Nanotechnology Regulations

A Constituição Federal de 1988, no art. 170, dispõe que as empresas privadas compõem a ordem econômica do País e, portanto, são responsáveis, ao lado do Estado neoliberal que é o Brasil, pela produção de riqueza nacional e pelo avanço social e econômico da população. Também é co-rolário constitucional que esse desenvolvimento econômico esbarra em contornos sociais, jurídicos e econômicos que garantem aos cidadãos brasileiros sua dignidade. Em se tratando de exploração nanotecnológica, observa-se que esses ditames não vêm sendo cumpridos pelo Estado, que permite, e pelas empresas que colocam em circulação bens manufaturados de toda ordem a partir de nano-ecnologia, sem a segurança social necessária diante de inúmeras vantagens econômicas. Constata--se, portanto, que há uma operação matemática de custos, perdas e lucros, cujos fatores estão em desajuste com a pretensão do legislador constituinte. Por que se adota essa política governamental e corporativa no Brasil? Qual seria o cálculo perfeito para atender ao equilíbrio pretendido pelo le-gislador constituinte? Essas perguntas percorrerão a pesquisa, que não tem o condão de esgotar o tema; mas, ao final, provavelmente, constatar-se-á que a análise econômica do Direito da Escola de Chicago, que já vem sendo reconhecida pelo Sistema Judiciário Nacional, pode auxiliar o Brasil na construção de solução para o dilema segurança versus lucro, justamente para percorrer o desafio de construir uma sociedade justa e igualitária, fins políticos colimados na Carta Constitucional.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Desenvolvimento socioeconômico; nanotecnologia; riscos; análise econômica do Direito; equilíbrio.

Environmental nanotechnology is considered to play a key role in the shaping of current environmental engineering and science. Environmental nanotechnology is considered to play a key role in the shaping of current environmental engineering and science. Environmental nanotechnology is considered to play a key role in the shaping of current environmental engineering and science. The issue of environmental pollution has become a hot subject in today's world. Environmental pollution, mainly caused by toxic chemicals, includes air, water, and soil pollution. This pollution results not only in the destruction of biodiversity, but also the degradation of human health. Pollution levels that are increasing day by day need better developments or technological discoveries immediately. Nanotechnology is an upcoming technology that can provide solution for combating pollution by controlling shape and size of materials at the nanoscale. Nanotechnology has three main capabilities that can be applied in the fields of environment, including the cleanup (remediation) and purification, the detection of contaminants (sensing and detection), and the pollution prevention. This article provides comprehensive information regarding the role of nanotechnology in pollution prevention. Due to its large surface area and high surface energy, the nanoparticles have the ability to absorb large amount of pollutants or catalyze reactions at a much faster rate, thus reducing energy consumption during degradation or helps in preventing release of contaminants.

The demand projected in the world's population growth emphasis the advent of new technologies in the areas of energy consumption, environmental changes, and biomedical applications which play a major part in human life. One promising technology that fulfills the above demand is nanosciences and nanotechnology which play a crucial role at the nanoscale in energy, environment, and Lifesciences. Nanosciences plays a vital role in environmental monitoring, energy conversion, distribution, and storage as well as useful in gene therapy, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering. The use of nanoscale materials and nanoparticles in these arenas eases the process flow and cost-effective with ecofriendly over the current conventional methods or applications. The various applications of nanosciences and Nanobiotechnology are versatile and find their applications in the fields of human diagnostics, bioremediation, waste management, medical devices, tissue engineering, green technology, environmental monitoring, emission control, electricity production and transmission loss, solar power, etc.

Nanotechnology is emerging out as the greatest imperative tools in recent agriculture and predictable to become a driving economic
force in the near future. At the same time Nanotechnology employs different chemical agents and novel delivery systems to
implement crop productivity and potentials to decrease use of bulk agrochemicals, Nanotechnology may afford keener solutions for
the current problems in the field of agriculture.
Agriculture is considered the backbone of most developing
countries, with more than 60% of the population dependent on it
for their livelihood. In the same times there are many challenges
facing agriculture sector, like climate change, non-reasonable use of
resources and usage too much chemical fertilizer [1].
Direct applications of nanotechnology in agriculture include delivery of agrochemicals and nutrition, pesticides, nano-scale carriers,
smart packing, nanosensors, veterinary care, fisheries and aquaculture, detection of nutrient deficiencies.
The Nanomaterials prepared through two basic methods (Topdown
depending on size reduction from bulk materials) and Bottom-up
system where materials are synthesis from atomic level
(according to Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering).
Nowadays Nano-fertilizers are increasingly been used as alternates to bulk fertilizers and reduce pollution of soil and water by
different agrochemicals. Nano-fertilizers facilitate the slow and steady release of nutrients and thereby reduce the loss of nutrients
and enhance the nutrient use efficiency.
Nanotechnology improves the nutrient use efficiency and reduces costs of environmental protection, slow-release fertilizers are
the excellent replacement to soluble fertilizers.
This work focused on the applications of nanotechnology in agriculture sector improvement, especially in the area of plant nutrition
and plant protection.

