר רב עניין שעשוי להאיר לא רק על פרק נשכח בספרות עברית ויידיש החדשה אלא גם על פרק חשוב ביחסים בין משכילים לחסידים באותה תקופה, ועל דרכי צמיחתם, פיצולם והתפתחותם של זרמים שונים בחסידות. הייתה זו ספרות שיותר מאשר נועדה לבער את החסידות נועדה לחזק את תודעתם העצמית של המשכילים הבודדים במרחבים החסידיים; ספרות שבאופן פרדוקסלי תיעדה תנועה אותה חפצו לבער מן העולם. הבבואה המעוותת בה התהדרה הסאטירה האנטי חסידית לא רק הציגה דימוי – אלא טומנת בחובה הצבעה על אלמנטים חדשים ועל התפתחויות בחסידות. במקרה אחד ממין זה הנוגע לחסידות ברסלב בשנות השישים של המאה התשע עשרה עוסק המאמר. שלפנינו - שעיקרו מהדורה של טקסט משכילי שכתב יחיאל מלר - בשנת 1863 - על העלייה לקבר ר' נחמן מברסלב באומן
"""

From Latin "Graecus"-"gray", today "Grigio,Griso" in plain Italian: http://etimo.it/?term=grigio&find=Cerca 7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashi-bazouk 8 There is also historical and linguistic evidence on the still later shifts from this millennial Slavicization doctrine toward the last politically-forged "Albanian" and "Greek" idioms (the latter process continuing in part of Albania and Northern Greece to this day). According to Ralph and Coop (2013:11), present-day inhabitants of "Greece" and "Albania" share the relatively recent common ancestry of all East Europeans. However, the Albanians also share a higher number of common ancestors of their own. These results Ralph and Coop interpret as "implying that these Albanian speakers have not been a particularly isolated population so much as a small one". The "Greek" language shift is very recent affair too. After few unsuccessful attempts it was finally introduced with law: "It was a highly controversial topic in the 19th and 20th centuries and was finally resolved in 1976, when "Dimotiki" was made the official language."http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language_question 9 https://core.ac.uk/display/159176646 10 A name used by foreigners to refer to a people or social group that the group itself does not use, as "Germans", "Albanians", "Greex", etc. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/exonym

My doctoral dissertation examines the experiences of the Italian volunteers in the Waffen-SS troops using in-depth interviews with former volunteers as the main primary source. This phenomenon, even if significant in size (depending on the source, some 15 000-20 000 Italian men volunteered in the Waffen-SS), has been hitherto largely unknown to historical research. The available literature on the Italian volunteers, mainly written by military history enthusiast journalists and methodologically weak, concentrates mainly on the combat operations and military organization, and offers a rather stereotypical profile of the volunteers.

My dissertation does not aim to reconstruct the military history of the different divisions of the Waffen-SS in which Italian volunteers operated but instead to examine the subjective, private and intimate experience of the volunteers in order to understand the motivations, attitudes, beliefs and cultural and family background, as well as their political ideas. The main objective of my doctoral dissertation is to discover the ideological precepts of the volunteers’ political credo. As the last phase of fascism and its ideology, often defined as the “Germanisation” or “Nazification” of fascism, is still the object of wide academic debate, a better understanding of the volunteers’ ideology also contributes to deepening overall knowledge of the nature of this last phase.

The theoretical frame of my dissertation lies in oral history, in particular in the postmodernist approach to oral history, through which I reconstruct the volunteers’ ideology. In-depth interviews with former volunteers are the main primary source, but multiple data collection methods have been adopted. Phone interviews and correspondence with the volunteers have also been considered as primary sources. In addition to interviews and correspondence, family archives consisting of diaries, correspondence with the volunteers’ relatives and photographic material have also been collected and examined. An ethnographic observation of the volunteers’ domestic spaces has been conducted during the in-depth interviews, and photo self-elicitation techniques have been used in cases where the volunteers were willing to share their photographs.

An exhaustive portrait of the ideological structure of the volunteers has been obtained, as well as of the cultural and social origins of the values that contributed to the rise and adoption of this ideology. Further, the volunteers’ motivations to enlist have been clearly reconstructed, together with their cultural, political, social and military backgrounds. The results of the research are particularly relevant both for comprehension of the Italian phenomenon of volunteering in the Waffen-SS and for the reconstruction of the ideological dynamics of the last phase of fascism. The volunteers’ political and ideological system, which can be defined as the Italian SS-fascist ideology, disagrees strongly with the vaguely described ideological profile offered by previous studies that describe volunteers as generically “super-fascist”. The research also offers the opportunity for a deeper understanding of the final fascist ideological trajectory, currently defined, not without a certain level of approximation, as the “Germanisation” or “Nazification” of fascist ideology.

