Nutrition during and after pregnancy

Adequate iodine nutrition is necessary during pregnancy and breastfeeding for proper neurodevelopment in offspring. Iodine deficiency is common in developed nations and persists despite various public health interventions. This review examines the effect of mandatory iodine fortification of food on iodine status in pregnant women in Australia. Although iodine status has improved, additional supplementation is still required to achieve adequate iodine levels in pregnant and breastfeeding women.

Planning for a Baby:  https://youtu.be/2iwLh6XCnq8

Pregnancy with IBD: https://youtu.be/br0kciD8xJk

Motherhood with IBD: https://youtu.be/TQjt8pnMv4I


Our aim is to provide an understanding of the experience of women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who have made the transition to motherhood. A total of 22 mothers with IBD were recruited from around the United Kingdom. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed using thematic analysis. The central concept—Blurred Lines—offers a novel frame for understanding the transition to motherhood with IBD through identifying parallels between having IBD and becoming, and being, a mother. Parallels clustered into three main themes: Need for Readiness, Lifestyle Changes, and Monitoring Personal and Physical Development. Hence, women with IBD are in some ways well prepared for the challenges of motherhood even though, as a group, they tend to restrict their reproductive choices. We recommend health professionals initiate conversations about reproduction early and provide a multidisciplinary approach to pregnancy and IBD in which women have confidence that their ongoing treatment will be integrated successfully with their maternity care.

Eating disorders in pregnancy can have profound effects upon both fetus and mother. Critical periods of fetal development may be altered in the presence of maternal undernutrition, and the psychological impact of pregnancy may be severe for the mother. This essay explores how midwives can best support women with eating disorders throughout the antenatal period.

I wanted to write this review because I want to share my joy with the world. Since following the Pregnancy Miracle program, I’ve truly gained a new life.
Two years ago, my husband John and I decided it was time to make a baby. I was 29 years old, so I thought I would get pregnant right away. Boy, was I wrong…
We diligently tried to conceive for about 6 months, but nothing happened. For the first time, I began to wonder if something was wrong: Why couldn’t I get pregnant?

Ishrana trudnica je veoma važna ,kako i za samu trudnicu,tako i za razvoj ploda  koje nosi u sebi.Ishrana treba da bude prvenstveno zdrava i raznolika,takođe i umerena.  Zato što, za zdravlje trudnice i normalan razvoj ploda, nije bitna količina hrane,nego njen kvalitet.  Zdrava i pravilna ishrana u trudnoći zahtevaju posebnu pažnju i dobar plan.Od početka trudnoće neophodno je posebnu pažnju posvetiti konzumiranju proteina,kalcijuma,gvožđa,cinka,folne kiseline i joda i unosu količine tečnosti(vode) .Nutritivne potrebe zavise od životne dobi,telesne mase,konstitucije ,ali i fizičke aktivnosti  i zdravlja trudnice.Ishrana trudnica se pojačava po nedeljama i mesecima. Takođe pravilna i kvalitetna ishrana treba da se nastavi posle porođaja,odnosno kada počne dojenje bebe

Iron requirements are high during pregnancy and during Nursing.
Anemia may be caused by several factors.
In this article efforts are made to discuss the causants, needs and how best this can be treated with no side effects like irritation, constipation and black stools

The main objective of this study was to assess awareness of danger
signs of pregnancy and its associated factors in Mekelle public
hospitals, 2014.
Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted among 422
pregnant mothers. Data was collected using interviewer administered
questionnaire; it was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16.
The data were presented using texts, graphs and tables.
Out of the total participants of this study 79.6% mothers had
information about danger signs of pregnancy from which 61.9%
mothers had information about vaginal bleeding followed by sudden
gush of fluid before labor which was mentioned by 41.9% of
respondents. Severe unusual abdominal pain was the least known
danger signs as mentioned by 19 % of mothers. The main source of
information for the danger signs was health personnel and
Negligence was the main reason for not having good awareness about
danger signs of pregnancy.
Therefore, health extension workers should strengthen their
awareness creation activities; community mobilization and health
education should be considered with policy makers and other
interested organizations.

While pregnancy can be a mix of scientific fact and mystery, there are certain things you can do to help the process along. When it comes to how to get pregnant fast, you and your partner can do relatively small steps that may go a long way in getting the job done.