RESUMEN: Este artículo presenta información obtenida de una encuesta realizada a investiga-dores en el área de nanotecnología con aplicaciones en el tratamiento de agua en México. Asi-mismo, analiza lo expresado por los participantes sobre ciertos aspectos que consideramos claves en el desarrollo de esta línea de investigación, como son: las redes de colaboración, el financiamiento, los riesgos relacionados con el uso de nanotecnología (NT) y nanoproductos (NPs) y para el tratamiento de aguas, la postura y opinión del público, y la regulación. Concluye reconociendo la importancia de este campo de investigación y recomendando se amplíe la ex-ploración sobre los posibles efectos toxicológicos de la NPs usadas en este campo; para esto se pueden utilizar metodologías como la evaluación del ciclo de vida. Señala también la importan-cia de ampliar el foco de la investigación para que ésta sea, no sólo interdisciplinaria, sino multidisciplinaria e incluya aspectos éticos, legales, sociales y medioambientales. ABSTRACT: This article presents the results of a survey administered to researchers in the area of nanotechnology and water in Mexico. We analyze the opinions they expressed concerning a series of key topics: networks of collaborative research; funding; risks related to the use of nanotechnology (NT) and nano-products (NPs) for the treatment of water; public opinion regarding NT, and the regulation of NT. We recognize the great importance of this field and argue for more research concerning the toxicology of NPs used in the water sector. Finally, we suggest that research in Nano be expanded to include ethical, legal, social and environmental dimensions.

INTRODUÇÃO
O desenvolvimento de estruturas moleculares e atômicas a partir das alterações possíveis pelas nanotecnologias têm revolucio-nado o universo da indústria, bens e serviços. Todos os setores vêm sendo aplacados pelas inovações nanotecnológicas, cujo contexto brasileiro, não é diferente. Entretanto, ainda que muito esteja sendo investido em transformação, processos e criação tecnológicas, todo fruto desse desenvolvimento se dá em nome da alavancagem eco-nômica. Isso importa salientar porque todo esse processo desenvol-vimentista e hábil a maximização econômica, depara-se com a praça pública do mercado, sendo toda a sociedade alcançada e afetada por tais resultados. Se, no âmbito interno da empresa as nanotecnologias são fatores extremamente positivos desde a economia com os meios de produção, e o resultado econômico satisfatório a ser partilhado entre os sócios; no conglomerado social das pessoas, há a preocupação com os riscos, diante da pouca ou quase nenhuma pesquisa científica que demonstre os parâmetros de nanotoxicologia em humanos e no meio ambiente. Então, como conciliar esses interesses se, aparentemente, são conflitantes? Pode o Direito promover o desenvolvimento e assegurar a sociedade?
Dados mostram que a cooperação dos stakeholders podem ser uma das chaves para a gestão eficiente dessas implicações, justa-mente, por causa da responsividade social. Já, o Direito, para não em-perrar o desenvolvimento e assegurar à sociedade a sustentabilidade, deve ser o intermediador dessa cooperação e o guardião dos com-promissos, já que tem estrutura e ferramental jurídico para entender os interesses e determinar que a gestão responsável seja obrigação de todos os envolvidos na exploração das nanotecnologias.

The basic concept of pollution control on a molecular level is separating specific elements and molecules from a mixture of atoms and molecules. The current method for separating atoms is thermal partitioning which uses heat to force phase changes. However, the preparation of reagents and the procedure itself are costly and inefficient. Current methods of energy extraction utilize combustion to create heat energy, most of which is wasted and results in unwanted byproducts that require purification and proper disposal. Theoretically, these high costs could be solved with the Nano structuring of highly specific catalysts that will be much more efficient. Unfortunately, we have yet to find an optimal way of obtaining the particles in workable form. Current means are essentially " shake and bake " methods called wet-chemical synthesis, which allows for very limited control on the final product and may still result in unwanted byproducts. Although there are still many obstacles to overcome, the world is starting to recognize the potential in nanotechnology. The high surface area characteristic of Nano-sized particles makes such technology particularly efficient for applications with space constraints. Early tests have shown that this process will require only a small percentage of the energy used by current technology. I. INTRODUCTION During the last twenty years, scientists have been looking towards nanotechnology for the answer to problems in medicine, computer science, ecology and even sports. In particular, new and better techniques for pollution control are emerging as nanoparticles push the limits and capabilities of technology. Nanoparticles defined as particles 1-100 nanometers in length (one nanometer being the equivalent of one billionth of a meter) hold enormous potential for the future of science. Their small size opens up possibilities for targeting very specific points, such as diseased cells in a body without affecting healthy cells. In addition, elemental properties can change rather dramatically at the nanometer range: some become better at conducting heat or reflecting light, some change color, some get stronger, and some change or develop magnetic properties (1). Certain plastics at the nanometer range have the strength of steel. Tennis racquet manufactures already utilize Nano-silicon dioxide crystals to improve equipment performance. The super-strength and other special properties emerge because micro scale flaws between molecules are absent at the Nano scale (1). Nanoparticles without these flaws allow materials to reach the maximum strength of their chemical bonds. These special properties and the large surface area of nano-particles prove valuable for engineering effective energy management and pollution control techniques. For example, if super-strength plastics could replace metal in cars, trucks, planes, and other heavy machinery. There would be enormous energy savings and consequent reduction in pollution. Batteries are also being improved using Nano scale materials that allow them to deliver more power faster.