One of the unresolved riddles in the history of the humanities is the relationship between Aby Warburg and Ernst Cassirer, or, more precisely, the impact of the Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg on Cassirer’s Philosophy of Symbolic Forms.  In engaging with this particular constellation I lay out a model of what I call epistemic surroundings and how they facilitate scholarly production in the humanities.  Therefore, this article sets out to describe the labor of humanists in terms of an historical epistemology.  In short, this is an essay in understanding humanist scholarship in the making and its afterlives as plastic knowledge in inevitable motion.

"on: Pawel Maciejko, The Mixed Multitude: Jacob Frank and the Frankist Movement 1755-1816 (Jewish Culture and contexts), Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, 376 pp.

The article includes a review of developments in research of late Sabbateanism, especially research concerning the ‘wondrous charlatan’, Jacob Frank. Histories of Frank, and those who joined his movement in various countries until his conversion have long been a subject of great interest for modern historiography and they provide a touchstone for discerning the religious and ethical boundaries of the historians themselves. The first to write critically about Frank came from the Haskalah and had a negative attitude toward him. They saw Frank as the last and necessary chain in the unfolding of Sabbatean heresies. A real change in perspective came about in studies from the beginning of the twentieth century, written with a romantic and nationalistic orientation by authors who found the sparks of nationalism in Sabbatean literature. The studies of Gershom Scholem, Aaron Zeev Eshkoli and others who continued this trend, but who were more nuanced and historically accurate, offered a fuller picture of the phenomenon. Against this background it is possible to better appreciate the
publication of the new book by Pawel Maciejko, The Mixed Multitude, which presents the history of late Sabbateanism in very different light and in various ways changes the accepted understanding of its history."

The volume illustrates the main historical-architectonic buildings, built for productive purposes, in Italy and Slovenia and considered in the European project «The places of production and technological innovation in the thematic tourism». They are the only ones that could be documented among a large number of these places, mainly disappeared or altered.
The project intended to document, not only for scientific, tourist and cultural motives, all those buildings that are usually included in the definition of “industrial archaeology”. However, it is also concerned with the many buildings devoted to handicraft and agriculture activities such as smithies, joineries, mills, dairies, cellars, silkworm-breeding rooms and so forth.
Cards were prepared illustrating in-depth the 124 structures considered of greater importance. They compose a catalogue including present day colour prints and, whenever possible, maps and old, sometimes unpublished photographs, which were also used for the recent exhibition. They are the result of an in-depth survey, a collection of the available printed or oral information, a dialogue with municipalities and a research in historical cadastres and in public or private archives.
Ranging from the typical specimens of the rural civilization to the most illustrious examples of industrial archaeology, an easy-to-interpret “interface” has been used to allow the reader to understand a field of study, not so well-known, pertaining to the “spaces of making”. Reading the catalogue is not difficult.
The standard card has a structure deliberately restricted to the essential elements: it contains the basic data about the subject, namely denomination, position, date (at least
roughly), current ownership, essential description and general references (bibliographical, archival and oral sources). The wider “field” is obviously the one regarding the description,
because it suggests a short historical synthesis, offering sufficient information for a good comprehension, and giving many hints for further in-depth studies. Each card carries a symbol representing the real state of preservation, and it is enriched by a plentiful iconographic apparatus. Regarding the cards as a whole, a closely chronological sequence has been rejected for the impossibility of dating beyond doubt all building: that’s why it has been chosen a typological order.
The catalogue begins with cards concerning production places connected with the pre-industrial world: farms, manor-houses with their own annexes, rural appendages of
aristocratic country-houses (villas), rustic buildings of “spontaneous architecture”. Then there is a detailed report on the subjects pertaining to the different kinds of handicraft
and trades that characterized the rural society as well as the early industrial one: “space” devoted to weaving, milling, clay or stone working, water-supplying or the supplying of sea-salt, the use of metals etc. The catalogue ends with a short series of production places belonging to the age of Industrialization, with some examples representative of industrial archaeology.
To conclude the volume, the post faction sums up the main categories, continuing and widening the analysis developed in the exhibition posters. The main research questions are then re-discussed, stimulating scholars, administrators and common people to re-appraise, re-use and re-invent this historical heritage, perishable beyond all appearance:
because it is urgent to saving those “things” that today must be considered as rarities, possibly making them available for a thematic cultural tourism, as it is already done in other parts of Europe.