A recent trend in stable isotopic analysis involves the reconstruction of short-term variations in diet using hair segments. However, bulk hair samples typically contain a growth cycle error, which may conceal or confound the most recently incorporated isotopic infor- mation. It is assumed that, at any given time, $85–90% of scalp hairs are actively growing, while the remaining 10–15% have transitioned into a resting or inactive phase, which lasts up to 4 months before hairs are shed. This study uses growth phase to determine the effects of age, sex, and health status on carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios of hair analyzed in sequential segments. For this study, we selected archaeological hair samples from 10 individuals from Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. Isotopic analyses of actively growing hair segments were com- pared to those for mixed growth phase segments from each individual. These data demonstrate the presence of growth cycle error and show that an understanding of structural–functional relationships is essential for inter- preting normal versus pathological changes in hair fol- licle and fiber production. In situations where diet change and mobility produce variations in an individual’s isotopic composition, elimination of positional–temporal error in sequential segment hair analyses can facilitate greater understanding of intraindividual metabolic reactions and changes in hair growth cycles. Phase identification may aid in determining the presence of pathological conditions in individuals, especially in those lacking skeletal indica- tions, and provide a more precise estimation of seasonal dietary patterns, access to changing food resources, and metabolic equilibration to a new locality.

Objetivo: realizar uma análise descritiva e crítica sobre o desempenho deste sistema. Método: desenho do tipo retrospectivo com a utilização de dados primários (entrevistas com profissionais de saúde, gestores e usuários do programa), e secundários (dados do SI do PNSF e relatórios da Coordenação Geral de Alimentação e Nutrição, da gestão estadual e municipal, dentre outros documentos). Na análise da qualidade e pertinência da informação foram utilizadas as categorias: completude, confiabilidade, atualidade, acesso, fidedignidade, correção das metas, e coerência da informação com as metas e políticas vigentes. Resultados: apesar do SI dispor de dados de fácil acesso, os resultados apontaram erros no estabelecimento das metas e coberturas do programa e alimentação dos dados. A acessibilidade também foi prejudicada impedindo a utilização dos dados para tomada de decisão tanto no nível local, intermediário e nacional. Ademais, sérios problemas de planejamento decorrentes, pelo menos em parte, da cultura institucional que alicerça as práticas de saúde e mantém a informação como segredo ou recurso de poder político e burocrático, foram encontrados. Conclusão: Estudos e intervenções no sentido do aclaramento e resolução destas questões poderão contribuir para o aprimoramento dos sistemas de informação em saúde, de maneira a permitir o controle e redução da anemia por deficiência de ferro.

Abstrak: Insiden obesitas dalam kehamilan telah meningkat secara signifikan dalam beberapa dekade terakhir. Pada wanita hamil, obesitas meningkatkan risiko terjadinya komplikasi pada kondisi ibu dan bayi berupa penyakit preeklampsia, diabetes melitus gestasional, perdarahan saat persalinan, pembedahan caesar, hingga kelahiran prematur. Tatalaksana obesitas pada wanita usia reproduktif perlu dimulai saat perencanaan kehamilan, terutama melalui penerapan gaya hidup sehat seperti pola nutrisi makanan seimbang dan aktivitas fisik. Sayangnya bukti manfaat dari studi intervensi yang diterbitkan tampaknya terbatas dan belum mendekati pengkajian yang sesuai dengan keadaan sosiodermografi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas intervensi dari pengaturan gaya hidup sehat pada wanita hamil dengan obesitas terhadap penurunan angka kejadian penyakit dan penyulit pada kehamilan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan meninjau beberapa literatur secara sistematis dan meta analisis menurut kriteria PRISMA dilanjutkan dengan pengolahan data statistik menggunakan Review Manager (RevMan; Versi 5.0). Dari 185 literatur didapatkan 41 studi RCT (total sampel 13.389 orang) dan 8 studi non-RCT (total sampel 1.668 orang) yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi penelitian. Analisis statistik dari sampel RCT menunjukkan adanya kecenderungan penurunan risiko pada ke-empat variabel yaitu preeklamsia (OR 0.87, 95% CI [0.74, 1.02], 11.013 orang, Chi 2 60.49, df 27, p 0.00002, I 2 55%), diabetes melitus gestasional (OR 0.87, 95% CI [0.75, 1.00], 6.402 orang, Chi 2 37.23, df 21, p 0.002, I 2 44%), perdarahan post partum (OR 0.84, 95% CI [0.72, 0.98], 5.128 orang, Chi 2 23.51, df 7, p 0.001, I 2 70%) dan pembedahan caesar (OR 0.89, 95% CI [0.81, 0.97], 10.707 orang, Chi 2 34.35, df 28, p 0.19, I 2 18%). Kata Kunci : intervensi gaya hidup sehat, kehamilan obesitas, penyulit kehamilan Abstract: The incidence of obesity in pregnancy has increased significantly in the past few decades resulting in improved pregnancy complications of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, post partum hemorrhagic, caesarean section and premature birth. The ideal intervention should begin during the pre-pregnancy stages, especially through the impelementation of healthy lifestyles such as balanced dietary nutrition planning and physical activities. Recent published intervention studies appears to be limited and has not approached the sociodemographic situation in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of modification lifestyle interventions in obese pregnant women to reducing the prevalence of pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, post partum hemorrhagic and caesarean section delivery. The study was conducted by undertaking a systematic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA criteria followed by processing statistical data using Review Manager (RevMan; Version 5.0). Of the 185 literature found 41 RCT studies (total sample of 13,389 people) and 8 non-RCT studies (total sample of 1,668 people) who met the study inclusion criteria. Statistical analysis of RCT samples shows a tendency for risk reduction in all four variables, preeclampsia (OR 0.87, 95% CI [0.74, 1.02], 11.013 people, Chi 2 60.49, df 27, p 0.00002, I 2 55%), gestational diabetic mellitus (OR 0.87, 95% CI [0.75, 1.00], 6.402 people, Chi 2 37.23, df 21, p 0.002, I 2 44%), post partum hemorrhagic (OR 0.84, 95% CI [0.72, 0.98], 5.128 people, Chi 2 23.51, df 7, p 0.001, I 2 70%) and cesarean section (OR 0.89, 95% CI [0.81, 0.97], 10.707 people, Chi 2 34.35, df 28, p 0.19, I 2 18%).