This study is positioned in a multidisciplinary research field addressing questions of innovation, foresight , risk perception, regulation, and the role of stake-holder experts as regards nanomaterials and nanotech-nology. Nanotechnology is an innovative scientific field with many potential societal benefits but also high uncertainty about risks to human health and the environment. This study is based on a survey distributed to a sample of 237 expert stakeholders in Sweden working in the field of nanotechnology innovation and regulation. The sample comprises experts in both industry and government organizations. The paper explores the ex-pert's assessment of benefits, risks, and their views of nanotechnology regulation. The experts generally agreed on the need for further regulation of nanotech-nology, although they differed in their support for different regulatory measures. Support for government regulation was increased by greater perceived risk and by ethical concerns, while perceived benefit decreased support for government regulation. If nanotechnology was important for the respondent's organization of affiliation , support for government regulation decreased. Experts in government organizations were more in favor of stronger government regulation, perceived higher risks, and were more concerned about the ethical implications of nanotechnology than were the industry experts. While previous research has discussed views of experts, as well as comparing the attitudes of the general public with experts, this study contributes to the field by analyzing and identifying differences between industry experts and experts working in government.

The paper argues that the potential of post-positivist theories of International Relations should be more fully explored in the analysis of 'material'-economic processes of technology development. Taking the politics of nanotechnology as an example, the paper proposes an approach to innovation politics and technology development based on theories of hegemony, discourse and international political economy. The guiding hypothesis is that nanotechnology should be conceptualized not as a technology in its own right but as a broad and encompassing techno-socioeconomic innovation strategy and, hence, a specific hegemonic project. The importance of such a project stems less from ongoing technological developments, but from its relation to the overall global socioeconomic structure. As an innovation project, it creates a link between nanotechnology and the future of the industrial world. Above all, it aims to transform industrialized states into 'competition states' according to competitive criteria. Nanotechnology as a political project acts as a kind of driving force for economic expansion. In this capacity it serves to propel the pervasive reconstruction of the field of research and development in a competitive direction, especially in the more advanced industrialized countries. It is the term nanotechnology that brings different R&D politics together under a single cover, giving them a common identity. In a nutshell, the paper will develop a specific theoretical perspective on politics of technology and innovation within global political economy based on post-positivist theories of IR.

La nanotecnologia es el area de la tecnica que mejor se adapte a las necesidades generales de los ecosistemas. Sin embargo, lo que dice ser una gestion eficiente y responsable. El tema del desarrollo de NanoEtica. El problema es la falta de compromiso y la gestion eficiente de los riesgos. La hipotesis es la emancipacion de gobierno corporativo de la gubernamentalidad bien para una eficiente, responsable y nano democracia. Para ello, el objetivo general es insertar la gobernabilidad en la etica empresarial, y emancipar el gobierno corporativo para insertarlo en una vista estructural de NanoEtica y, de eso, es posible mitigacion de riesgos. Se utilizara la metodologia, recopilacion de datos, revision de la literatura interdisciplinaria y el enfoque es sistemico-constructivista.

Reversible logic is an important area to carry the computation into the world of quantum computing. In this paper a 4-bit multiplier using a new reversible logic gate called BVPPG gate is presented. BVPPG gate is a 5 x 5 reversible gate which is designed to generate partial products required to perform multiplication and also duplication of operand bits is obtained. This reduces the total cost of the circuit. Toffoli gate is the universal and also most flexible reversible logic gate. So we have used the Toffoli gates to construct the designed multiplier.

Thanks to the rapid advances in the field of nanotechnology in the last decade,  the scientific knowledge about the subject actually lags behind its contemporary applications.  Academia round the world have been immensely interested  in  pursuing  research  for  Medical  and  Healthcare  applications  of Nanomaterials.  These research ventures are accompanied with myriad challenges opening up a multitude of new opportunities.  Some of these challenges are related to informatics issues dealing, for instance, with the management and integration of heterogeneous information, defining nomenclatures, tax-onomies and classifications for various types of nanomaterials.  The noveltyof the field and the potential harms associated with its misuse ring alarmsin the minds of regulators.In this report, we have performed a comprehensive analysis of the Biomedical Applications of Nano-Robots vis-a-vis the regulatory concerns associated with  it  including  the  End-to-End  development  process  of  Nano-robots.  In this report, apart from describing technical design of a Nanorobot, we have identified various non-academic actors that play a crucial role in the develop-mental strategies of a Nanorobot.  Also, we have proposed some alternative strategies  that  actors  involved  with  Nanorobot  development  could  employ to get wider audience acceptance.  In the later part of the report, we have focused  on  identification  of  regulators  in  the  development  of  Nanorobots,corresponding regulatory goals and also provided suggestions for alternative regulatory goals and plausible ways to achieve them

