Patents

This paper aims at investigating what happens on technology-driven markets when it is necessary to assess and evaluate information about the technology solutions before purchase. One of the major difficulties transaction participants face is that they are assessing not just technical properties but also intangible issues regarding the difference between technologies, the future performance of the technology, and other factors. Another major difficulty in the transactions on technology markets is managing the information flow. Here we can find a number of problems: how information about technical solutions is formed, gathered, processed, exchanged and understood from both parties in the transaction. This is where the theory of information asymmetry comes in place. Information asymmetry is the problem preventing communication processes to be effective. A possible mechanism to address the problems information asymmetry created on the technology markets is the intellectual property system in general and patent rights in particular. In this paper we will analyse the hypothesis of using a well developed, well organized in terms of institutions classical market-regulating mechanism such as the patent system. We propose a model for understanding and addressing information asymmetry on the technology markets, using one already existing legislative mechanism, namely patent rights. Our analyses are conducted using the technology markets in general and the software market in particular. These analyses are examined using theories of communication processes and theories of development of the patent system and its functions. The study resulted in the identification of information exchange pattern on the technology market and of the model of information asymmetry on that market. The paper ends by challenging the efficiency of patent rights, which though having the potential to address and solve the problem of information asymmetry on the technology markets, remains problematic and difficult to achieve.
Keywords: information asymmetry, technology markets, intellectual property rights, patents, software market

El desarrollo de la arquitectura del siglo XX no puede entenderse desasociado de la evolución de las tecnologías de la construcción y los sistemas estructurales. La revolución industrial, sobre todo el segundo período, fue un tiempo de grandes avances tecnológicos y enormes cambios sociales que supusieron la transformación de las ciudades y la creación de nuevos tipos edificatorios que pudiesen dar respuestas a las nuevas necesidades sociales y productivas. Fue también en este período cuando se desarrollaron nuevas técnicas y sistemas que mejoraron los estándares de habitabilidad de los edificios.
La invención del hormigón armado a mediados del siglo XIX supuso el mayor avance tecnológico y económico de la arquitectura, generando por primera vez una industria especializada y a gran escala que desarrollaba sistemas de construcción basados, primero en ensayos y posteriormente en profundos estudios científicos. Los inventos de sistemas estructurales basados en el hormigón armado se protegieron celosamente mediante patentes que garantizaban a sus creadores importantes ingresos económicos a nivel mundial. En las dos primeras décadas del siglo XX aparecieron las primeras normativas nacionales con el fin de evitar el monopolio de las grandes empresas constructoras, liberando los sistemas estructurales y dando paso a los proyectistas.



The development of the architecture in the 20th century cannot be understood aside from the evolution of the construction technologies as well as the structural systems. The Industrial Revolution, specially over the second period, was a time of significant technological discoveries and great social changes which triggered the transformation of the cities and the starting of new ways of building to meet the new social and industrial needs. It was also then when new techniques improved the habitability of the buildings.
The invention of concrete in the middle of the 20th century was the most relevant advance in terms of technology and economy of the architecture. This generated a specialized and great-scaled industry that was able to develop building systems based first on trials and later on sound scientific studies. The inventions of structural systems based on the use of concrete were zealously protected by patents that provided great revenues to its creators all over the world. Along the first two decades of the 20th century the first national legislations were passed by the different governments in order to avoid the big building companies monopoly, liberating the structural systems and making way for the designers.

Bu kitap; duygusal ve davranışsal bozukluklara sahip öğrenciler hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak isteyen sınıf öğretmenleri, özel eğitim öğretmenleri ve alanda çalışan uzmanlar için hazırlanmış giriş niteliğinde bir uygulama kitabıdır. Her bir bozukluğun nedeni, tanımlanması, güncel araştırmalar ışığında verilmeye çalışılmış ve okul ortamındaki pratik uygulamalarla da anlatım zenginleştirilmiştir. Bunlara ek olarak belirli bir bozukluğun tüm yönlerine ilişkin temel yaklaşımla birlikte bilimsel olarak geliştirilmiş müdahele yöntemleri de verilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Bu kitabın alanda yeni çalışmaya başlayan öğretmenler kadar güncel verilerle desteklenen tanı koyma ve müdahele stratejilrine önem vermesi nedeniyle alanda uzun süredir çalışmakta olan öğretmenlere ve uzmanlara da yararlı olacağını düşünmekteyiz.

