Nonprofit Leadership

Abstract
A qualitative case study approach used a single data source, to examine the impact of ethical
leadership on nonprofit organizational effectiveness, performance, and on employee motivation.
The congruence between leaders' perceptions and employees' perceptions of leader's behavior
and the effect of unethical practice was also investigated. This research study further explored
the effect of lack of leadership ethical practice and noncompliance with the Internal Revenue
Codes guiding the functionality of exempt organizations servicing the community. This study
was conducted in a Georgia-based medium sized nonprofit organization. Seven participants were
purposefully selected to inform an understanding of the research problem. Four of the
participants occupied a leadership position while three were employees with a level of
responsibility. Through open-ended interviews and direct observations, data were collected and
analyzed from both leaders and employees. The result of the analysis indicated that leadership
characteristics had influence on employee motivation and on organizational outcomes, and
ethical leadership had positive impact on organizational effectiveness. The result also provided
an understanding of the research problem, indicating that unethical leadership and
noncompliance with the Internal Revenue Code of ethics were detrimental to noncompliant
organizations. A summary of the results and limitations were discussed, as well as
recommendations and directions for future research.

Australian and International public-sector organisations have faced, and continue to encounter, a plethora of reforms under the umbrella of 'New Public Management' (NPM) (Guthrie et al. 2005, forthcoming). Underpinning these reforms have been imperatives of budget surpluses and reduced government debt (see Commonwealth of Australia, 2002 for evidence of this in Australia), with NPM reforms generally characterised by budget cuts, accountability for performance, performance auditing and privatisation (Gruening, 2001). Public sector organisations face a number of challenges in responding to these NPM reforms. Specifically, demonstrating the realisation of economic and social value in the short-term while, simultaneously, investing in organisational renewal and replenishment and value creation capacity in the medium-to long-term. Concurrently, traditional financial reporting frameworks used within the private and public sectors are increasingly critiqued for not incorporating information on nonfinancial performance. This critique is set within a context of socioeconomic change, in which organisational performance is increasingly determined by a wider range of knowledge based resources, also known as intellectual capital (IC). Arguably, the sustainability of organisations is contingent upon investment in its employees' competencies, its systems, processes and practices, and in its relations with external service providers, clients and customers as well as other stakeholders. Indeed, the application of these 'intangibles' to the operations of the organisation is central to

We present information on the Leadership Instruments Library (LIL), a new, free resource for faculty and graduate students who are performing leadership research and for organizations that are looking for leadership development tools. The LIL reviews over 100 measurement tools that provide individual and organizational measures of leadership across all types of leadership (educational, private and public sectors, nonprofit, military, etc.). The LIL provides the name of the instrument, number of citations, purpose, target population(s), information on validity and reliability, if it is available free or what it costs, how to access the instrument, and much more. We provide a description of the LIL, state why it is needed, outline its structural organization, provide a link to access the resource, and share the rationale for using students to help develop the resource.

Leadership Strategies for Reducing Regulatory Citations to Maintain Tax-Exempt Statuses in Nonprofit Organizations by Emmanuel Kamara MA, Walden University, 2015 MBA, Eastern University, 2008 BS, Eastern University, 2004 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Business Administration Walden University January 2020 Abstract Leaders of nonprofit organizations have challenging responsibilities of satisfying the demands of all their stakeholders by obeying state and federal regulations. Noncompliance of regulations can quickly cause a nonprofit organization to lose its taxexempt status and become nonexistent; thus, it appears that most nonprofits are choosing to prioritize compliance, while struggling to maintain focus on their mission and services. Using the conceptual framework of transformational leadership and general system theories, this case study was to explore strategies leaders of nonprofits organizations in Pennsylvania ...