As of late, the utilization of microorganisms to integrate utilitarian nanoparticles has been of extraordinary intrigue. Microorganisms can change the oxidation condition of metals. These microbial procedures have opened up new open doors for us to investigate novel applications, for instance, the biosynthesis of metal nanomaterials. Rather than compound and physical strategies, microbial procedures for incorporating nanomaterials can be accomplished in fluid stage under delicate and earth amiable conditions. This methodology has turned into an appealing concentration in ebb and flow green bio nanotechnology inquire about towards feasible improvement.

the article discusses the possibilities for nanotechnology regulation applied to food and biofuels. in this sense, we seek to study the risks and hazards of this junction, as well as some alternative regulatory taking as reference formulas, not derived from the State and the Legislature, but coming from international agencies, the companies involved and programs voluntary compliance with the rules and principles already in place, but not directly related to nanotechnology. thus, the study address law possibilities to join the perspectives opened by the Nanotechnology revolution, encouraging the fulfillment of standards which have mainly focused on the health and safety of human and environmental preservation.

Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) nanocapsules have been used as a carrier system for the herbicide atrazine, which is commonly applied to maize. We demonstrated previously that these atrazine containing polymeric nanocapsules were 10-fold more effective in the control of mustard plants (a target species), as compared to a commercial atrazine formulation. Since atrazine can have adverse effects on non-target crops, here we analyzed the effect of encapsulated atrazine on growth, physiological and oxidative stress parameters of soil-grown maize plants (Zea mays L.). One day after the post-emergence treatment with PCL nanocapsules containing atrazine (1 mg mL−1 ), maize plants presented 15 and 21% decreases in maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) and in net CO2 assimilation rate, respectively, as compared to water-sprayed plants. The same treatment led to a 1.8-fold increase in leaf lipid peroxidation in comparison with control plants. However, all of these parameters were unaffected 4 and 8 days after the application of encapsulated atrazine. These results suggested that the negative effects of atrazine were transient, probably due to the ability of maize plants to detoxify the herbicide. When encapsulated atrazine was applied at a 10-fold lower concentration (0.1 mg mL−1), a dosage that is still effective for weed control, no effects were detected even shortly after application. Regardless of the herbicide concentration, neither pre- nor post-emergence treatment with the PCL nanocapsules carrying atrazine resulted in the development of any macroscopic symptoms in maize leaves, and there were no impacts on shoot growth. Additionally, no effects were observed when plants were sprayed with PCL nanocapsules without atrazine. Overall, these results suggested that the use of PCL nanocapsules containing atrazine did not lead to persistent side effects in maize plants, and that the technique could offer a safe tool for weed control without affecting crop growth.

La nanotecnología es el área de la técnica que mejor se adapte a las necesidades generales de los ecosistemas. Sin embargo, lo que dice ser una gestión eficiente y responsable. El tema del desarrollo de NanoÉtica. El problema es la falta de compromiso y la gestión eficiente de los riesgos. La hipótesis es la emancipación de gobierno corporativo de la gubernamentalidad bien para una eficiente, responsable y nano democracia. Para ello, el objetivo general es insertar la gobernabilidad en la ética empresarial, y emancipar el gobierno corporativo para insertarlo en una vista estructural de NanoÉtica y, de eso, es posible mitigación de riesgos. Se utilizará la metodología, recopilación de datos, revisión de la literatura interdisciplinaria y el enfoque es sistémico-constructivista.

Primeiramente e, acima de tudo, agradeço ao Eterno por ter dito sim ao doutorado quanto todas as circunstâncias diziam não para mim! Agradeço a Ele, sobremaneira, por ter me dado as condições de concluir com esmero e com a Sua ajuda, os resultados da pesquisa, sem O qual nada poderia ser sido concluído. Agradeço com o profundo da minha alma ao meu esposo. Sem ele, nenhum desafio proposto nesta jornada poderia ter sido vencido. Sua presença constante e suas palavras de carinho e força foram vitais para tornar a jornada mais leve. Pessoa amada que sempre acreditou em mim quando nem eu acreditava. Agradeço a ele por renunciar, junto comigo, a tudo o que era vital para nós, motivo pelo qual não nos perdemos no caminho. Atravessamos o deserto juntos e ao final, esse resultado não é só meu, mas é nosso, fruto do nosso trabalho conjunto. Ao meu amado, todo o meu amor e minha dedicação! Agradeço ao meu filho por ter absorvido o impacto da nossa separação para a realização desse sonho e ter transformado essa dor em desafio para si mesmo. Com isso, vejo que o doutorado deu mais frutos do que os resultados da pesquisa, o alcançou transformando-o em um gigante. Agradeço ao meu querido Orientador, Professor Doutor Wilson Engelmann, a quem aprendi respeitar, admirar e sobretudo, considerá-lo como fonte de reflexões jurídicas. Trata-se de alguém que deve ser sempre consultado e ouvido dada a sua sensibilidade para com o humano! Agradeço à Unisinos, Instituição que me acolheu sem me conhecer, mas acreditando no meu potencial de reflexões e de pesquisa, me concedeu a bolsa de estudos que eu tanto precisava. Instituição que aprendi a amar de todo o meu coração. É a minha segunda casa. Serei eternamente grata por esta oportunidade. Agradeço à Bolsa de Estudos recebida da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-CAPES, sem a qual, o curso de doutorado não seria possível. Agradeço ao Professor Doutor Vincenzo Durante por ter confiado na minha candidatura ao doutorado sanduíche, sob sua orientação, na Univerdità Degli Studi di Padova, acolhendo-me e favorecendo a abertura necessária ao ambiente de pesquisa que tanto enriqueceu os resultados da investigação.