The effects of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) is one of the economic mysteries of the current literature. However, at sectoral-level, it has still failed to provide any obvious empirical evidence regarding any direct link between patents and productivity. The chief contribution of this research paper is to provide empirical evidence on how chemistry patents relate to productivity growth in the case of a low-tech intensive industry (Food, Beverage and Tobacco). In order to support both the theoretical and empirical findings of the literature a dynamic regression model is tested and found a valid representation of the negative relationship between food chemistry patents granted and productivity growth in the long run. Subsequently, some conclusions and policy implications are suggested in order to support the enhanced productivity growth performance of these food industries, highlighting the importance of changes in current property protection systems

The Supreme Court of Justice of the United States in Association for Molecular Pathology vs Myriad Genetics, Inc rules out patents over isolated DNA as they were not different from products of nature, yet it maintains patents over synthetizes genes or DNAc. This decision has redefined the scope of the doctrine of products of nature on biotechnological invention as established by Diamond vs Chakrabarty. Coincidentally, the Supreme Court´s new interpretation is in harmony with the Andean Tribunal of Justice´ rulings. This article analyses the doctrine of products of nature in the light of Association for Molecular Pathology vs Myriad Genetics, Inc, its implications for the biotechnological industry and the jurisprudence of the Andean Tribunal of Justice.

The effectiveness of patent is mostly determined by its width, length and height. Each of these dimensions is a subject of analysis in this paper. These three dimensions, together determine “the strength of a patent”. Such perspective allows us to form a fundamental assumption that a given strength of a patent could be achieved as a result of many different combinations of those three factors, differing in terms of efficiency from the social perspective. This is the main hypothesis of this text. On this ground a key question is formulated – i.e. which combination of patent structural features is the most efficient to create the given (present) strength of a patent.

A new and distinct June-bearing strawberry cultivar named
‘Saint-Jean d’Orléans’ is primarily adapted to the growing
conditions of Eastern Central Canada. Its high yield of
medium sized, ?rm, light-red glossy fruits, resistance to leaf
diseases, long shelf life and high levels of given antioxidants
essentially characterize ‘Saint-Jean d’Orléans’.

A semi-flexible double-ridge waveguide comprises a corrugated tube formed into a special dumbbell-shaped cross-section defined by parameters which are conveniently optimized to realize improved power-handling capability as well as improved attenuation and VSWR factors across extended dominant-mode operational bandwidths. The dumbbell-shaped cross-section efficiently removes the problems typically associated with the use of conventional rigid waveguide, including difficulty of installation as well as the need for precise alignment of components, by combining flexibility and ease of manufacture, even for long lengths of waveguide, through use of a continuous, uncomplicated and relatively inexpensive process.

The dumbbell-shaped cross-section is totally devoid of corners and other abrupt protrusions and is defined by a geometric equation in which specific parameters can be correlatively optiminzed to improve desired electrical properties of the waveguide. The waveguide is rendered "semi-flexible" by the provision of helical corrugations having a staggered disposition of opposing corrugation crests and troughs, whereby the breakdown air gap and, consequently, the maximum power rating is increased.

The fact that people are increasingly locked into their smartphones, tablets and other technological tools which put work, games and music at their fingertips has an impact not only on everyday life but also on competition issues. Indeed, in recent years, several courts and competition authorities have
observed that patent holders may acquire a dominant position as their IP rights happen to be essential to implement a specific industry standard.

This article uses a quantitative analysis of patent applications to shed light on the dynamics of the global medtech industry between 1960 and 2014. It demonstrates the existence of three types of innovative companies that maintained their competitiveness over time: large multinationals in the
electronics industry, large specialized medtech companies arising from mergers between startups; and traditional specialized SMEs. Moreover, the research illustrates the disappearance of nonspecialized manufacturing firms after the integration of electronics in the 1970s.

La bioprospection peut être définie comme l’inventaire et l’évaluation des éléments constitutifs de la diversité biologique ou biodiversité d’un écosystème particulier. Cette démarche présente un intérêt scientifique certain pour la connaissance de la biodiversité, son utilisation durable et le cas échéant sa valorisation (produits pharmaceutiques, cosmétiques, nouvelles variétés végétales, etc.). Effectuée en collaboration avec les populations autochtones et locales détentrices de connaissances associées aux ressources, la bioprospection a permis des avancées considérables. Il s’agit néanmoins d’activités qui ont parfois été très critiquées en raison des conditions d’accès et d’utilisation des ressources et des conditions de collaborations avec les populations détentrices de savoirs. Ainsi, entre bioprospection et biopiraterie la frontière est parfois difficile à définir et très souvent difficile à appréhender pour les chercheuses et les chercheurs.


Durant cet atelier, j’aborderai des cas récents de bioprospection, en particulier le cas du brevet « Utilisation de l’acide rosmarinique et de ses dérivés pour traiter la ciguatéra » et le brevet « Simalikalactone e et son utilisation comme médicament ». Il s’agira de décortiquer les différentes phases de ces projets, de la collecte jusqu’à la valorisation des résultats afin de mettre en évidence les enjeux scientifiques, éthiques et juridiques associés à ces cas.