Are Gray Skies Clearing Up? Shedding Light on Nonprofit Governance in the Wake of Revamped IRS Form 990 * 95 N.C. L. REV. 235 (2016) 236 NORTH CAROLINA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 95 investment banking practices at the dawn of the twentieth century, "[s]unlight is. .. the best of disinfectants." 7 The public's ability to access relevant information-sunlightencourages best practices and transparency. Unfortunately, recent scandals suggest that-at least regarding nonprofit governance-it is cloudy far too often. For example, in April 2015, auditors discovered that Dana Cope, the former executive director of the State Employees Association of North Carolina ("SEANC"), 8 spent nearly $500,000 of company money on private expenses between 2012 and 2015. 9 According to the audit, Cope-the only person to review annual financial and governance reports 10-used SEANC funds to renovate his home, take a family trip to China, and purchase private flight lessons. 11 Mitch Leonard, the director who replaced Cope, lamented that the abuses "stem[med] from a culture of submissiveness, deliberately built over time by Mr. Cope, and maintained for his own financial benefit. As a result, established financial controls were compromised, transparency thwarted, and the truth denied." 12 Unfortunately, director abuse of nonprofit funds is not extraordinary. 13 In 2015, public scandals implicating nonprofit directors surfaced nationwide. 14 As executives 15 and commentators 16 7. LOUIS D. BRANDEIS, OTHER PEOPLE'S MONEY AND HOW THE BANKERS USE IT 92 (1914). Justice Brandeis called for the public disclosure of commissions and profits made by bankers to be used as a remedy for unreasonable compensation and as an aid that investors could use to judge the safety of their investments. Id. at 92-108. 8. SEANC is a 501(c)(5) nonprofit whose stated mission is to protect and enhance "the rights and benefits of current, retired and future [North Carolina] state employees."

This paper presentation is based on a book manuscript in development. The paper describes the emergence of a new governance model that challenges the traditional and policy governance models that have been popularized in the professional literature and in the world of consultation and practice. In its place, an alternative nonprofit governance model is introduced. It is known as the Relationship Model. For approximately two decades, the nonprofit governance literature has grown to include serious inquiry about the reasonableness of the traditional (Houle, 1962, 1989) and policy governance models (Carver, 1997). In general, the challenge to the traditional and policy governance models is whether effective governing capacity is a by-product of collegiality between board and staff and not of positional and leadership hierarchy with the board in the dominant position. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a nonprofit governance model which has been evolving over twenty years. It, to...

Grassroots associations (GAs) are the "keepers" of collective local knowledge yet uncovering that local knowledge remains challenging for nonprofit researchers. In this study, we propose the utility of reflexivity for nonprofit scholars conducting research aimed at accessing local knowledge within GAs and illustrate its use in practice through collaborative autoethnography (CAE). From block clubs to mutual aid groups, grassroots associations provide a space for members to come together, share insights, build community, and are important repositories of local knowledge. However, GAs remain the "dark matter" of the nonprofit sector-understudied and undertheorized. We discuss the difficulties nonprofit researchers face in accessing the local knowledge of resident within grassroots associations. We then present our CAE methodology and conclude by recommending that scholars interested in accessing local knowledge engage in reflexive praxis attuned to power and positionality. This study contributes to expanding our work with and knowledge of grassroots associations within nonprofit studies.

Citations conform to A Uniform System of Citation (15th ed. 1991), copyrighted by the Columbia, Harvard, and University of Pennsylvania Law Reviews and the Yale Law Journal. Cite as 2 W. ST. U. CONSUMER L.J.-(1993) To THE READER The Western State University Consumer Law Journal's purpose is to provide a comprehensive resource, focused on commerce, for attorneys and the general public. It was conceived to serve as an aid in the analysis, evaluation and advocacy of issues that confront everyone as they act as, or on behalf of, consumers of products, services and their interrelated concerns; the marketing, merchandising, advertising, financial, charitable and legal components of commerce. The Consumer Law Journal has, therefore a broad reach, but a singular goal; to serve as a conduit of information from those who have knowledge of a particular part of the universe of commerce to those who have need of it. In this, the second volume of the Western State University Consumer Law Journal, the conscience of our economy is examined in Charity Begins at Home: Alternatives in Nonprofit Regulation and in Diagnosing and Treating the Slumlord Syndrome. The unanticipated side effects of the revolution in productivity through chemicals and its attendant risks to society has resulted in the need to monitor our exposure to them. The question of who should bear the burden of tracking these risks is discussed in Medical Monitoring: A New Cause of Action in California. One of the largest groups of consumers provided specific protections in their transactions are the buyers of automobiles. An updated understanding of these rules is provided in The California Lemon Law: A Misunderstood Statute. We are pleased to be able to continue to distribute the Journal to law offices in Orange County on a complimentary basis because the Journal has found support amongst the members of our legal community. We solicit your support through the submission of articles or initiation of a yearly subscription to guarantee receipt of subsequent issues. Questions or manuscripts should be addressed to the editorial staff c/o Western State University Law Review Association,

The concepts of civil society and civil society organizations are used throughout this introduction to denote phenomena that otherwise could be referred to as nonprofit, voluntary, nongovernmental, or grassroots organizations and the third, the nonprofit, or the voluntary sector. The various contributors to the three special issues use their preferred terminology.