"""How does a revolt come about and what does it leave behind? What impact does it have on those who participate in it and those who simply watch it? Is the Greek revolt of December 2008 confined to the shores of the Mediterranean, or are there lessons we can bring to bear on social action around the globe?

Revolt and Crisis in Greece: Between a Present Yet to Pass and a Future Still to Come is a collective attempt to grapple with these questions. A collaboration between anarchist publishing collectives Occupied London and AK Press, this timely new volume traces Greece’s long moment of transition from the revolt of 2008 to the economic crisis that followed. In its twenty chapters, authors from around the world—including those on the ground in Greece—analyse how December became possible, exploring its legacies and the position of the social antagonist movement in face of the economic crisis and the arrival of the International Monetary Fund.

In the essays collected here, over two dozen writers offer historical analysis of the factors that gave birth to December and the potentialities it has opened up in face of the capitalist crisis. Yet the book also highlights the dilemmas the antagonist movement has been faced with since: the book is an open question and a call to the global antagonist movement, and its allies around the world, to radically rethink and redefine our tactics in a rapidly changing landscape where crises and potentialities are engaged in a fierce battle with an uncertain outcome.

Contributors include Vaso Makrygianni, Haris Tsavdaroglou, Christos Filippidis, Christos Giovanopoulos, TPTG, Metropolitan Sirens, Yannis Kallianos, Hara Kouki, Kirilov, Some of Us, Soula M., Christos Lynteris, Yiannis Kaplanis, David Graeber, Christos Boukalas, Alex Trocchi, Antonis Vradis, Dimitris Dalakoglou and the Occupied London Collective. Art and design by Leandros, Klara Jaya Brekke and Tim Simons. Edited by Antonis Vradis and Dimitris Dalakoglou of Occupied London.

Occupied London is an anarchist collective writing on all things urban. Since 2007, the collective has worked together to publish an irregular journal, offering a platform for discussion within the global social antagonist movement, and featuring contributions by writers and collectives from around the globe, including Nasser Abourahme, Zygmunt Bauman, Franco Berardi, Klara Jaya Brekke, Manuel Castells, Mike Davis, Dimitris Dalakoglou, Christos Filippidis, David Graeber, Richard Pithouse, Marina Sitrin, Antonis Vradis, and many, many more. Since 2008, the collective has maintained a wildly popular blog, “From the Greek Streets,” providing up-to-the-minute coverage of the urban revolt of December 2008 in Greece, and examining the impact and legacies of the revolt and the crisis that followed. http://www.occupiedlondon.org | http://www.occupiedlondon.org/blog)

AK Press is a worker-run, democratically-managed publisher of anarchist and radical literature. Founded in 1990, AK Press is a ten-person collective of committed anarchists, spread between Oakland, Baltimore, and Edinburgh, working hard to publish more than twenty new titles each year, and distributing thousands of other titles from like-minded publishers around the globe. (http://www.akpress.org | http://revolutionbythebook.akpress.org)"""

Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Gran Capitán de los ejércitos españoles, destacó por mantener la fidelidad a la misión, por la aplicación deliberada de la violencia a gran escala como resorte para mover voluntades propias o del enemigo. Impuso en Europa la forma de guerrear característica en Granada, de ardides, escaramuzas y emboscadas.
Procuró que los combatientes armados de distinta manera  se complementaran en sus capacidades, formando  agrupamientos tácticos, base de los Tercios, dominadores de los campos de batalla europeosdurante siglo y medio.
Sus enseñanzas sobre el aprovechamiento del terreno pasaron a convertirse en algo básico de la praxis militar; llevó a Italia la sorpresa para multiplicar la eficacia de sus fuerzas, y con ello devolvió a la guerra europea uno de sus principios fundamentales, mereciendo por ello un puesto entre los grandes jefes militares de la Historia.