It has been almost 40 years since the “cancer war” had been declared. It is now generally believed that personalized medicine is the future for cancer patient management. Gold nanoparticles, nanospheres, nanorods, nanoshells will be discussed in detail regarding their uses in in–vitro assays, ex–vivo and in–vivo imaging, cancer therapy and drug delivery. Multifunctionality is the key feature of nanoparticle–based agents. Targeting ligands, imaging labels, therapeutic drugs, and other functionalities can all be integrated to allow for targeted molecular imaging and molecular therapy of cancer. Gold nanoshells, mainly composed of the silica and gold metal. The antibodies of Anti–Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor is chief component of Gold Nanoshells therapy used to target the cancer cells and to “guide” the Gold nanoshells to detect the cancer cells visually by microscope. The future looks brighter than every at many hurdles remain to be conquered. A multifunctional platform based on g...

A nanotecnologia é um ramo eficiente das inovações. É a área da técnica que melhor atende às necessidades da globalização humana, econômica, social e política, diante da peculiar condição de agregar valor à industrialização de bens e serviços e o fortalecimento dos Estados. Entretanto, estão presentes os riscos ao homem e ao ecossistema que necessitam ser geridos de forma eficiente e responsável durante o ciclo de vida de um nanomaterial. A pesquisa enfrenta como tema, a construção adequada da NanoÉtica nacional. A problemática está na ausência de comprometimento social e gerenciamento eficiente dos riscos nanotecnológicos por parte dos agentes econômicos, assim como, a hipótese está na emancipação da governança corporativa pela governamentalidade do bem para a gestão eficiente, responsável e nanodemocrática. Para esse desiderato, o objetivo geral é inserir a governamentalidade na ética empresarial, e específico, emancipar a governança corporativa para inseri-la em uma visão estrutu...

Bamboo supported manganese (BS-Mn) nanocomposite was prepared in a single pot system via bottom-up approach using a chemical reduction method. Langmuir surface area, BET surface area, and Single pore surface area were 349.70 m 2 /g, 218.90 m 2 /g, and 213.50 m 2 /g, respectively. The pore size (24.34 Ȧ); pore volume (0.489 cm 3); point of zero charge (5.8); bulk density (0.0035 gcm-3); specific surface area (33.00 m 2 /g) by Saer's method and functional group of BS-Mn nanocomposite determined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR). Various operational parameters affecting adsorption of Cu(II) such as adsorbent dose (100 mg), pH (6), contact time (90 min), initial Cu(II) ions concentration (100 mg/L) and temperature (298 K) were determined in a batch technique. Kinetic data were best fitted to pseudo second-order model validated by sum of square error (SSE) and Chi-square test (χ 2). Equilibrium data were better described by Langmuir isotherm model with the monolayer adsorption capacity surpassing those previously reported for Cu(II) uptake. The thermodynamic parameters, ∆G o (-31.773 kJ mol-1), ∆S o (107.30 J) and ∆H o (+202 kJmol-1) revealed that the adsorption process was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The study showed that BS-Mn is a promising nanocomposite which could be utilized for industrial wastewater remediation. @JASEM

La nanotecnología es el área de la técnica que mejor se adapte a las necesidades generales de los ecosistemas. Sin embargo, lo que dice ser una gestión eficiente y responsable. El tema del desarrollo de NanoÉtica. El problema es la falta de compromiso y la gestión eficiente de los riesgos. La hipótesis es la emancipación de gobierno corporativo de la gubernamentalidad bien para una eficiente, responsable y nano democracia. Para ello, el objetivo general es insertar la gobernabilidad en la ética empresarial, y emancipar el gobierno corporativo para insertarlo en una vista estructural de NanoÉtica y, de eso, es posible mitigación de riesgos. Se utilizará la metodología, recopilación de datos, revisión de la literatura interdisciplinaria y el enfoque es sistémico-constructivista.