The Maine Legislature stated the situation concisely in the "Findings and purpose" section of the State-municipal revenue sharing statute: "The principal problem of financing municipal services is the burden on the property tax." ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 30-A, § 5681(1) (West 1996). 2. Nationally, state and local governments are collecting an increasing percentage of all taxes, a trend that is expected to continue with "government service expansion[s] likely to occur below the national level ... ." Daniel Shaviro, An Economic and Political Look at Federalism in Taxation, 90 Micii. L. REv. 895, 895 (1992) (footnote omitted). Property taxes made up three quarters of all local tax revenues in 1991. As a percentage of total local taxes, the property tax ranges from 99.4% (New Hampshire) to 36.9% (Alabama), with Maine ranked fifth highest in the nation at 98.6%.

The Maine Legislature stated the situation concisely in the "Findings and purpose" section of the State-municipal revenue sharing statute: "The principal problem of financing municipal services is the burden on the property tax." ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 30-A, § 5681(1) (West 1996). 2. Nationally, state and local governments are collecting an increasing percentage of all taxes, a trend that is expected to continue with "government service expansion[s] likely to occur below the national level ... ." Daniel Shaviro, An Economic and Political Look at Federalism in Taxation, 90 Micii. L. REv. 895, 895 (1992) (footnote omitted). Property taxes made up three quarters of all local tax revenues in 1991. As a percentage of total local taxes, the property tax ranges from 99.4% (New Hampshire) to 36.9% (Alabama), with Maine ranked fifth highest in the nation at 98.6%.

There is a need to develop consensus on necessary leadership competencies for executive directors in small nonprofit organizations (NPO) in order to improve missional outcomes. The research on how NPO executives perform their duties and which competencies are most important
is insufficient. The consequence is false information and high turnover rates. The purpose of this
qualitative multi-case study is to explore the perceptions of NPO executive directors concerning
leadership competencies needed for positive missional outcomes. Five executive directors were
interviewed to provide the main research data for this inquiry. Five categories of competencies
emerged from the research: communication, management, financial responsibility, human relations, and passion. Passion was noted as the driving characteristic needed by the participants to
effectively execute the mission in the context of their small nonprofit. Boards looking to hire an
effective executive director should first find a candidate with a burning passion for completing
the organization’s mission; even if it means they will no longer have a job. All other acumens
can be learned and developed. Further studies should expand the geographic area or change the
limitation of nonprofits with revenues of less than $250,000 to see if the prerequisite of passion
is maintained.

Background Afghanistan has witnessed a dramatic increase in HIV infections. Public health officials have responded with campaigns to educate the public about HIV prevention and transmission. We examine the association between HIV prevention and transmission knowledge and stigma towards people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Afghanistan. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data (n=11 930) from the 2015 Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to examine the effects of accurate HIV knowledge related to safer sex and local misconceptions about the virus’s transmission (e.g. mosquitos and witchcraft) on two stigma outcomes, namely, stigma towards public others with HIV (teachers and food vendors) and stigma towards close family members with HIV. Results Stigmatizing attitudes were highly prevalent and HIV knowledge varied widely. Multivariate analyses show that correct knowledge related to local misconceptions about ...

Leadership and leadership research should be viewed in a particular context. The contextual lens is largely neglected when Afrocentric leadership in organisations is framed. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the qualitative assertions that there are distinctive characteristics that underpin Afrocentric leadership in organisations can be authenticated by an empirical study conducted in Southern Africa. The aim is to determine and validate a leadership behaviour taxonomy within the regional context using an empirical paradigm in a crosssectional design. The sample was drawn from 30 organisations in Southern Africa: South Africa, Swaziland, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique, consisting of 1,676 participants from all sectors. The original conceptualisation of leadership in terms of a Westernised leadership behaviour taxonomy was statistically confirmed, in a unique permutation. This literature as well as the empirical findings revealed that while some leadership behaviours are generic, there are unique behaviours in an Afrocentric leadership taxonomy. This context specific taxonomy includes the following meta-categories: task, relations, a combined category change and external, and an additional unique African meta-category, which has a participatory, democratic and communalistic focus. As this is a first empirical study of this nature and magnitude, it could serve as a reference for further conceptualisation of Afrocentric leadership. The reconfigured meta-category taxonomy has been positively examined for structural validity as well as an assessment of convergent