International airports are spaces that form a concrete core for the globalisation process. These spaces are interconnected and for many seem alike regardless of their location. At an airport the passenger is in contractual relations with the social surroundings; the security checks and the signage system funnels the passenger into a space that is filled with cross-cultural and national symbols and adverts directed for the mobile class. The airports are described also as non-places, which are characterised by their excessiveness of time, space, and individuality. These non-places do not interact with the surrounding culture, but rather they reflect it.
In this thesis I consider to what extent international airports represent the local and national culture through its symbolic landscape and how the location is globalised through its evident network. Additionally it considers what kind of space or place-network the international airports, which are bound to similar procedures, comprise. For a sample I have selected 30 international airports of a different size from 18 different countries. These airports are located in Europe and in Southeast Asia-Pacific.
In this thesis I have used several methods, for to study a sense of place with only qualitative methods does not relate much to the nature of the airport. An international airport is more than just a location, it has a functional shape and its connections influence the space becoming globalised. In this study I use GIS and statistical methods to examine the direct scheduled flights of the selected airports in summer 2005; the mean distance to destinations and the pragmatic orientation of routes. In this study I will also argue that the areal coverage of an airport is bounded to some variables of regional development. With the help of the calculated features it is possible to classify the airports. 
The symbolic landscape of an airport illustrates its connections and nationality, and can be divided into four parts: the signs and signage system, global brands, national emblems, and adverts. The signage systems of international airports are basically universal, the global brands are somewhat natural in the secluded space of the terminals engender it as both hyper-global and hyper-local, whereas the national emblems produce national culture inauthentically and emphasise parts of national identity known in advance, and where adverts give global messages that are attached to national meanings. In their marketing the airports affirm themselves as gateways from where the world, the particular country, or city opens.
A finding is that as the points of references of air traffic, the international airports create a globalising place-network, which can be understood as a one single structure. When a passenger steps into it, he or she is crossing social and geographical thresholds and arrives actually into a non-national space. This place-network is comprised from the connections of the airport and represents itself in the symbolic landscapes of international airports that the passengers construe to act upon.

O presente artigo polemiza as visões modernas da Idade Média como ideológicas e evidencia a ruptura dessa perspectiva pela historiografia mais recente.
Neste afã, de passagem, explica o surgimento da visão triparte (tornada quadripartite com a inclusão de Contemporânea à tríade Antiga-Média-Moderna) dos períodos da história geral e do nascimento da análise documental, um dos fundamentos da História como ciência moderna.

""This article is an ethnographic study of a 29-kilometer stretch of cross-border highway located in South Albania and linking the city of Gjirokaster with the main checkpoint on the Albanian–Greek border. The road, its politics, and its poetics
constitute an ideal point of entry for an anthropological analysis of contemporary South Albania. The physical and social construction, uses, and perceptions of this road uniquely encapsulate three phenomena that dominate social life in postsocialist South Albania: the transition to a market economy, new nationalisms, and massive emigration (mainly to Greece). Taking this cross-border road section as my main ethnographic
point of reference, I suggest the fruitfulness of further discussion of the relationship between roads, narratives, and anthropology.

[roads, globalization, transnationalism, development, postsocialism, materiality, Albania]""

We invite applications for an international doctoral workshop on European history across boundaries from the 16 th to the 20 th century, including Europe's relations with the world. We encourage PhD candidates working in this field to present their research projects and discuss the transcultural and transnational scopes of their work. Topics that aim to cross and reflect on boundaries and borders are of particular interest. Projects can employ a variety of methodological approaches such as comparative studies, the study of transfer processes and entanglements, or the histoire croisée. The location of the joint workshop alternates annually between Mainz and Oxford. The 2022 workshop will be at Oriel College in Oxford and include a discussion of disputed historical monuments-such as the Cecil Rhodes statue in this college-and their future. We will discuss pre-circulated papers based on archival research (max. 8,000 words, written in English, to be submitted by 1 March 2022). We will provide accommodation for the duration of the workshop and contribute towards travel expenses within Europe. Proposals should include an abstract of the overall project and its archival sources (500 words), a brief biographical note, and a completed application form, which you can download here: https://bit.ly/3mzdHrh. Please combine all your application documents into a single PDF except for the application form.