IBD is an overarching term that defines severe digestive disorders such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Comment on this article Women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) need more advice about pregnancy in order to make informed choices about their pregnancy. A research project that documented the experiences of 22 women and found that some had decided not to have children, or restrict their family size, and many women feared the consequences of pregnancy. 'It is desperately sad that women are opting to remain childless because they are unable to get an accurate picture of the risks they face,' said Anna Madill, a supervisor of the research. 'If they have access to that information, they may make an entirely different choice. The healthcare system needs to make sure that women living with IBD have access to all the facts necessary to make a fully informed decision.' Participants were concerned that they would pass down the condition to their children as well as worried that they would be unable to cope with a small child during periods when their condition would flare-up. IBD is an overarching term that defines severe digestive disorders such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, both of which can cause severe stomach pains, weight loss, and recurring diarrhoea. There is no cure for IBD and people living with the condition will experience periods of stability, with no symptoms, and then periods of flare-ups which be debilitating and affect quality of life. In the UK, 1 in 250 people have the condition and its incidence is increasing. The researchers, from the University of Leeds, made three films featuring participants describing their experiences of living with, being pregnant with, and being a mother with IBD. 'One of the main points to emerge from the study is that learning to live with a chronic illness has helped the women prepare for motherhood,' added Ms Madill. 'These women coped well with becoming parents.'

Women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) should be given more advice about pregnancy so they can make informed choices about whether to have a family, say researchers. In their paper in the journal Qualitative Health Research, the scientists draw on evidence that women with the disease often decide not to have children, or to restrict the size of their family, because of fears the pregnancy would affect their health or that of their baby. Although inflammatory bowel disease can cause complications during pregnancy, research shows that one third of women with the condition will not get worse and another third will actually see an improvement in their health. The study, led by the University of Leeds, chronicled the experiences of 22 women who have had children, to plug an information gap about the realities of becoming a mother with IBD.

This article was written for an undergraduate readership. It examines women’s oral health as it relates to agricultural subsistence and associated dietary and physiological changes. The investigation focuses on the foraging-to-farming transition in the Desert Southwest (circa 1600 BC-AD 200) during a time of subsistence change and population increase. The study uses an osteological sample excavated from the archaeological site of La Playa in northwest Mexico. Analyses of dental data identify differential patterns in the occurrence of pathology in adult women and men. Results provides insights into the development of health trends specific to reproductive-age women. By considering the interaction that occurs between biological and cultural phenomena, study results provide a more dynamic picture of history and health in the ancient Southwest.

Critical thinking questions challenge the student to understand the application of bioarchaeological research to contemporary culture and people today.