The aim of this study is to investigate attitudes towards nanomaterials and nanotechnology among Swedish expert stakeholders. The study explores the views of these experts on a number of topics in connection to nanotechnology innovation with a focus on perceived risk, perceived benefits, risk regulation, and risk management. In January 2017, we distributed a web-based questionnaire to 237 individual experts at government agencies, business corporations, and other relevant organisations. The experts had a self-rated interest in, or connection to, nanomaterials and nanotechnology in their work at their organisation. This study contributes to a multidisciplinary research field addressing questions about innovation and foresight, risk
perception, and regulation of nanomaterials and nanotechnology in the public domain.

This study makes several claims.

1. The topic of nanomaterials and nanotechnology engages a broad range of Swedish stakeholders in many different ways, including, but not limited to, research and research funding, risk assessment, product development, as well as regulation and legislation.

2. Experts generally emphasize the benefits of nanotechnology and nanomaterials, but perceived benefit and perceived risk varies with educational background and
organizational affiliation.

3. How experts assess risk and benefit varies depending on area of application (for example medicine, cosmetics, coatings, electronics, agriculture and food).

4. Experts are generally supportive of further regulation of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. They are relatively negative to taxation and self-regulation as regulatory
measures and relatively positive to selective prohibition. There is also disagreement over appropriate regulatory measures among respondents.

5. High perceived risk correlates with a more positive attitude to regulation, and high perceived benefit correlates with lower support for regulation.

6. A common and shared belief is that regulation should be based on science, and that public involvement is undesirable.

A nanotecnologia é um ramo eficiente das inovações. É a área da técnica que melhor atende às necessidades da globalização humana, econômica, social e política, diante da peculiar condição de agregar valor à industrialização de bens e serviços e o fortalecimento dos Estados. Entretanto, estão presentes os riscos ao homem e ao ecossistema que necessitam ser geridos de forma eficiente e responsável durante o ciclo de vida de um nanomaterial. A pesquisa enfrenta como tema, a construção adequada da NanoÉtica nacional. A problemática está na ausência de comprometimento social e gerenciamento eficiente dos riscos nanotecnológicos por parte dos agentes econômicos, assim como, a hipótese está na emancipação da governança corporativa pela governamentalidade do bem para a gestão eficiente, responsável e nanodemocrática. Para esse desiderato, o objetivo geral é inserir a governamentalidade na ética empresarial, e específico, emancipar a governança corporativa para inserila em uma visão estruturante da NanoÉtica. Como metodologia, o ensaio se socorrerá da coleta de dados, da revisão bibliográfica interdisciplinar e da análise sistêmica-construtivista.

We examine the potential role AI plays in COVID-19 as a genetically modified organism with its own biotechnological mainframe composed of nanotechnology and applied pathogenic and nanotoxic agencies.

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Bacteria among other microorganisms viz fungi, viruses, protozoans and even some metazoans are ubiquitous and as well survive in different environments. Despite the fact that some microorganisms are beneficial while others are not, yet the diversity in habitat occupied by bacteria makes it easier for them to cause infections especially whenever the environments is conducive as in the case of opportunistic infections. The study was undertaken to identify the bacteria associated with hand palms and armpits of healthy subjects and also to evaluate the antibiotics sensitivity patterns of the bacteria. The study population consisted of seven males and four females healthy students of Adekunle Ajasin University Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State Nigeria between the age of eighteen (18) and thirty (30) years old. All the bacteria encountered were cultured on tryptone soya agar and eosin methylene blue agar, while only Gram-positive cocci were cultured on mannitol salt agar. The bacterial isolates were identified based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Out of the sixteen bacteria obtained, 4(25%) were Staphylococcus aureus, while Streptococcus species and Staphylococcus species were 3(18.75%) each. Other bacteria identified were 2(12.5%) of each Corynebacterium species and Klebsiella species. In addition, Clostridium species and Bacillus species constituted 1(6.25%) each. Antibiotics susceptibility patterns of the bacteria were determined by disc diffusion method. All the bacterial isolates tested showed multiple antibiotics resistance.

The increasing use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products raises the risk of human toxicity. Currently, there are no therapeutic options or established treatment protocols in cases of AgNPs intoxication. We demonstrated previously that thiol antioxidants compounds can reverse the cytotoxicity induced by AgNPs in Huh-7 hepatocarcinoma cells. Here, we investigated the use of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against the systemic toxic effects of AgNPs (79.3 nm) in rats. Biochemical, histopathological, hematological, and oxidative parameters showed that a single intravenous injection of AgNPs (5 mg/kg b.w.) induced deleterious effects such as hepatotox-icity, potentially as a result of AgNPs accumulation in the liver. Treatment with a single intraperitoneal injection of NAC (1 g/kg b.w.) one hour after AgNPs exposure significantly attenuated all toxic effects evaluated and altered the bioaccumulation and release patterns of AgNPs in rats. The findings show that NAC may be a promising candidate for clinical management of AgNPs intoxication. ARTICLE HISTORY

The objective of this research is to obtain a diagnosis with the application of tools to help determine how the application of safety standards is currently and occupational health, as well as its relationship with the state of physical and mental health and climate organization in which the activities are carried out. for a small company dedicated to the assembly structure and lamination, which is located in the state of Tlaxcala, with the purpose of generating a safer environment for the workers and of greater confidence for the company at the moment of carrying out the work giving a strengthening as an organization. Three techniques are used research, such as the survey, which served to know their physical, mental and climate health organization, this information is used to match how these states influence the application of the rules. The interview and in-depth observation were also used to detect areas of opportunity in the process, this information Supports the design of a system appropriate for the execution of the works. Some of the results obtained are the state of workers in their physical health, to what extent they have suffered health problems in the last months that have worked. Mental health, experiencing discomfort and discomfort during the time they have worked. Safety to what extent your work is exposed to certain conditions and the organizational climate will reveal the relationship between partners as well as the employer worker relationship.