I]ch bin eigentlich ein Narr, dass ich nicht mehr darauf bestehe, dass der Kapitalismus auch Denkarbeit auf breitester, nur ihm möglicher Basis, leisten kann." Aby Warburg Zwischen den dilettanti der Renaissance und den genialen Dilletanten Westberlins klafft ein kulturhistorischer Abgrund. Über Jahrhunderte kurioser semantischer Verschiebungen und kontingenter Verwerfungen entstand ein vielschichtiger Begriff des Dilettanten. Die Nobilitierung des Dilettantismus zum ästhetischen Grundbegriff geht auf die Zeit um 1800 zurück. Erst dann, mit Goethe und Schiller, wurde der Dilettantismus zum Hauptwort erhoben und der Dilettant folgte nunmehr dem "Beruf zum Selbstproduzieren". Die ersten

The Holodomor in Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 was a result of the collectivization policy of the Soviet government and took approximately 4 million lives. The Holodomor had a profound impact on the entire population of Ukraine. It badly affected the lives of Jews in Kyiv and Ukraine, and it damaged Jewish-gentile relations for many years. The famine occurred not only in rural areas, but also in the cities and towns of Ukraine. The Holodomor provoked a significant migration of Jews from shtetls to the large cities, particularly to Kyiv. Many desperate inhabitants of villages and towns fled to the large cities where they hoped to receive some aid. However, the overcrowded cities could not accommodate this flood of migrants. Anatolii Kuznetsov wrote in Babi Yar: A Document in the Form of a Novel that if not for the Holodomor in Ukraine and Stalin's repressions of the 1930s, the attitude of the Kyiv gentile population toward the Holocaust would perhaps have been different. People had gotten so used to the suffering of others, victims of the famine and political repression, that they remained mainly passive, silent, and indifferent toward the mass execution of Jews in Babi Yar during the Holocaust.

Dismantling the Medieval. Early Modern Perceptions of a Female Convent's Past is a micro- study of the exceptionally well-documented memory culture of the noble canonesses of Bouxières, a small hilltop abbey in eastern France. Taking a reverse chronological approach (from the final years of one of the convent's last surviving members in the 1830s to the middle decades of the sixteenth century), the book charts the ambivalent relationship of these women with their convent's medieval origins and its various legacies. It looks at a wide range of testimonies, by outsiders and insiders, that give the analysis a textual, iconographic, material, and spatial dimension, in order to reconstruct how and why the canonesses' highly elastic memory culture evolved. Central to its argument is the tension they felt between wanting to disconnect themselves from a medieval past from which they felt thoroughly alienated and wanting to retain ownership, literally and metaphorically, of key objects, documents, and narratives that connected them to Bouxières’ prestigious origins in the tenth century.

Dismantling the Medieval is available as a paperback (http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx?prod_id=IS-9782503593470-1) and an open access ebook: http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx (https://www.brepolsonline.net/action/showBook?doi=10.1484/M.STMH-EB.5.122603).

Long review essay:

The Liberation of the Camps: The End of the Holocaust and its Aftermath.
By Dan Stone. Yale University Press. 2015. viii + 278pp. £20.00.

Beyond Violence: Jewish Survivors in Poland and Slovakia. By Anna
Cichopek-Gajraj. Cambridge University Press. 2014. xiii + 297pp. £72.00.

Jewish Presence in Absence: The Aftermath of the Holocaust in Poland,
1944–2010. Edited by Feliks Tych and Monika Adamczyk-Garbowska. Yad Vashem. 2014. 1,108pp. $78.00.

Jewish Youth and Identity in Postwar France: Rebuilding Family and
Nation. By Daniella Doron. University of Indiana Press. 2015. xv + 344
pp. $45.00.

During the last decade, European countries have declared a 'crisis' of multiculturalism. This crisis has gained significant political traction, despite the empirical absence of a failed experiment with multiculturalism. This introduction focuses on the narrative of multicultural backlash, which purports that 'parallel societies' and 'intolerable subjects' and practices have been allowed to flourish within European societies. Beyond particular contexts, the problem of intolerable subjects is seen as a shared European challenge, requiring disintegrated migrants and Muslim populations to display loyalty, adopt 'our' values, and prove the legitimacy of their belonging. This introduction critiques multicultural backlash, less as a rejection of piecemeal multicultural policies than as a denial of lived multiculture. This is developed through an examination of racism in a post-racial era, and by analysing the ways in which integrationist projects further embed culturalist ontology.