This article addresses the development of entrepreneurial skills in academic and human service settings by reporting on a curriculum for teaching proposal writing for funded research and program development grants. The article includes a review of current challenges in preparing primarily female graduate students with skills needed for grant seeking in their careers in human services. A description of the proposal writing curriculum, teaching methodologies used, and outcomes obtained during the past six offerings of the course are described. In addition, preliminary evaluation data from a survey of a nonrandom sample of participants in the course (N=30) about their perceptions of the course and its utility are included. Lessons learned and implications for using the curriculum with other populations, such as female faculty and agency-based human service professionals, are also explored.

This article addresses the development of entrepreneurial skills in academic and human service settings byreporting on a curriculum for teaching proposal writing for funded research and program developmentgrants. The article includes a review of current challenges in preparing primarily female graduate studentswith skills needed for grant seeking in their careers in human services. A description of the proposal writingcurriculum, teaching methodologies used, and outcomes obtained during the past six offerings of the courseare described. In addition, preliminary evaluation data from a survey of a nonrandom sample of participantsin the course (N=30) about their perceptions of the course and its utility are included. Lessons learned andimplications for using the curriculum with other populations, such as female faculty and agency-basedhuman service professionals, are also explored.

Leadership Strategies for Reducing Regulatory Citations to Maintain Tax-Exempt Statuses in Nonprofit Organizations by Emmanuel Kamara MA, Walden University, 2015 MBA, Eastern University, 2008 BS, Eastern University, 2004 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Business Administration Walden University January 2020 Abstract Leaders of nonprofit organizations have challenging responsibilities of satisfying the demands of all their stakeholders by obeying state and federal regulations. Noncompliance of regulations can quickly cause a nonprofit organization to lose its taxexempt status and become nonexistent; thus, it appears that most nonprofits are choosing to prioritize compliance, while struggling to maintain focus on their mission and services. Using the conceptual framework of transformational leadership and general system theories, this case study was to explore strategies leaders of nonprofits organizations in Pennsylvania ...

We use data from a survey of Indiana local government officials (LGOs) to explore their attitudes towards PILOTs for major types of charities. We consider whether these attitudes are related to local economic conditions, political factors, LGOs’ attitudes towards the relationship between local government and nonprofits, and the extent to which LGOs are personally involved with nonprofits as leaders, members or volunteers. We also explore whether these attitudes vary by type of charity involved (hospitals, schools/universities, churches) and present preliminary data on LGO agreement with various justifications for PILOT policies.

Purpose: The objective of this paper is to determine the advantages and disadvantages of possible methods of tax treatment for corporate donations. This theoretical study identified six methods of tax treatment of corporate monetary and in-kind donations that can be adopted by legislative bodies and which stem mainly from six logical visions to explain the meaning and connotation of the term corporate donations. Design/Approach/Methodology: In order to determine the advantages, and disadvantages of these methods, the researcher was obliged to develop three basic criteria that can be used in determining the advantages, and disadvantages of each method. Those criteria are, Legal imbalance, economic impact, the extent to which the tax treatment is consistent with the content of the CSR idea. This study also indicated the importance of harmonizing the tax treatment with the prevailing economic, social, and cultural conditions in society. Findings: All tax treatment methods have disadvantages and advantages, but to varying degrees. Originality/Value: Through this diversity of tax treatment methods-and the advantages and disadvantages associated with these methods, legislative bodies in all countries of the world can evaluate the methods used in tax treatment that they adopt as one of the components of corporate income tax laws in those countries, and also provide an opportunity for those authorities to choose the appropriate tax treatment method that is compatible with the prevailing economic conditions in those countries.

Federal tax treatment matters to churches, the term the IRS uses for all types of religious congregations, including synagogues, mosques, and temples. The federal tax provisions most significant for churches and certain entities closely related to them, however, are not those that the public and commentators often assume. Exemption from income tax and the ability of donors to deduct contributions, the benefits that receive the most public attention, in fact provide surprisingly little benefit either to churches in the aggregate or to most individual churches. Their status as organizations tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, moreover, imposes a variety of burdens on them. The burdens include limitations on lobbying and the prohibition on any intervention in campaigns for public office.