Une analyse du cadre juridique au sein duquel évoluent les bioprospecteurs sera présentée. Cela sera l’occasion de mettre en évidence le caractère complexe de ce cadre ainsi que la position inconfortable dans laquelle il place les chercheuses et les chercheuses.

A temporary patent waiver would likely save more lives in LMICs as the number of doses produced by current manufacturers will not be sufficient to cover the world’s population for years.  And the technology transfer would allow a number of LMICs to establish domestic vaccine manufacturing, as well as help other countries break free from the dependence on the generosity and national interests of the world’s richest countries.  Such a world would be better than what we are currently living in.

Data Profiling which aims to categorize people to decide their eligibility for certain services, inter alia social and economic services, where an automated decision is taken by computers based on people’s profiles. These decisions may pose risks to people’s lives without their awareness, or they might know only when negative consequences occur to them. This may rise questions regarding personal data protection when analyzing such data then categorizing it into different profiles. It also challenges the main principles of the EU Data Protection Directive in a way that makes the directive insufficient to provide protection to data subjects against such profiling risks.

Erzählt wird die eng mit Museum, Kunsthandwerk und Silber verbundene Firmengeschichte eines Unternehmens in Schwäbisch Gmünd, das wie kaum eine zweite die Entwicklung von der Gestaltung zum Design im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert repräsentiert.
ISBN 978-3-936988-15-4

De las 2.417 patentes de invención solicitadas en el país en 2014, el 88 % fueron presentadas por extranjeros y solo el 12 % por nacionales. Al cumplirse 15 años del régimen de propiedad industrial de la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN), la considerable flexibilidad jurídica en su interpretación en Colombia podría acarrear riesgos como “monopolios” injustificados, especialmente en lo referido a medicamentos.

Em 1986, David Teece publicou o artigo Proting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy, que contribuiu significativamente para o estudo dos impactos das inovações tecnológicas no mercado. A sua análise da gestão da inovação colaborou na construção de concepções mais realistas da forma, contrapondo-se e aprimorando as perspectivas teóricas mais tradicionais. Como reconhecimento da importância dessa pesquisa, em 2006, a Research Policy, revista na qual foi publicada o referido trabalho, organizou uma edição especial de comemoração dos 20 anos de sua publicação. A relevância daquele artigo se confirma ao saber que, em julho de 2006, ele era o mais citado dos que já foram publicados pela revista, com um total de 681 citações naquela época. Isso se deve à perspectiva interdisciplinar que o autor conferiu à abordagem do tema da inovação, o que acabou garantindo uma dimensão mais ampla do assunto. Nesse contexto, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as contribuições e a atualidade do artigo de David Teece de 1986, especialmente no que tange ao debate relacionado aos direitos de propriedade intelectual. Foi realizada pesquisa teórica que se ancora no diálogo entre o artigo da década de oitenta e alguns autores que publicaram na edição especial da Research Policy de 2006 (vol. 35, nº 8), dentre eles o próprio Teece. O presente trabalho foi, portanto, dividido em duas seções. Na primeira, serão abordados os principais aspectos do artigo de 1986, evidenciando, sobretudo, a visão do autor sobre a importância dos ativos complementares na obtenção de lucros com a inovação e sua interface com os regimes de apropriabilidade. Na segunda, fundamentalmente a partir dos artigos de Gary Pisano, Giovani Dosi, Luigi Marengo, Corrado Pasquali e Richard Nelson publicados na Research Policy, vol. 35, nº 8, (2006), serão expostas as conclusões destes autores e de outros no que tange à aplicação da teoria Profiting from Innovation (PFI) sobre os regimes de apropriabilidade, sob a luz das mudanças contemporâneas na natureza da propriedade intelectual.

With applications ranging from object recognition to spatial navigation, computer vision has become a key feature of most contemporary infrastructures. Compared to facial recognition and other techniques of surveillance, privacy-oriented messaging app Snapchat might seem like a fairly banal implementation of this technology; yet, such commodified services have become a key framework through which information is not only captured, classified, and monetized, but also mobilized around a specific vision for the future of infrastructure. The logic governing how Snapchat’s modes of vision prioritize, capture, and make visible the objects and subjects with which it engages might be quite opaque, but three key devices – or technologies of the future as they are framed in this text – offer a privileged perspective on the infrastructure behind the app: Snapchat’s business plans, patents, and functions. While many media theorists situate computer vision within a larger techno-cultural obsession with identifying and classifying people, this article will attempt to complement this body of work by using these devices to highlight the promissory logic embedded in computer vision. By illuminating how visibility, visuality, and vision are conceived and operationalized by the infrastructure supporting apps like Snapchat, these devices shed light on how infrastructure is conceived and constructed as both a real and imaginary space where different futures can be disclosed and enacted. The infrastructure of vision that results, this text agues, necessarily functions as an infrastructure for a vision by making certain futures more visible than others, thus reframing vision as the site where economic interests, media habits, and practices of data capture are both amplified and distorted.