The Orasoja Member constitutes in Northeast Estonia the upper part of the Kallavere Formation and forms some kind of transition into the Türisalu Formation. The member belongs to the Lower Ordovician part (Karepa Substage) of the Pakerort Stage. The Orasoja Member is composed of alternating beds of light quartzose siltstone and black shale. The share of shale is cyclically variable, but mainly siltstone is prevailing. Mineralogically quartz is dominant, K-feldspar (up to 15%) forming a minor component of the rock. Mineral and grain size composition allows us to distinguish two fairly distinct cycles in the Orasoja Member, which are in correlation with changes in conodont associations. Three conodont biozones are distinguished in the section: Cordylodus proavus, C. lindstromi, and C. angulatus. The first appearance of Iapetognathus sp. in the Rannu Member is interpreted here as indicating the beginning of the Ordovician System. Graptolite occurrences give evidence of the presence of the Rhabdinopora flabelliformis socialis and R. f. anglica subzones. Earlier dendroids are missing, but this is mainly attributed to a taphonomical bias.

How much space does capitalism leave for human agency? What difference can individual entrepreneurs, employees, and consumers hope to make? What can governments achieve by intervening in the economy? Can capitalism be politically contained or reformed? Is it possible to overthrow it through a revolution or subject it to a nationalist agenda? These questions have been intensely debated from the nineteenth century to the present day. It is fair to say that, at least in continental Europe, Kapitalismuskritik (critique of capitalism) has played a prominent role in these debates. This was certainly the case in interwar Germany, where capitalism was an even more central topic of discussion than in the Wilhelmine period. Scathing though it often was, the critique was simultaneously riddled with uncertainty. After World War I and the demise of the German Empire, an alternative economic order seemed possible yet frustratingly elusive. Capitalism had clearly been transformed, but the interpretation of these transformations was less clear. Was it "organized" now or still "wild"? 1 Had it been decisively weakened or was it even more pervasive than before 1918? Had it become easier or more difficult to change through human agency? Ora rather uncomfortable thoughtdid capitalism exert an agency of its own? The present chapter reconstructs how contemporaries grappled with these questions. In so doing, it aims to add to the scholarly treatment of I would like to thank Christina Brauner, Rüdiger Graf, and Pamela Swett for their criticisms and suggestions.

"Abstract: The present paper aims at recovering a missed piece in the history of modern justice moving from the chapters that the Flemish jurist Joos de Damhouder (1507-1581) devoted to judicial torture in his Praxis rerum criminalium. The author will first map the historical and conceptual framework of Damhouder’s work: in particular, he will suggest to conceive XVI century European courts as theatres of charging and suffering in which torture was just one step of a broader and complex “play” based on the hyper-technicalized «law of the proof». He will then focus on the seven chapters the Praxis devotes to the queastio sive tortura, unveiling their references to previous legal theorists, the interconnection they establish among different moments of the trial and some blurred territories that remain open to conceptual ambiguities. By elaborating on such elements of "incomplete normativity", the author will finally point at the way a number of XX century legal historians have conceptualized the developments of judicial torture after Damhouder, when full judicial equality started to be conceptualized as a founding pillar of modern democracy.

Table of contents:
1. Premessa
2. L’Europa del «penale egemonico»: lo sfondo storico-dottrinario della Praxis di Damhouder
3. La quaestio tra estrazione della verità e inflizione della pena: il telos della «machina legislatoria» di Damhouder
4. Tracce di normativo incompiuto: questioni insolute nella Praxis di Damhouder all'alba della 'democrazia dei moderni'"

Between 1935 and 1940, the Nazis incorporated large portions of Europe into the German Reich. The contributors to this volume analyze the evolving anti-Jewish policies in the annexed territories and their impact on the Jewish population, as well as the attitudes and actions of non-Jews, Germans, and indigenous populations. They demonstrate that diverse anti-Jewish policies developed in the different territories, which in turn affected practices in other regions and even influenced Berlin’s decisions. Having these systematic studies together in one volume enables a comparison - based on the most recent research - between anti-Jewish policies in the areas annexed by the Nazi state. The results of this prizewinning book call into question the common assumption that one central plan for persecution extended across Nazi-occupied Europe, shifting the focus onto differing regional German initiatives and illuminating the cooperation of indigenous institutions.