Introduction: Nutritionally balanced nutrition assessment, mothers' nutrition motivation, and healthy nutrition information are among the factors that affect infants. Thus, it is possible to shed light on the attempts to reach information in healthy nutrition guides among pregnant women. Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate the nutritional habits and healthy nutrition knowledge levels of pregnant women. It was aimed to evaluate whether pregnant women should be included in high quality nutrition programs. Methods: Our study was performed with volunteer 338 pregnant women who presented to Trakya University obstetrics clinic in March 2018-April 2019. Sociodemographic characteristics were recorded. The General Knowledge Nutrition Questionnaire (GNKQ) was used in our study. Results: The differences in GKNQ scores for the pregnant women in our study were evaluated for the four sections and total scores. For the first section, dietary recommendations, the mean was score was 9.66. For the second section (sources of nutrients), the mean score was 32.92. For the third section (choosing everyday foods), the mean sore was 6.23, and for the fourth section (diet-disease relationships), the mean score was 10.24. The mean total score was 59.10. It was seen that most of the pregnant women had not received adequate nutrition education before or during pregnancy. It was observed that some of the pregnant women participated in our study because of the threat of preterm labor and / or premature membrane rupture. 3.84% were found to have preterm history. When evaluated with the GNKQ scale, those with a history of EMR were under investigation and treatment due to the threat of preterm labor. In our study, it was seen that patients who were interned in the ward because of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia GNKQ scores were lower than in the other patients. This result suggests that nutrition may have an effect on the complications of pregnancy. Unfortunately, although women reported positive changes in lifestyles during pregnancy, it was shown that their dietary intake and knowledge did not meet the recommended nutrient intake for pregnancy. Discussion: Considering that diet behavior is very complex, attempts to understand this in terms of nutritional knowledge in pregnant women should start with a clear understanding of awareness. Furthermore, they had a wide range of information, but the correct information was not on a systematic basis. Pregnancy is a life event that triggers a long-term review of nutritional problems. It is important for health professionals to realize that pregnancy is one of the unique opportunities for women to be informed about nutrition. There is a need for greater emphasis on nutritional counseling and education in order to optimize the quality of nutritional habits of pregnant women. Training and forms should be put into practical use for pregnant women. Conclusion: Our findings show that evaluating pregnant women with the GNKQ and providing nutritional education will be beneficial on pregnancy outcomes. This study showed that pregnant women had limited knowledge about balanced nutrition rules. It' s necessary to increase effective nutrition programs and campaigns for pregnant women. Babies should be provided with a healthy start to life and routine nutrition counseling should be promoted as part of pregnancy care.

A study chronicling the experiences of women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during and after pregnancy found nurses and midwives were often unable to provide information and advice.

The qualitative research, led by the University of Leeds, is based on detailed interviews with 22 women who have both been diagnosed with the condition and have given birth to children.......

Objective was to assess ante natal care utilization and its associated
factors among 15 to 49 years of age women in Ayder Kebelle,
Mekelle city 2012/2013. Community based cross sectional study
design was conducted, interviewer administer questionnaire was used
to collect the data. Pre-test was done for assuring data quality, the
study population was all child bearing women in Ayder kebelle.
Systematic random sampling technique was employed to select the
intended study subjects. Sample size was 252 and bivariate logistic
regression analysis was computed to interpret and identify factors
associated with antenatal care utilization. OR using 95% confidence
interval and p- value were calculated. Data entry, cleaning and
analyzing were done by using SPSS version16 statistical software.
The study revealed that about 88.9% of the women had at least one
antenatal visit during their recent pregnancy. Almost half of the
antenatal care (44.2%) attendants made their first visit during their
second and third trimester of pregnancy. Among antenatal care users
around 84.8% had four and above antenatal care contacts. The main
reasons for non-attendance at antenatal care clinic were related to
being in good health and poor quality of service. It was also
observed that non-attendance was higher for those with unplanned
pregnancy, low knowledge of unhealthy pregnancy and those whose
husband or partner’s attitude to antenatal care attendance were
negative. In conclusion the study revealed that Socio demographic
factors were found to be barriers to utilization of antenatal care
services and the overall antenatal care utilization is higher 88.9%.

Pregnancy is a period of life that is most often understood in mHealth design as a medical issue. Recognizing that there is more to pregnancy than medical health, as understood by diet, exercise, sleep and fetal development, we set out to understand pregnancy from the perspective of lower-income American women. Through our qualitative study, we present our pregnancy ecology concept, which accounts for the multi-faceted experience of pregnancy as a transformational event within the life course. We use the ecology concept to call for a paradigm shift in mHealth design, away from medical information and diet and exercise tracking, and toward the use of pregnancy as a teachable moment in encouraging healthy life management practices generally.