Macrocationic, crystallized cavitation reentrant jets were first observed during investigation of directed cavitation reentrant jet nano and micro-machining in water by the author in 2004 in Buxton, ME, on grants funded by the Maine Technology Institute. I again observed the same behavior in 2005 on work funded by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority as PI, with co-investigators Serge Lebid, EVP NanoSpire, Inc., Prof. Eric Eisenbraun of Albany Nanotech, and others. The extreme pressure and temperature of cavitation bubble collapse was compressing dissociated water H+ and OH-ions at the bubble interface into solid, faceted macrocationic crystals possessing an equilateral triangle crystalline subunit. Reentrant jet impacts formed pit cross-sections that were equilateral triangles, regular or oval-shaped hexagons, twinned crystals such as hourglasses, or hybrids of triangles and hexagons. The presentation will provide an overview of data and theories addressing the structure and dynamics of crystallized cavitation reentrant jets in coherently extracting zero point energy, triggering fusion and driving prebiotic chemistry. The cavitation reentrant jet crystal has enormous positive electrostatic charge concentration and induces a negative charge on the surface of any nearby object. Electrostatic attraction then draws the positive crystal towards its negative induced charge on a nearby surface and imbeds the crystal with great force, imprinting a fossil image of the crystal's facets in a wide variety of materials. The crystalline structure presents a concentrated number of protons on the surface giving it a very low pH. Bright red hexagon jet impact pits in green litmus and purple hexagon pits in orange litmus all indicated zero pH. The crystal is short-lived, typically persisting for a few microseconds in water, isolated by a supercavitating water vapor column. The crystals can form linear or helical strands, with large bacteriophage-like icosahedral hexagonal heads and long narrow whip tails and can join head to toe, forming coils that can also supercoil, like DNA. A new diamond-like tetrahedral SP3 orbital structure is proposed, based on the crystal's subunit equilateral triangular structure and dissociated water composition. The proposed molecular structure makes the crystal twice as strong as a diamond and up to 5.5 times denser than ordinary water. Sinusoidal reentrant jet buckling data used with the Euler equation indicates that the crystal is ten times stiffer than tungsten.

Die Erteilung von Patenten auf Pflanzen hat etwas Skandalöses. Der Begriff des Patents unterstellt nicht nur, ein Erfinder habe sich eine Pflanze ausgedacht und sie anschließend zusammengebaut, er spricht dem Patentinhaber auch noch alle Nachkommen dieser Pflanze zu. Mit Blick auf unsere Abhängigkeit von pflanzlich erzeugten Nahrungsmitteln kann uns dies durchaus als unheimlich erscheinen. Patente und Pflanzen scheinen nicht so recht zusammenzupassen. Und dennoch werden rund um die Welt Pflanzen patentiert: Zwischen 4.000 und 5.000 Patentanträge auf Pflanzen gehen pro Jahr bei den Patentämtern weltweit ein. 2.000 bis 3.500 davon wurden seit der Jahrtausendwende jährlich erteilt, wie die Zahlen des Europäischen Patentamts belegen. Womit wir uns in der Theorie so schwer tun, scheint also im Alltagsbetrieb von Recht und Wirtschaft problemlos zu funktionieren. Aber tut es das wirklich?

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In the early-to-mid 1990s technology alliances suddenly surged to unprecedented levels – roughly 300% growth per year from 1990 to 1995 – and then declined just as precipitously. This massive increase in alliance activity caused the crystallization of a giant component in the global technology network that connected a large portion of the world’s firms, government labs, universities, and other organizations. However, when alliance activity declined, the component disintegrated. What caused this spike in alliance activity? And did this large-but-transient change in collaboration activity leave any enduring effect? The data here suggests that a major technology shock may have provoked this alliance surge. A technology shock may simultaneously unleash significant innovation opportunities, while creating great uncertainty in the economic environment. Though it is well-known that firms often use alliances both to respond to uncertainty and facilitate innovation, little is known about how technology shocks affect the collaboration behavior of firms, and how these two factors separately influence innovation outcomes. I integrate an inductive study of collaboration activity and a technology shock with existing research on economics, alliances and networks, to build a set of arguments about how technology shocks will influence alliance behavior, how changes in alliance behavior will influence the global technology collaboration network, and about how each of these changes is likely to influence the innovative outcomes of firms. I then explore the separate and joint effects of the technology shock and collaboration activity on innovation using a large sample panel study of patenting by North American firms.

Ünlü eğitim psikoloğu Robert Slavin'in Eğitim Psikolojisi kitabının onuncu baskısı, kuramı uygulamaya aktarma konusunda önemli bir eksikliği gidermekte ve öğretmenlerin sınıfta ihtiyaç duyabilecekleri alanlarda uygulayabilecekleri bilgileri içermektedir.