At the same time churches enjoy special tax benefits not afforded to other section 501(c)(3) organizations, not even other kinds of tax-exempt religious organizations. These special benefits make church status appealing. Such benefits include exemption from filing with the IRS Form 990, an annual information return that, with the exception of the names and addresses of major donors, is also publicly available. In addition, the IRS cannot begin any audit of a church unless it complies with several procedures.

These advantages limit oversight of churches by the IRS, the media, and the public. They create an incentive for religious organizations that share some traits commonly found in churches to seek status as a church. Two recent IRS grants of church or association of churches status have attracted sharp criticism from the media and members of Congress. At the same time, a number of developments, such as loss of membership, expansion of virtual worship, and recent Supreme Court Free Exercise jurisprudence, have created new challenges for churches and their tax treatment.

In response to all these developments, this article recommends changes to the longstanding IRS approaches for defining “church” and certain church-affiliated entities. These changes would substitute a definition for church developed by courts and limit the definition for conventions or associations of churches to those of a single denomination. The definitional changes will clarify the distinction between non-church religious organizations and churches. Updating the understanding of “church” to reflect the twenty-first century realities of virtual participation and the increasing diversity of faith communities will also improve IRS oversight.

This article also recommends that the GAO undertake a renewed study of campaign intervention by section 501(c)(3) organizations generally. This study will clarify whether all section 501(c)(3) organizations, including churches, are in fact violating this prohibition in ways that go beyond sporadic, minor, and usually inadvertent footfalls.

In the authors’ view the recommended changes would benefit churches and the public because they take into account both current realities and current concerns. In so doing, they would not only give churches welcome guidance but also increase public trust that churches are not abusing the special privileges they enjoy under federal tax law.

This paper explores the pivotal role of Emotional Intelligence (EI) in shaping HR leadership practices and fostering organizational success in the modern workplace. It begins with a comprehensive overview of EI, delineating its core components-emotional self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy, and relationship management. The narrative then unfolds into an analysis of the evolving challenges faced by the modern workplace, emphasizing the indispensable role of HR leadership in navigating these complexities. Aiming for innovation, the paper proposes a transformative approach titled "Emotional Intelligence Revolution: Transformative Leadership in HR for the Modern Workplace." Through real-world case studies and contemporary references, it delves into the significance of EI in decision-making, interpersonal relationships, and organizational culture. As the narrative progresses, it shifts focus to the changing dynamics of the modern workplace, including remote work trends, a multigenerational workforce, and diversity challenges. The discussion seamlessly transitions into HR's evolving role, emphasizing the shift from traditional to strategic HR and the demand for adaptable and innovative leadership. With a meticulous exploration of each theme, the paper culminates in a visionary perspective on the future of HR leadership. It delineates emerging technologies like AI and virtual reality in EI development, anticipating continuous evolution in EI competencies. The paper concludes with a compelling call to action for HR leaders, emphasizing the strategic imperative of integrating EI into leadership practices for creating resilient and innovative workplaces in the face of evolving challenges.

The purpose of this research study is to explore the advance fundraising techniques in the non-profit, charitable, philanthropic organizations for the purpose of fundraising. This research study completed on the basis of primary data that is taken from NGO’s in the region of Punjab. Frequency distribution statistical technique is used in this research paper for analyzing the data. Data collection was completed through questionnaire, face to face interviews, telephonic interviews, survey through e-mails from the presidents of the non-profit organization and members of NGO which are working in the Punjab region. NGO’s such as Alpine Welfare, Umeed Welfare, People Woman Welfare Organization, Human development Form etc. were contacted for data collection. Fundraising is the management function. After the research we would be able to understand the advance fundraising techniques and methods. We have found the positive impact of technological media like YouTube, Face book, Twitter, and TV...

Venture philanthropy (VP) traces its roots back to the United States in the 1990s. In 2009, the Shanghai municipal government launched a "Shanghai Community Venture Philanthropy Competition", the first large-scale venture philanthropy experiment organized by a governmental body in China. This article uses on-site surveying and quantitative analysis to address this mechanism for VP. A comparison of VP abroad and VP in Shanghai reveals that Shanghai's VP resembles a hybrid model: it borrows basic ideas from VP as practiced abroad, yet retains features of traditional charitable grantmaking. As a new model for cultivating NPOs, VP introduces strong elements of efficiency and accountability and has the potential to transform the third sector as we know it. Finally, the article presents several problems facing venture philanthropy in Shanghai and offers some thoughts on possible policy solutions. Keywords Venture philanthropy, NPO, Hybrid model 1. Foreword * The author sincerely thanks the Shanghai Civil Affairs Bureau and the Pudong NPO Development Center for their help with this research as well as Fudan University Associate Professors Jing Yijia (敬乂嘉) and Gu Limei (顾丽梅) and my expert anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments. Thanks also to my Fudan classmates Xu Nuo (许诺), You Jian (游剑), and Guo Qingkun (郭庆坤) for their assistance. 1 Salamon, Lester, (陈一梅/Chen Yimin et al., trans.