Nanostructured zerovalent manganese (nZVMn) was successfully synthesized and characterized by a combination of analytical and spectroscopic techniques. nZVMn was utilized in scavenging of Cd (II) and Cu (II) ions from aqueous solution. The BET surface area of nZVMn was 131.3490 m2/g, adsorption average pore width (170.4736 Å), BJH Adsorption average pore diameter (185.147 Å), and pH(pzc) (5.01). The scavenging process was found to depend on eff ect of various adsorption physicochemical parameters investigated in batch process. The results revealed a fast kinetics for the adsorption systems; the data fitted well to pseudo second-order and the mechanism was governed by pore diffusion confirmed by Bangham model. The equilibrium data were tested with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Raduskevuch (D-R), and Halsey Isotherm models. However, equilibrium data were best interpreted by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Both Kinetic and isotherm models were validated by sum of square error (SSE) and non-linear chi-square (χ2). The Langmuir monolayer maximum adsorption capacities of nZVMn for adsorption of Cd2+ and Cu2+ were 116.28 mg/g and 181.82 mg/g respectively and these superseded several other adsorbents reported. The feasibility, spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption process was unraveled from thermodynamics parameters. Judging from the desorption index and efficiency, effective desorption of loaded nZVMn was achieved using HCl which is further supported chemisorption mechanism. The micrographs of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) before and after adsorption further confirmed the liquid scavenging of the adsorption process. This study unraveled the effective adsorption of Cd2+ and Cu2+ onto novel nZVMn from synthetic industrial wastes

The paper argues that the potential of post-positivist theories of International Relations should be more fully explored in the analysis of ‘material’- economic processes of technology development. Taking the politics of nanotechnology as an example, the paper proposes an approach to innovation politics and technology development based on theories of hegemony, discourse and international political economy. The guiding hypothesis is that nanotechnology should be conceptualized not as a technology in its own right but as a broad and encompassing techno-socio-economic innovation strategy and, hence, a specific hegemonic project. The importance of such a project stems less from ongoing technological developments, but from its relation to the overall global socio-economic structure. As an innovation project, it creates a link between nanotechnology and the future of the industrial world. Above all, it aims to transform industrialized states into ‘competition states’ according to competitive criteria. Nanotechnology as a political project acts as a kind of driving force for economic expansion. In this capacity it serves to propel the pervasive reconstruction of the field of research and development in a competitive direction, especially in the more advanced industrialized countries. It is the term nanotechnology that brings different R&D politics together under a single cover, giving them a common identity. In a nutshell, the paper will develop a specific theoretical perspective on politics of technology and innovation within global political economy based on post-positivist theories of IR.

O tema nanociencia e nanotecnologia remete o pesquisador a angustia do preco a ser pago pelo desenvolvimento que subestima o tratamento do risco aos ecossistemas social e ambiental. Os dados mostram que o sistema economico se apropriou, com o aval e intermediacao do Governo e com a edicao da Lei da Inovacao (no 13.243/2016) do desenvolvimento produzido nas Universidades transformando-o em inovacao. Esse fato tem alcance positivo no que concerne ao bem-estar das pessoas no acesso a bens e servicos produzidos com as novas tecnologias, mas, por outro lado, pouco se tem informado acerca dos possiveis maleficios e, como consequencia, nao ha chance de escolhas por parte de quem acessa essa producao. Nessa pequena demonstracao do contexto e do problema e que a pesquisa desenvolve a hipotese de que a autorregulacao regulada atraves das regras da Boa Governanca Institucional em N&N como estrutura e operacao do sistema tecnocientifico construido para a Triplice Helice pode se gerir, adequadam...

Ultrafast soliton switching in a two-core fiber coupler is studied by controlling the coupling coefficients of the fiber. The numerical investigation of all optical soliton switching is done by using split step Fourier transformation algorithm. An extended study is done for coupled mode NLSE and the behaviour of the launched pulse is studied by controlling the coupling coefficient (k)and it is found that faster switching takes place by rightly controlling the coupling coefficient of the fiber coupler.