Kitap, yansıtıcı ve bilinçli bir öğretmenin uygulayabileceği en yeni araştırmaları sunarak, bilinçli öğretmen üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Slavin'e göre bilinçli öğretmen, uygulamasını devamlı surette yansıtan ve bu uygulamaların öğrencileri nasıl etkilediği hakkında net bir düşünceye dayalı olarak öğretim kararları veren kişidir.

Bu kitapta okuyucular alanda önemli ve yeni ortaya çıkan bazı konular ile karşılaşmaktadır. Bu konulardan bazıları; 21. yüzyıl becerileri, ilk yıllarda dil ve okuma yazmanın gelişimi, iki dilli eğitim, nöroloji alanındaki yeni araştırmalar, iş birliğine dayalı öğrenme konusundaki son araştırmalar, okumada sorun yaşayan okuyucular için özel yardım, küçük gruplarla çalışma ve bilişim alanındaki en yeni araştırmalar, gelişmeler ve uygulamalardır. En ince ayrıntısına kadar güncel olan alıntılar, kitabın en güncel araştırmalar üzerine temellendirildiğinin bir göstergesidir. Bu kitapta, 656 yeni ve güncellenmiş kaynak bulunmaktadır. Bu kaynakların % 55'i 2000 yılı sonrasına aittir.

Robert Slavin, akademik derinliğini sergilerken aynı zamanda sanki ders anlatır gibi okuyucuları ile yüz yüze buluşmayı da amaçlamaktadır. Kitap yeni ve farklı bir yaklaşımla pek çok teorik bilgiyi uygulamalı olarak sunan, teorik bilgilerin kavramsal olarak uygulamaya nasıl dönüştürüleceğini göstererek öğretmeyi amaçlayan ve bunda başarılı olduğu açıkça belli olan iyi bir başvuru ve ders kitabı olarak öğrencilere ve eğiticilere önerilmektedir.

Uzmanlar, klinisyenler ve araştırmacılar, yeme bozukluklarının duygusal düzensizliklerden kaynaklandığı vakalarda Diyalektik Davranış Terapisinin etkin olacağı konusunda hemfikirdi. Alanda yapılan pek çok adaptasyon çalışması olmasına rağmen Debra Safer, Christy Telch ve Eunice Chen bunu deneysel bazda yapan ilk kişilerdir. Standart diyalektik davranış terapisinin, tıkanırcasına yeme bozukluğu ve blumia nervoza semptomlarını tedavi etme yollarının yapılandırılmış bir özetini sunan bu kitap ile alandaki ihtiyaca cevap vermişlerdir. Bu alanda çalışan klinik psikologların ve danışmanların mutlaka okuması gereken önemli bir kaynak olmakla birlikte bu alanda okuyan öğrenciler için de farklı bir bakış açısı kazandırmaktadır.
Dokuz bölümden oluşan bu kitapta tedavi kapsamlı olarak ele alınmıştır. Genel çerçevede, olumsuz duygularla başa çıkmanın daha uyumsal yollarını öğreten becerilerin kazanımı ile tıkanırcasına yeme ve boşaltmayı durdurma hedefine ulaşma yolu adım adım çizilmiştir. Blumia nervoza ve tıkanırcasına yeme bozukluğuna sahip insanların karılaştığı sorunlar ve mevcut tedavi yöntemleri ele alınarak okuyucuya genel bir bakış açısı kazandırılır. Standart terapinin detaylı bir şekilde tanıtımından sonra bunun adaptasyonunun neden gerekli olduğu, adapte etmenin mantığı mevcut kanıtlar ile sunulur. Daha sonra, tedavi öncesi ve başlangıç oturumlarından tedaviyi sonlandırmaya kadar olan süreç aşama aşama ele alınır. Nüksetmeyi önleme kısmına değinilir. Son olarak kapsamlı vaka örnekleri ile anlatılanların sağlam temeller üzerine oturması sağlanır.
Amacına uygun şekilde düzenlen bu kitap, diyalektik davranış terapisi adapte edilirken belirli sınırlar çizmek yerine okuyucuya geliştirilebilir bir zemin hazırlar. Bu yönüyle tedaviyi uygulamaya ve geliştirmeye teşvik eder. Açıklayıcı vaka örnekleri ve kanıtlar ile tedaviyi tüm ayrıntılarıyla sunarak farklı alanlardan okuyuculara hitap eden bu titiz çalışma özellikle alandaki uzmanlara klinik psikologlara, danışmanlara ve araştırmacılar için bir rehber niteliğinde olacak niteliktedir.