The paper identifies the features of Polish sports clubs in the particular organizational forms: profit and nonprofit. Identification and description of these features is carried out in terms of financial efficiency of the given organizational form. Under the terms of the efficiency the research allows you to specify the advantages of particular organizational sports club form and the following limitations. Paper considers features of sports clubs in range of Polish conditions as legal regulations. The sources of the functioning efficiency of sports clubs may lie in the organizational forms in which they operate. Each of the available forms can be considered either a for-profit or nonprofit enterprise. Depending on this classification there are different capabilities of increasing organizational and financial efficiency of a given sports club. Authors start with general classification and difference between for-profit and non-profit sport clubs. Next identifies specific financial an...

The plaintiffs were twenty-eight municipal taxpayers in Princeton who challenged Princeton University's entire property-tax exemption on the ground that the way the University distributed royalty payments from patents to faculty inventors and licensed these patents in joint ventures and other partnerships ran afoul of the "profit test" that applies to educational property-tax exemptions in New Jersey. This Note uses this litigation to discuss a potential conflict between the Bayh-Dole Act, which encourages academic patent development, and such profit tests on charitable and educational property exemptions in several states. It concludes that while the model of litigation in Fields could offer a new procedural oversight means over nonprofits, a better solution involves substantive legislative reform that regularizes current ad hoc payments between municipalities and large nonprofits and better aligns local property taxes with federal policy.

Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. The object of a trust can be a legal person (human or corporate), a public (charitable) purpose or a private purpose. This chapter shows that trusts for private purposes are generally void, although there are a number of important exceptions to this general rule, that is, where trusts for private purposes are valid. A trust for private purposes usually takes the form of a permanent endowment, which potentially renders the capital inalienable in perpetuity. The chapter explains why trusts for private purposes are generally void and discusses the anomalous exceptions to the general rule, trusts of imperfect obligation, purpose trusts with indirect human beneficiaries and distribution of surplus donations. It also look...

Established in 1966, the Fresno Regional Foundation, as a non-profit community foundation, provides unique opportunities for individual donors, families, businesses, and other foundations to invest in programs that address a wide spectrum of economic, social, educational, cultural and environmental needs. With more than 125 donor advised funds, as well as field of interest funds, designated funds, scholarship and unrestricted funds, Fresno Regional Foundation is the trusted steward of charitable giving in the region. Dan DeSantis, CEO 559-226-5600; dandesantis@fresnoregfoundation.org

The research is primary concerned with one main group-relief and development workers with work experience in Czech NGO People in Need operating in Ethiopia. The purpose of this research is to explain the role of those relief and development aid workers in the process of relief aid and development assistance. The master dissertation describes the problems, challenges and the new alternatives of NGOs in the relief aid and development assistance. The last chapter aims at relief and development workers from the intercultural perspective. The primary research on humanitarian and development workers involves semi structured interviews with relief and development workers of organisation People in Need. The hypothesis of dissertation is based on assumption that relief and development workers of People in Need show the high level of prosocial behaviour and other relevant characteristics needed for that profession. The main importance of dissertation lies in interviews with respondents about their problems, challenges and experiences during their work. The dissertation also looks on relief and development workers from the intercultural perspectives and starts from assumption that the relief and development workers of People in Need should hold the intercultural competence.