Introduction
Nutritionally balanced nutrition assessment, mothers' nutrition motivation, and healthy nutrition information are among the factors that affect infants. Thus, it is possible to shed light on the attempts to reach information in healthy nutrition guides among pregnant women.
Aim
The aim of our study was to evaluate the nutritional habits and healthy nutrition knowledge levels of pregnant women. It was aimed to evaluate whether pregnant women should be included in high quality nutrition programs.
Methods
Our study was performed with volunteer 338 pregnant women who presented to Trakya University obstetrics clinic in March 2018- April 2019. Sociodemographic characteristics were recorded. The General Knowledge Nutrition Questionnaire (GNKQ) was used in our study.
Results
The differences in GKNQ scores for the pregnant women in our study were evaluated for the four sections and total scores. For the first section, dietary recommendations, the mean was score was 9.66. For the second section (sources of nutrients), the mean score was 32.92. For the third section (choosing everyday foods), the mean sore was 6.23, and for the fourth section (diet-disease relationships), the mean score was 10.24. The mean total score was 59.10. It was seen that most of the pregnant women had not received adequate nutrition education before or during pregnancy. It was observed that some of the pregnant women participated in our study because of the threat of preterm labor and / or premature membrane rupture. 3.84% were found to have preterm history. When evaluated with the GNKQ scale, those with a history of EMR were under investigation and treatment due to the threat of preterm labor. In our study, it was seen that patients who were interned in the ward because of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia GNKQ scores were lower than in the other patients. This result suggests that nutrition may have an effect on the complications of pregnancy.
Unfortunately, although women reported positive changes in lifestyles during pregnancy, it was shown that their dietary intake and knowledge did not meet the recommended nutrient intake for pregnancy.
Discussion
Considering that diet behavior is very complex, attempts to understand this in terms of nutritional knowledge in pregnant women should start with a clear understanding of awareness. Furthermore, they had a wide range of information, but the correct information was not on a systematic basis. Pregnancy is a life event that triggers a long-term review of nutritional problems. It is important for health professionals to realize that pregnancy is one of the unique opportunities for women to be informed about nutrition. There is a need for greater emphasis on nutritional counseling and education in order to optimize the quality of nutritional habits of pregnant women. Training and forms should be put into practical use for pregnant women.
Conclusion
Our findings show that evaluating pregnant women with the GNKQ and providing nutritional education will be beneficial on pregnancy outcomes. This study showed that pregnant women had limited knowledge about balanced nutrition rules. It’s necessary to increase effective nutrition programs and campaigns for pregnant women. Babies should be provided with a healthy start to life and routine nutrition counseling should be promoted as part of pregnancy care.

ABSTRACT
This trial was performed to compare quince (Cydonia oblonga) fruit with vitamin B6 on 76 pregnant
women with a gestational age of 6–14 weeks and mild-to-moderate nausea and vomiting (NVP) (40 in
the quince and 36 in the B6 group). The ‘Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis’ (PUQE-24)
scale was used to examine the severity of NVP. The quince syrup (1 tablespoon/TDS) or vitamin B6 tablets (20 mg/TDS) were used as intervention for 1 week. The mean (±SD) age was 27.5 (±5.2) years. The
score of the PUQE was decreased from 9.5 (± 2) at baseline to 5.2 (±2.3) on the 7th day and 5.3 (±2.6)
on the 14th day (p < .001) in the quince group. In the other group, the scores were 8.4 (±1.8), 7.3 (±2.4)
and 7.7 (±3.8), respectively (p ¼ .001). The change in symptoms were more marked in the quince group
(p < .001). Quince syrup seems to be a suitable treatment for NVP.
KEYWORDS
Iranian Traditional Medicine;
nausea; vomiting;
pregnancy; quince

Objetivo: realizar uma análise descritiva e crítica sobre o desempenho deste sistema. Método: desenho do tipo retrospectivo com a utilização de dados primários (entrevistas com profissionais de saúde, gestores e usuários do programa), e secundários (dados do SI do PNSF e relatórios da Coordenação Geral de Alimentação e Nutrição, da gestão estadual e municipal, dentre outros documentos). Na análise da qualidade e pertinência da informação foram utilizadas as categorias: completude, confiabilidade, atualidade, acesso, fidedignidade, correção das metas, e coerência da informação com as metas e políticas vigentes. Resultados: apesar do SI dispor de dados de fácil acesso, os resultados apontaram erros no estabelecimento das metas e coberturas do programa e alimentação dos dados. A acessibilidade também foi prejudicada impedindo a utilização dos dados para tomada de decisão tanto no nível local, intermediário e nacional. Ademais, sérios problemas de planejamento decorrentes, pelo menos em...

Researchers say that women with inflammatory bowel disease should be given more advice about pregnancy, so that they can make informed choices about their options and care. The study, led by the University of Leeds, chronicled the experiences of 22 women who have had children, to plug an information gap about the realities of becoming a mother with IBD. The research, published in the journal Qualitative Health Research, draws on the evidence that women with the disease often decide not to have children, or to restrict the size of their family, because of fears for their health during pregnancy and that of their baby too......

Kehidupan manusia dimulai sejak dalam kandungan ibunya. Selama kehamilan terjadi peningkatan kebutuhan zat gizi, sehingga sering terjadi defisiensi gizi. Beberapa defisiensi gizi yang sering terjadi adalah kurang energi dan protein, anemia gizi besi, kekurangan ...