As humans are spreading throughout the world, infectious diseases have been a constant companion such as Bubonic Plague (200 Million deaths), 17th Century Great Plague (3 Million deaths), Plague of Justinian (30-50 Million deaths), etc . Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) which was published on 11th January 2020 showing the intensity of Global research and development activity to develop a drug/vaccine against the disease. COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. Human to human transmission has created a pandemic situation across the world. Pharmaceutical companies play a crucial role in this scenario to provide Drugs/Vaccines/Therapies to treat and tackle the novel coronavirus disease of 2019. This paper consists of the Drugs and Vaccines which are developed, or in the process of development , their current stage of development (clinical trials) with their patent review.

mercado farmacéutico han convertido al paciente-en general, y al que se encuentra en los países en vías de desarrollo, en particular-, en prisionero del mercado. La regulación de los productos farmacéuticos emanada de la Organización Mundial del Comercio ha consolidado esta situación. Para analizar esta cuestión, en el presente trabajo realizamos un simbólico viaje desde

Re-enactment is a material response to the pervasive invisibility of Lilly Reich’s work. It arises with a clear motivation: to reveal the architecture designed by Lilly Reich for the German sections of the 1929 International Exposition inside eight Noucentista Palaces, an area that is fifty times greater in magnitude than the Pavilion itself.

Re-enactment occupies the heart of the Pavilion with the reconstruction of two of the display cases Lilly Reich originally designed for the Palaces. The intervention transforms a vertical element of light – the milky-colored double-glazed screen– into a lengthy horizontal display case and adds a vertical display case to a visitor’s path toward the inner reflecting pool. This reconstruction was possible thanks to the blueprints that Lilly Reich saved, moving them to Mühlhausen (Thuringia) during World War II, the originals of which are nowadays a part of the Lilly Reich Collection in the Mies van der Rohe Archive at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

By presenting documents from another dozen of archives and private collections from Barcelona, Berlin, Dessau, Frankfurt am Main, Madrid, and Weimar, the horizontal display case provides an unprecedented tour through the Palaces. A letter from 1944, in which Lilly Reich regretted having lost “the big photos of Barcelona” after a bombing in Berlin, forges now a continuity with the photos –some of them unknown– exhibited in this intervention. All of them show how her display cases accomplished the scalar transition from the great variety of German products to the very diverse spatial structures of the Palaces. By means of two short films, the vertical display case highlights the immaterial heritage of the work made in Barcelona and reveals the Pavilion as an anteroom to more than 16.000 m2 of industrial exhibitions.

Researchers have always tried to identify the technological evolution of any particular technology with the help of patent statistics. Blockchain is one such technology which, although emerged more than a decade ago, but has been aggressively applied and studied within the past five years only. Therefore, this study is an attempt to identify the underlying technologies that eventually constitute the Blockchain technology. This paper identifies the literature related to the primary Blockchain technologies and then tries to perform basic patent statistics to identify the earliest innovation that conforms to the idea of blockchain that we know today. Critical Cooperative Patent Classification (CPCs) codes to analyze Blockchain patents in the future are identified. Specific and detailed analysis methods are suggested for the future Blockchain patent research.

One of the challenges for the Big Pharma is finding the golden line in the tradeoff between innovation and pricing. This paper investigates the relationship between R&D expenditures, patents and gross profits, based on US pharmaceutical industry panel data. The initial hypothesis states that there is a positive relationship between the R&D expenditures, patents applied in a current year and the company's profitability measured in terms of gross profits. The study concludes that there is a significant positive relationship between the R&D spending and the number of the applied patents in a current year. However, the relationship between the patents applied and the profitability has proved to be negative. The incline in the total assets and sales volume leads to the increasing profitability, whereas the size of the firm measured by the number of employees has an opposite negative effect. Results are relevant to the ongoing discussions regarding the fairness of pharmaceutical industry pricing, since it provides an evidence on the relationship between R&D expenditures, patents and gross profits.

Genelde canlıların, özelde ise insanoğlunun nasıl öğrendiğine dair araştırma sonuçları her geçen gün önümüze heyecan verici bilgiler ve bulgular sunmaktadır. Bu araştırma sonuçları öğrenmede yeni stratejiler geliştirilmesinde öncülük etmektedir. "Öğrenme Psikolojisi" adlı bu kitap, alandaki en temel ve güncel araştırma bulgularını da kapsayarak eğitim, edebiyat ve tıp fakülteleri gibi değişik alanların birçok programında lisans ve lisansüstü düzeyde kullanılabilecek şekilde hazırlanmıştır.
Okuyucu merkezli olarak hazırlanan bu kitap, tüm yaşlardaki öğrenicilerin bilgi ve becerileri nasıl edindiklerini ve öğrenme sürecinde etkili olabilen inanç, motivasyon, tutum ve tavır gibi faktörleri kapsamaktadır.
Öğrenme konusunda bilgi sahibi olmak isteyen okuyucunun, temel bir psikoloji bilgisine sahip olması ön koşulu yoktur. Kitapta öğrenme kuramlarının tarihsel temellerinden başlayarak güncel öğrenme yaklaşımlarına rahatlıkla geçiş yapılabilir. Alandaki bir profesör, öğrenme ile ilgili en son araştırma bulgularına bu kitapta ulaşabilirken; üniversite eğitimine yeni başlamış bir öğrenci de öğrenme ile ilgili en temel konulara rahatlıkla erişebilir.