As a result of major transformations in public service delivery systems, government now relies extensively on a variety of complex tools that require public policy makers to interact with a broad array of other institutions (Salamon, 2002). Since at least the 1960s, public sector agencies have relied increasingly on nongovernmental entities, most notably nonprofit organizations, to deliver publicly financed services under a variety of grants, contracts, vouchers, and fee-for-service financial arrangements. These types of indirect government spending now absorb almost 21 percent of all federal activities. The percentage increases to 44 percent if tax expenditures and loan guarantees in areas of interest to nonprofits are included as well (Salamon, 2002, 5). In turn, the growing availability of government funding has played a major role in fueling the significant growth of nonprofit organizations in the United States. The number of IRS-registered charitable nonprofitsthose eligible to receive tax-deductible contributions and most likely to be closely involved with the public service delivery system-has more than tripled from 276,000 in 1977 to over 900,000 in 2002. The total number of tax-exempt entities registered with the IRS (including mutual-benefit organizations such as trade associations and fraternal organizations) has increased more modestly, doubling from 790,000 in 1977 to about 1.6 million in 2002 (Weitzman et al., 2002, 4-5; Internal Revenue Service, 2003). Neither of these figures includes the estimated 350,000 religious congregations that have chosen to exercise their option of not registering with the IRS. Nor does it include the very large number of small grassroots nonprofits or newly established nonprofits that may swell the number of nonprofits to between 6 million and 8 million (Smith, 1997a, b).

The United States population is rapidly aging, and retaining direct care workers (DCWs) will continue to be a workforce concern for the industry in addressing the demand for long term care services. To date, scant literature exists that addresses the DCW perspective of leadership behaviors and their influence on organizational commitment. To respond to this deficiency, this research studied leadership behaviors of direct importance for DCWs at the immediate supervisor level, and provided empirical insight into organizational commitment among workers closest to patient care. Research on leader behaviors has focused on managerial and executive levels, with scant consideration in long term care at the lower hierarchical levels. Transformational leadership was hypothesized to have a significant positive relationship with organizational commitment, specifically affective and normative commitments, and a significant inverse relationship with continuance commitment. The quantitative correlational study explored the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment among 322 direct care workers employed by nonprofit, multi-level long term care organizations located in the Midwest. Results revealed a statistically significant relationship between overall transformational leadership and organizational commitment as well as affective and normative commitment dimensions, with no significant relationship found between transformational leadership and continuance commitment. The study results are beneficial to industry leaders, researchers, and policymakers for addressing operational policies, leadership training, human resource practices, and workforce policy development. Operational policies should reflect the values of the organization and follow from a compelling, collective vision and mission. Human resources practices warrant review if not aligned with the vision, mission, and values. Leadership development training should be considered for continuing education for supervisors at all levels as well as for potential policy alternatives.

This article examines the Commission's Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Statute for a European Foundation (Fundatio Europaea). Focusing on the proposed transparency and accountability provisions, it interrogates whether these provisions are sufficiently robust to facilitate effective Member State supervision of this proposed new supranational legal form, given identified weaknesses in existing Member State foundation regulatory regimes. Consideration is also given to the Statute's proposed reporting and auditing mechanisms. Particular attention is paid to the challenges inherent in standardising financial reporting standards and the missed opportunities to introduce best practice in the draft Regulation. The article concludes by identifying a number of interpretative loopholes in the existing proposal, which if adopted in its current format, would weaken the potential for an effective, efficient and feasible solution to the problems currently experienced by many foundations operating on a cross-border basis in Europe.

The challenges facing nonprofits in North Carolina and most states include devolution and ripple effects at the state level from federal budget cutbacks, government efforts to tax or further regulate nonprofits, scandals involving a few organizations or their leaders, and efforts to limit nonprofits' right to lobby and advocate for their causes. But the future also holds a number of opportunities for nonprofits, including the increased clout of nonprofits acting together as a sector; partnership initiatives with nonprofits by North Carolina' s governor and chief executives in other states, legislative measures to increase charitable giving and reduce red tape, state-level summits following up on the president' s push for increased volunteerism, and a reservoir of public trust in nonprofits. North Carolina' s experience may predict the future dangers and opportunities in other states.

The authors examine technical aspects of surveying nonprofits to determine whether inferences about characteristics of the sector depend on how samples are selected. Using a stratified sample drawn from a comprehensive nonprofit database, they analyze how major profile features of the nonprofit sector vary by sampling source and by how broadly researchers define the sector. The results reveal significant differences in the accuracy, completeness, and response rates associated with alternative sampling sources. Nonprofits found on multiple listings respond at higher rates and are more formalized than those found on only one sampling source, and sampling sources vary in the profiles they generate for the nonprofit sector. The authors conclude that researchers who wish to generalize their findings to the full nonprofit sector should consider the list of incorporated nonprofits as a sampling frame—it is among the most efficient and produces the fewest distortions in nonprofit profile fe...