The Italian community in Finland is relatively small
compared to other larger Italian communities abroad.
Despite the quantitatively restricted dimensions,
there are multiple reasons to study the phenomenon.
First of all, the two countries represent the geographical
extremes of the European Union as well as two
very diff erent realities in terms of historical, cultural
and social background. These two member states
of the EU in fact are very diff erent in terms of multiculturalism
/ multiethnicity and for their role in the
European unifi cation process. Studying the migration
fl ows between the two countries is therefore important
not only to understand the bilateral relationship
between Finland and Italy but it can also off er a more
general perspective on how the European integration
process is actually proceeding. This essay examines
the decision-making process of Italians planning to
move to Finland through a semantic analysis of the
posts (or web messages) sent to the message board
of web newsmagazine La Rondine by Italians looking
for a relocation in Finland. The collection and analysis
of the semantic universe provide the list of motivators
at the basis of Finland as chosen destination and an
outlook on how Finland is perceived by Italians. As
a conclusion of the semantic analysis on the source
material, a map on the opportunities and threats that
Italians attribute to Finland, will be drawn.

Key Words: emigration, immigration, Italy, Finland,
expectations.

The paper offers a comprehensive study of Hugo Grotius’s vision for the new co­existential paradigm in Europe and ideas of European integration through the prism of political philosophy and international relations. The paper proceeds with the construction of a theoretical framework from various ideas of the thinker and de­fines it as the Grotian theory of European integration. Based on the complex analy­sis of the Grotian concept of a community of sovereign nations and with an inter­pretive approach, the paper studies the visions of European unity in early modern and modern times. Grotius’s recommendation of “general congresses of Christian powers” had a constructive role in the configuration of the emerging European sys­tem of sovereign nation-states and for the new patterns of co-existential consensus. Hence, Grotius’s idealistic and holistic approach towards nations and society of na­tions is viewed within the framework of the theories of structural constructivism and intergovernmentalism of European integration.

🇫🇷  ➡️ 𝑬𝒏 𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒍’𝑬𝒖𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒏𝒆: 𝑳𝒂 𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒆 𝒍’𝑬𝒖𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒆𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒅𝒆́𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝒆 𝒍’𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆́𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆́𝒆𝒏𝒏𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓 𝑯𝒖𝒈𝒐 𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒖𝒔
RÉSUMÉ
La contribution se propose d’étudier d’une manière compréhensive la vision qu’Hugo Grotius avait du nouveau paradigme de la coexistence en Europe et des idées d’intégration européenne à travers le prisme de la philosophie politique et des relations internationales. Elle procède d’abord à la construction du cadre théorique composé des idées maîtresses du penseur et le définit comme la théorie Grotienne de l’intégration européenne, avant d’aborder l’analyse complexe du concept Gro­tien d’une communauté de nations souveraines, qui, dans une approche interpréta­tive, débouche sur une présentation des conceptions d’unité européenne aux temps modernes. La recommandation faite par Grotius d’organiser des «congrès généraux des puissances chrétiennes» jouait un rôle constructif dans la configuration du sys­tème émergeant d’États-nations souveraines et des nouveaux schémas du consen­sus co-existentiel. L’approche idéaliste et holistique de Grotius au regard des na­tions et de la société des nations apparaît par conséquent dans le cadre des théories du constructivisme structurel et de l’inter-gouvernementalisme de l’intégration eu­ropéenne.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Aus dem Blickwinkel der politischen Philosophie und der internationalen Bezie­hungen betrachtet, bietet der Beitrag eine verständliche Studie zu Hugo Grotius’ Vision des neuen Paradigmas der Koexistenz in Europa und der Ideen über euro­päische Integration, betrachtet. Er zeichnet zunächst den theoretischen Rahmen der wesentlichen Ideen des Denkers und definiert diese als Grotius’ Theorie, bevor dann die komplexe Analyse des Konzepts einer Gemeinschaft souveräner Nationen folgt, die, in einem interpretativen Ansatz in eine Präsentation neuzeitlicher Kon­zeption zur europäischen Einheit mündet. Grotius’ Vorschlag, einen „allgemeinen Kongress der Christlichen Mächte‟ einzuberufen, spielte dabei eine konstruktive Rolle in der Konfiguration des Systems aufstrebender souveräner Nationalstaaten und des neuen Systems, das auf dem co-existenziellen Konsens beruhte. Grotius’ idealistische und holistische Herangehensweise mit Blick auf die Nationen und den Bund der Nationen erscheint folglich im Rahmen der Theorien des strukturellen Konstruktivismus und der intergouvernementalen Integration Europas.