Google Translate is een vertaalmachine die zich steeds verder ontwikkelt waardoor het steeds makkelijker wordt om snel een tekst te vertalen. Het doel van deze bachelorscriptie over Google Translate en vakterminologie is om te onderzoeken in welke mate Google Translate vakterminologie in octrooien juist en consistent vertaalt. Er wordt ook kort stilgestaan bij de algemene kwaliteit van de machinevertaling aan de hand van BLEU-scores.

In hoofdstuk 1 wordt er eerst een theoretisch kader geschetst rond terminologie en wordt er ook naar de geschiedenis van machinevertaling gekeken. Ter conclusie van het theoretisch kader heb ik ook het concept ‘term’ gedefinieerd, om op basis daarvan termen te extraheren. Daarna volgt een bespreking van de onderzoeksmethode. In de eerste stap van het eigenlijke onderzoek heb ik termen geëxtraheerd uit drie Franstalige octrooien volgens de gestelde definitie bij het theoretisch kader. Deze octrooien heb ik ook vertaald met Google Translate. Daarna heb ik de vertaalde termen vergeleken met de gouden standaard: hier de officiële Nederlandstalige vertalingen van de betrokken octrooien en termen. Op basis van deze gegevens heb ik de kwaliteit van Google Translate op vlak van vakterminologie beoordeeld.

Uit het onderzoek is gebleken dat de kwaliteit van Google Translate op vlak van vakterminologie ondermaats is. Van de twintig termen die werden geëxtraheerd, werden er slechts zeven volledig correct vertaald, dat is 35%. De algemene kwaliteit van de vertalingen ligt net onder 30%. De consistentie bedraagt echter net geen 60%, een middelmatige score.

This paper aims at critically addressing the issue of intellectual property in the biomedical and health fields, focusing on the equitable and rapid distribution of anti-COVID-19 vaccines on a global scale. The main allegation is not new: open science is incompatible with policies aimed at extending and strengthening intellectual property. However, this same thesis deserves further attention in relation to the ongoing public debate and national and international policy choices. The paper starts from the refutation of the arguments in favour of private patents on vaccines (paragraph 2), then it provides an overview on of the debate on downstream policies (paragraph 3) and discusses some upstream policies (paragraph 4); some conclusions follow (paragraph 5).

Questo scritto intende affrontare criticamente il tema della proprietà intellettuale in campo biomedico e sanitario, con particolare riferimento alla questione dell’equa e rapida distribuzione su scala globale dei vaccini anti-COVID-19. La tesi di fondo non è nuova: la scienza aperta è inconciliabile con politiche di estensione e rafforzamento della proprietà intellettuale. Pur non essendo nuova, la tesi merita un approfondimento in relazione al dibattito pubblico in corso e alle scelte politiche nazionali e internazionali. Si prenderà le mosse dalla confutazione degli argomenti a favore di brevetti privati sui vaccini (paragrafo 2), per poi offrire una sintesi del dibattito sulle politiche a valle (paragrafo 3), discutere alcune politiche a monte (paragrafo 4) e infine svolgere alcune conclusioni (paragrafo 5).

This engaging and accessible study looks at the origins, evolution, purpose, and limitations of intellectual property. Detailing how intellectual property affects industry, politics, cultural expression, and medical research, Aram Sinnreich takes a multidisciplinary approach to uncover what’s behind the current debates and what the future holds for copyrights, patents, and trademarks.

Based on the notion that intellectual property law is not merely a property right but also a mechanism of cultural and economic regulation with significant consequences for democratic institutions, global businesses, arts, and the sciences, Sinnreich draws on media studies, communications, law, economics, and cultural studies as he provides a blueprint for understanding intellectual property rights and underlines the important and pervasive role that they play in everyone’s lives.

Publication Date (Yale Press): May, 2019.
Available for pre-order on Amazon: http://bit.ly/sinnIP

본 연구는 혁신제품 개발을 위하여 관심 산업의 핵심 디자인특허를 네트워크분석을 통하여 추출하고, 정의된 핵심 디자인특허와 그 특허를 기반으로 하는 제품의 추상화 기능분석 (Abstraction Hierarchy)을 수행하였다. 그리고 추상화 기능분석에 해당하는 기술특허를 다시 접목함으로써, 기술특허와 디자인특허의 융합개발 방법론을 제시한다. 영국 다이슨社의 ‘날개없는 선풍기’의 사례를 기술-디자인 융합방법론에 대입하여 재구성하고 이를 통해서 새로운 ‘헤어드라이어기’ 아이디어 발상 방법 프로세스를 설명한다.