ABSTRACT Purpose. To compare the nutritional status of infertile women with non‐pregnant fertile age‐matched controls and to assess the periconceptional intake of nutritional supplements in pregnancy with an estimation of total micronutrient (diet and supplementary) intake. Design. An assessment of the nutritional status of infertile women and fertile, age‐matched non‐pregnant controls and a survey of the periconceptional intake of folic acid and other nutritional supplements. Materials and methods. Group 1: a 7‐day weighed diet diary and blood tests for magnesium, mineral and pyridoxine status were used to assess the nutritional status of six infertile women and 12 non‐pregnant, healthy, age‐matched controls. Group 2: the periconceptional dietary intake of folic acid and other nutritional supplements was estimated in 87 pregnant women attending midwife clinics, 36 women attending an assisted conception clinic and 7 women attending a self help group for lesbian pregnancy. Results. In the group of six infertile subjects and 12 fertile controls, there was a non‐significant trend for micronutrient intake in the controls to be higher than for the infertile subjects. Comparisons with the UK reference nutrient intake confirmed suboptimal nutrition in all subjects and some controls. Twenty‐five per cent of controls and 33% of infertile subjects had subnormal serum selenium consistent with reduced antioxidant defence. There was also a non‐significant trend for non‐caeruloplasmin copper and cadmium to be higher in the infertile subjects. The combined mean dietary intake for all subjects and controls was similar to the values from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Therefore, an approximate value for the total intake of nutrients (diet and supplementation) of the 130 women in the larger survey was calculated using the mean dietary intake of the smaller group as an estimate of the dietary component. This analysis suggested suboptimal total intake for &amp;amp;gt;50% of the subjects for selenium, zinc, magnesium and iodine and borderline total intake for &amp;amp;gt;50% of subjects for vitamins B12, C and E, betacarotene, iron, folate + folic acid and essential fatty acids. Conclusions. Current levels of supplementation with folic acid and other nutrients are failing to compensate for poor mean dietary intake of these nutrients at the time of conception. These nutritional deficiencies are probably important contributory factors in infertility, spontaneous abortion, pregnancy complications and post‐partum health problems in the mother and infant (including congenital malformations and postnatal depression).

A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was designed to test effects of supplementation of a low (L, 75 mg/kg BW) vs. high (H, 150 mg/kg BW) L-arginine given at early (first 56 days) vs. late (last 56 days) pregnancy on maternal hormones and neonatal traits. Thirty Najdi pregnant ewes were randomly allocated into 6 groups. Ewes in G1 and G2 served as controls (C), given 50 ml saline at either early (CE) or late (CL) pregnancy, respectively. G3 and G4 ewes in early pregnancy received low (LE) and high L-arginine (HE), respectively. G5 and G6 ewes in late pregnancy received low (LL) and high (HL) L-arginine, respectively. A weekly blood sample was collected from initiation of the treatment till parturition. Serum growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), insulin, progesterone (P4) and estradiol 17 β (E2) profiles were determined. Neonatal traits were also determined. Insulin was higher (P < 0.05) in low arginine compared with control and high dosage. HL ewes (G6) exhibited increased (P < 0.05) IGF-I and decreased plasma E2. IGF-I increased and GH decreased at late pregnancy. The increase (P < 0.05) in plasma P4 between early and late pregnancy was slightly (P < 0.10) affected by L-arginine dosage. Low arginine increased (P < 0.05) birth weight by about 35% (4.86 kg) over the control (3.58 kg); whereas high arginine tended to increase birth weight (4.31 kg, P > 0.05). Lamb survival rates at birth in LE ewes were highest (100%) compared to other treatments. In conclusion, supplementing pregnant ewes with low dosage of L-arginine at early stage of gestation increased lamb birth weight and survival, and improved maternal health.