By manipulating an electron that tunnels the tunnel junction of a single electron transistor, one will be able to reach a standard output logic “1” or logic “0”. The operation of the Single Electron Transistor (SET) is depending upon the bias voltage as well as the input signal(s). By varying the input voltage levels of a SET, the output voltage levels can significantly be changed on the basis of tunneling of an electron whether tunneling happened or not. As our concentration is the measuring of an unknown voltage, we are to implement a voltmeter system to provide a digital output of 3 bits whenever an unknown input voltage is kept in touching in the input terminal. A reference/standard voltage (say 8mV) will be connected in series with eight resistances ( 8 Rs) for the purpose of making a seven threshold voltages, for 7 comparators, in an ascending order of values from ground to reference voltage for seven comparators which are used in this present work. The voltmeter implemented consists of (i) a voltage divider, (ii) a set of seven comparators, (iii) seven Exclusive-OR gates and (iv) three 4-input OR gates. The concepts of implementing “Parallel Comparator based voltmeter” is discussed in two ways (i) by classical block diagram and (ii) using Single electron transistor based circuit. The measuring of an input analog voltage will not be the same as the digital output value. A 3-bit output indicates that the input analog voltage must lie on within a particular small range of voltage. The encoder circuit which is connected to the outputs of the comparators is hard to construct whenever the three terminals output are expressed with the output variables (Wi) of the comparators. For simple and user-friendly circuit, the outputs (Wi) of the comparators are modified to Di variables so as to get the same 3-bit encoder/voltmeter output. For this purpose, 7 extra component called 2-input XORs based on SET are used. Seven such XORs are set, and the output of them are passed to three 4-input OR gates according to the required logic expressions. It is found that all the output data of the voltmeter are coherently matched with the theoretical aspects. Processing delays are found out for all circuits. Power consumptions of all of them are shown in tabular and graphical forms. All the circuit we are intending to make are provided in due places with their logic circuit or simulation set and the simulation results are provided as well. Different truth tables are given for keeping track of whether input-output relationships matches with the theoretical results. We have thought of whether the present work circuits are faster or slower than the circuits of CMOS based-circuits. The power consumed at the time of tunneling event for a circuit is measured and sensed that it exists in the range between 1×10^(-18) Joules to 22×10^(-18)Joules which is very small amount. All the combinational circuits presented in this work are of SET-based.

Mixed culture electrochemically active biofilms (EABs) were developed on carbon paper using a sludge with mixed culture bacteria for microscopic and spectroelectrochemical studies because a naturally mixed culture bacterial strain is more applicable than a pure culture strain. EAB development was confirmed by microbial fuel cells (MFCs) by obtaining a constant increase in potential (∼0.36 V). Microscopic and spectroscopic studies showed that a mixed culture EABs formed on the support. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which are nondestructive voltammetry techniques, indicated that the EABs could be source of electrons and used effectively for various purposes. Routine in vivo analysis of electron transfer between bacterial cells and the electrode was performed, providing insight into the extracellular electron transfer (EET) to the electrode. At low scan rates, CV revealed the catalytic electron transfer ability of EAB between the cells and electrode and showed exceptional redox activities in the presence of acetate. DPV and EIS studies showed that EAB in the presence of acetate can charge the surface by producing and storing sufficient electrons, behave as a capacitor, and have features consistent with EET. Finally, microscopic and spectroelectrochemical studies confirmed the development of a mixed culture EAB and the EET kinetics of EABs. These studies suggest that mixed culture EABs can be used effectively as a biogenic reducing tool for various applications.

An International Journal (AEIJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Energy Engineering and allied fields. This multi disciplinary journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Energy Engineering.

A Constituição Federal de 1988, no artigo 170, dispõe que as empresas privadas compõem a ordem econômica do país e, portanto, são responsáveis, ao lado do Estado neoliberal que é o Brasil, pela produção de riqueza nacional e o avanço social e econômico da população. Também é corolário constitucional que esse desenvolvimento  econômico esbarra em contornos sociais, jurídicos e econômicos que garantam aos cidadãos brasileiros sua dignidade. Em se tratando de exploração nanotecnológica observa-se que esses ditames não vêm sendo cumpridos pelo Estado que permite, e pelas empresas que colocam em circulação, bens de toda ordem manufaturados a partir de nanotecnologia, sem a segurança social necessária diante de inúmeras vantagens econômicas. Constata-se, portanto, que há uma operação matemática de custos, perdas e lucros, cujos fatores estão em desajuste com a pretensão do legislador constituinte. Por que se adota essa política governamental e corporativa no Brasil? Qual seria o cálculo perfeito para atender ao equilíbrio pretendido pelo legislador constituinte? Essas perguntas percorrerão a pesquisa que não tem o condão de esgotar o tema; mas, ao final, provavelmente, constatar-se-á que a análise econômica do Direito da Escola de Chicago e que já vem sendo reconhecida pelo Sistema Judiciário nacional pode auxiliar o Brasil na construção de solução para o dilema segurança versus lucro, justamente, para percorrer o desafio de construir uma sociedade justa e igualitária, fins políticos colimados na Carta Constitucional.

Palavras-Chave: Desenvolvimento sócio-econômico. Nanotecnologia. Riscos. Análise Econômica do Direito. Equilíbrio