Volunteering is perceived as important for creating social capital and civil society, and therefore has become a fundamental part of social policies across most Western countries. In this article, we examine the involvement of governments, corporations and educational institutes in encouraging volunteering, and pinpoint their role in developing volunteering circles. Based on essential concepts presented here (volunteerability and recruitability), we develop the third-party model, and show how third parties get involved. We identify new ways in which these parties can enhance volunteering, and discuss their impact on volunteerability and recruitability. The potential negative impacts of volunteerism and ways in which these can be ameliorated are also acknowledged. Finally, issues that arise due to such involvement are also discussed, thereby offering an important contribution to social policy research in the area of volunteerism.

Some parts of the Australian non-profit sector sector has been growing much faster than others and that significant increases in revenue have mainly accrued to a group of large, multi-service, national social service organisations, a group Dalton and Butcher (2014) refer to as “Big Charity”. In various policy domains, Big Charity appears to exert disproportionate influence in various areas of social services provision. In this paper we focus on the emergence of Big Charity and examine the implications for the delivery of services under the proposed National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS). The Scheme will is likely to open up a new market but, in the context of the rising market dominance of larger charities, we ask if this will lead to a rationalisation of the sector in favour of larger providers of disability services.

According to a study conducted by BoardSource and reported in, Leading with Intent: 2017 National Index of Nonprofit Board Practices (Board-Source, 2017), 72% of nonprofit CEO/Executive Director positions are held by females, while only 48% are Executive Board Members and 42% are Board Chairs. The discrepancy between the number of board positions held by women versus staff leadership positions has been the subject of many recent publications. Reviewing academic and industry literature, this paper explores the relationship between an allmale board’s choice of self-assessment tools and its decision-making processes related to creating a gender inclusive board. This paper provides additional insight by applying communication theoretical frameworks to analyze allmale board decision-making processes which ultimately affect recruitment outcomes.

' Throughout I shall indiscriminately use "the Corporation," "the city," or "New York City," as referents for "The Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of the City of New York." Note that I am thereby equating the city with the Corporation. I demonstrate that this is a plausible equation in Part Two of this essay. 9 Black's Law Dictionary 409 (rev'd 4th ed. 1968). 10 For more on the significance of this release from liability see text at notes 44 & 45 infra. 'I ld. at 613-17. 20 Id. at 618-19. 21 Id. at 620-23.

In the most basic sense of the concept, Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the level of ability to identify, understand, assess, and control the emotions of oneself, others, and groups. It is a concept that has received popular acclaim over the past three decades since the term was first coined. Much of the growing literature on EI is in managerial and organizational behavior fields. The primary goal of much of this literature is to determine the extent to which EI can affect workplace outcomes. Suggestions that EI has a significant impact on workplace success have led to increased interest on how to effectively asses EI in individuals. In the following qualitative study, the role of EI in hiring processes is examined within nonprofit organizations. Qualitative interviews are utilized to explore the hiring process in nonprofit organizations. An in-depth review of the literature is provided and major conceptualizations of EI are explored. The present research suggests that despite the in...

Introduction: People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) face bio-psycho-socio-spiritual problems. The stigma against PLWHA exists in more than 65 countries. Indonesia occupied the highest position in the Pacific with a case rate of 62.8%. Stigma has contributed to the failure of HIV and AIDS epidemic-control programs. Aims: To determine the stigma against PLWHA in Indonesia. Method: This study used the 2017 IDHS dataset with a cross-sectional design. The study sample comprised 47.233 people. The variables studied included age, sex, marital status, educational level, economic status, employment status, mass media exposure, type of residence, knowledge about HIV and AIDS, and stigma against PLWHA. The data analysis technique was the chi-square test and logistic regression with α 0.05 (5%). Result: Factors that determined the stigma of PLWHA include age 15-19 (OR 1.611), age 20-24 (OR 1.438), age 25-29 (OR 1.131), age 30-34 (OR ...

The Independent Assessment of the Bologna Process was commissioned by the European Commission in cooperation with the Bologna Follow-Up Group (BFUG) in order to obtain an independent view on the progress of the Bologna Process in terms of: • Appraising the achievement of the operational objectives of the Bologna Declaration and subsequent communiqués, in particular in the areas of curriculum reform, recognition, quality assurance and mobility. • Evaluating the extent to which the operational objectives have led to the achievement of the strategic objectives of the Bologna Declaration, i.e. 'to establish the European area of higher education and to promote the European system of higher education