Introduction: RLS in pregnant women at the beginning of the condition increases the risk of reduced sleep quality, systemic arterial pressure increase, iron and folate deficiency anemia. The most common causes are thought to be physical changes, decreased sleep quality, or organic factors (decreasing folate and iron level). Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of RLS and its interaction with pre-eclampsia, anemia, folate deficiency, and low sleep quality. Methods: Our study was conducted between Pregnant women with symptoms related to RLS were investigated in terms of sleep quality and preeclampsia. An interview form was completed with the pregnant women during face-to-face interviews. Sociodemographic characteristics were questioned in this form. The IRLSGG criteria were used for RLS evaluations. The sleep quality of the participants was assessed using the PSQI. The iron status of pregnant women was questioned. Pregnant women were asked whether they received prophylactic iron medication. Results: Three hundred twenty-four volunteer pregnant women who presented to the obstetrics clinic of Trakya University Medical Faculty Hospital were included in the study. The mean age of the pregnant women in the study was 29.18±6.19 years. There was no statistically significant difference when we compared pregnant women with and without RLS when asked about their BMI in pre-gestational periods. The average use of iron medication of the women with RLS was 3 days or less per week. There was a significant difference between women with and without RLS regarding iron prophylaxis. The evaluation of the relationship between RLS, sleep quality, and preeclampsia in the pregnant women showed that RLS and PSQI levels had statistically significant differences according to trimesters. Discussion: Our study evaluated the frequency of RLS, the relationship between RLS and preeclampsia, and the relationship between RLS and sleep quality in pregnant women. RLS is more common in pregnant women who do not receive iron support. Low iron levels contribute to the development of RLS. Clinical and laboratory (hemoglobin) analysis revealed some differences between the groups. As the hemoglobin levels and iron supplementation decreased, the incidence of RLS symptoms was found to increase. For the treatment of RLS, non-pharmacologic treatments in pregnant women should be considered first; however, the use of iron medication is usually recommended. After the iron requirement is met, additional treatment planning should be made by investigating whether the RLS symptoms have regressed. Therefore, it was concluded that RLS was related to BMI and hemoglobin level differences. During pregnancy, the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for folate is 600 μg/day of dietary folate equivalent. Natural folate with foods and folate supplementation since pregnancy may help to prevent fetal morbidity. The major sources of dietary folate are citrus fruits and juices, legumes, whole-wheat bread, and green leafy vegetables. To prevent fetal morbidities, women planning childbirth or pregnant should consume 400 μg per day of synthetic folic acid from natural foods (cereals and other grains), or supplement drugs. Pregnant women may need advice from a physician or a qualified dietetics professional to follow nutritional guidelines, especially for folate and iron. Pregnant women; must be provided a wide range of nutrition quality and evaluation. We suggest that more studies are needed to assess the relationship

Objective: To investigate the effect of an antioxidant, palm vitamin E (Tri-E) on fetal growth and birth weight. Methods: This randomized double blind placebo-controlled clinical trial involved 113 primigravidae seen at the Antenatal Clinic of Hospital UKM. Supplementation of Tri-E (100 mg daily) was given from 12 to 16 weeks' gestation onwards until delivery of the baby. Ultrasound measurement of fetal biometry was performed every four weeks from 20 weeks onwards. The head over abdominal circumference ratio (HA ratio) was calculated to indicate the fetal growth from 28 weeks' gestation onwards. At delivery, birth weight was recorded. Statistical test using the independent samples t-test was performed for analysis. Results: Out of 113, 46 were in the study group and 67 were in the placebo group. There were no statistically significant differences in the HA ratio between the two groups at 32 weeks (mean 1.04 for study and mean 1.05 for placebo) and 36 weeks' gestation (mean 1.00 for study; mean 1.01 for placebo) respectively. As for the birth weight, there were also no statistically significant differences between the study (mean birth weight: 2992 grams) and placebo group (mean birth weight: 3267 grams). Conclusion: Early supplementation with Tri-E starting from the first trimester did not result in acceleration of fetal growth and delivery of bigger babies at birth.

ÖZET Amaç: Araştırmanın amacı, gebe kadınların prenatal sağlık bakımında gestasyonel kilo alım önerisi alma durumu
ve aldıkları kilo alım önerisinin 2009 yılı Tıp Enstitüsü [Institute of Medicine (IOM)] gestasyonel kilo alım rehber önerilerine
uygunluk durumunu saptamaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Araştırma 01 Ocak-30 Haziran 2013 tarihleri arasında,
İzmir ili Ödemiş ilçesi aile sağlığı merkezlerine kayıtlı 26-36 gebelik haftasında olan, katılımcı kriterlerine uyan kadınlarda
tanımlayıcı olarak yapılmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında soru formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı
istatistiksel metotlardan frekans, yüzde, ortalama, standart sapma; istatistiksel analizde ise varyans analizi ve
ki-kare testi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan 18-44 yaş arası 405 gebe kadının yaş ortalaması 27,26±4,51 yıl,
gebelik başlangıç beden kitle indeksi (BKİ) ortalaması 25,99±4,74’tür. Kadınların %56,5’i ilköğretim mezunu, %84,7’si
çalışmayan, %45,2’si düşük gelirli ve %45,2’si primipardır. Araştırmaya katılan kadınların yarısının gebelik başlangıç BKİ
fazla kilolu (%30,9) ve obez (%18,3) olarak belirlenmiştir. Gebe kadınların %48,4’ü prenatal sağlık bakım personelinden
gestasyonel kilo alım önerisi almıştır. Prenatal sağlık bakım personelinden gestasyonel kilo alım önerisi alan kadınların
2009 yılı IOM kilo alım rehberine göre; %19,3’ü uygun, %17,8’i yetersiz, %11,4’ü aşırı gestasyonel kilo alım önerisi almıştır.
Prenatal bakımda kadınların %84,2’si beslenme, %58,8’i fiziksel aktivite önerisi almıştır. Gelir durumu iyi, gebelik
haftası yüksek olan gebe kadınların gestasyonel kilo alım önerisi alma durumu yüksek bulunmuş ve aralarında anlamlı
ilişki saptanmıştır (p<0,05). Gebelik başlangıç BKİ fazla kilolu ve obez grubundaki kadınlara aşırı gestasyonel kilo alım önerisi
yapılmış ve aralarında anlamlı fark saptanmıştır (p<0,001). Sonuç: Kadınların yaklaşık yarısı prenatal bakımda gestasyonel
kilo alımı konusunda konuşmuş, fakat her beş kadından biri 2009 yılı IOM rehber önerileri sınırları içinde doğru
kilo alım önerisi almıştır. Aşırı gestasyonel kilo alımını ve maternal obeziteyi önlemek için prenatal sağlık bakım personeli
tarafından gebe kadınlara doğru kilo alım önerisi ve kilo yönetim danışmanlığı yapılmalıdır.
Anah tar Ke li me ler: Gebelik; ağırlık artışı; beden kitle indeksi; rehber; obezite; danışmanlık
ABS TRACT Objective: The purpose of the study is to assign the progress of pregnant women getting a suggestion about
weight gain with the year 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines for gestational weight gain advice. Material and
Methods: The study was conducted as a descriptive one that matches participant criteria on the pregnant women at
their gestational week of 26–36 who are registered to Family Health Center in Odemis county of Izmir Province between
the date of 01 January 2013 and 30 June 2013. Questionnaire form was used for data collection. Whereas chi-square test
and variance analysis was handled in statistical analysis, some descriptive statistical methods such as frequency, percentage,
mean, standard deviation were utilized in data assessment. Results: The average age of the 405 pregnant women
at the age range of 18-44 participating in the research (as year) is 27.26±4.51, the average of pre-pregnancy body mass
index (BMI) is 25.99±4.74. The 56.5% of these women are primary school graduates, 84.7% of them are unemployed,
45.2% of them are low-income and 45.2 % of them are primiparous. The pre-pregnancy BMI of the one-half women was
determined as overweight (30.9%) and obese (18.3%). The 48.4% of the pregnant women got gestational weight gain suggestion
from prenatal health care providers. According to current 2009 publication of the gestational weight gain guidelines,
women was taken adequate weight gain provider advice by only 19.3%, insufficient weight gain by 17.8%, excess
weight gain by 11.4%. 84.2% of the women got nutrition recommendation and 58.8% of them got physical activity recommendation
in prenatal care. The correct gestational weight gain progress of the high income women and the women
whose gestational week number is high was ascertained as high, and there was appointed a significant relation between
them (p<0.05). Women's pre-pregnancy BMI (p<0.001), and income (p<0.05). were significant difference found between
associated weight gain provider advice. Excess gestational weight gain suggestion was offered to the over-weight and
obese women in the group of the pre-pregnancy BMI and a significant difference was found between them (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Almost one-half of the women spoke with providers on gestational weight gain but one out of five women
got actual weight gain suggestion within the limits of current 2009 IOM guideline recommendations. In order to prevent
excess gestational weight gain and maternal obesity, pregnant women should be offered actual weight gain suggestion
and wieght control counseling by prenatal health care providers. Pre-pregnancy overweight and obese women
were adviced excessive weight gain. It should be done correct gestational weight gain advice and weight management
to prevent maternal obesity in pregnant women.
Key Words: Pregnancy; weight gain; body mass index; guideline; obesity; counseling

According to findings on the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD), women and men can impose health risks to future offspring. This essay tackles the fundamental moral question of whether parental freedom should be interfered with, in the light of DOHaD evidence, if only through the societal expression of moral blame, as opposed to legal coercion. After exploring the point of view of different moral frameworks: consequentialist, deontological, right-based and constructivists, the essay defends a moral framework for the ethical assessment of risk imposition, recently developed by Sven Oven Hansson, weighing a broader range of concerns than those central to feminist studies.

Nutrition in pregnancya nobrainer, right? Who would think it was so controversial? Disagreement over a healthy diet during pregnancy continues to rage, with one side saying that what a woman eats will have no effect on her pregnancy and the other saying it has an enormous impact. So what's a woman to eat?