Technischer Fortschritt in der Medienindustrie wir in der Regel mit der Benennung scheinbarer Vor- und Nachteile einzelner Methoden, Vorrichtungen oder Materialien definiert. In so einem Bezugsrahmen erscheint es naheliegend, Patente als Beschreibung und Schutz relevanter Innovationen zu betrachten. Aber wie nicht zuletzt die Science and Technology Studies (STS) gezeigt haben, sind die Rollen, die Patente einnehmen oder die ihnen zugewiesen werden, ambivalenter und vielfältiger. Ein Patent kann nicht nur eine Innovation schützen, sondern es kann auch Bestehendes neu interpretieren oder ein Territorium für mögliche zukünftige Entwicklungen abstecken.

Als Fallstudie werde ich dies am Übergang vom sog. Dunning-Verfahren (einem Vorläufer heutiger Blue Screen Techniken aus den 1920er Jahren) zur Praxis der Rückprojektion in den frühen 1930er Jahren untersuchen. Diese Verschiebung von Produktionspraktiken war nicht alleine begründet in technischen Vorzügen des neueren Verfahrens, sondern auch in juristischen Konflikten zwischen Hollywood-Studios und Dienstleistern. Ich werde im Folgenden ausführen, wie mit den dort entstandenen Konflikte umgegangen wurde und wie dies den Umgang der Studios mit Patenten allgemein geändert hat.

Актуальні проблеми інтелектуального, інформаційного, ІТ та Інтернет права: матеріали П’ятої міжнародної науково – практичної конференції (Львів, 28 травня 2021 р.). – Львів: Юрид. ф–т Львів. нац. ун–ту ім. І. Франка, 2021. – 224 с.
У матеріалах Збірника представлені результати науково – практичних досліджень науковців провідних вищих навчальних закладів України та практичних працівників з основних проблем права інтелектуальної
власності, інформаційного ІТ та Інтернет права.
Видання адресоване науковим співробітникам, викладачам юридичних факультетів та вищих юридичних навчальних закладів, аспірантам, здобувачам, студентам, а також працівникам суду, патентним повіреним, адвокатам, іншим практикуючим юристам та усім небайдужим до осягнення нових знань у сфері інтелектуального, інформаційного, ІТ та Інтернет права.

Terceiro Seminário dos "IP Topics for Engineering" ao Programa de Doutoramento em Engenharia Eletrotécnica e de Computadores da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte da Caparica. Dia 16 de fevereiro de 2018.

Purpose – This paper applies Schumpeter’s innovation theory approach to current patent policy. The theoretical analysis examines whether the patent policy harms to innovation level in the innovation driven economy. The aim of this paper is answering the question: Does current patent policy is stimulating or has destructive impact on economic development driven by innovations? 
Design/Methodology/approach – In this paper there were discussed how patent policy can influence the innovation level in Innovation Driven Economy. Author has focused on literature study and presented theoretical concept of “Patent Wave Curve”.
Findings – Part I of this paper discusses the role of the patent policy in the economy and highlights policy concerns raised by actions of certain entities. Part II concludes with a brief overview of Schumpeter’s innovation wave concept in the conditions of  increased amount of patent applications.  Author therefore suggest that the economic and patent policy debate should change its attention toward finding significant ways of identifying innovation destructive behaviors, instead of eliminating certain business models.
Originality/value – With reference to Schumpeter’s innovation theory author presented in paper “Patent Wave Curve” concept. Having regard Schumpeter’s creative destruction, patent racing theory, the current number of patent applications  and patent policy problems (such as NPEs or PAEs activity) there is a point the economy when without proper impulse it is pushed into “innovation stagnation trap”.

The trend of continued rejection of compulsory licence applications in India goes against the local generic drug manufacturers and public health safeguards incorporated in the Indian patent law. It raises serious questions about the intervening role of the state in patent monopoly to equalise the competing interests between patent holders and consumers of "public good." This trend indicates a policy shift of the government regarding compulsory licensing.

This Impact Report identifies and summarises the diverse impacts, resulting from the £500m of UK funding of Science and Technology in 2013, using numerous quantitative metrics and short case study extracts.  It shows how the varied impacts of a national science and technology organization and its many funded programmes can be annually identified, captured, tracked, and summarised in a public document.

The report was produced for, and by, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) -  the UK Research Council responsible for funding: (1) all UK astronomy, particle and nuclear physics research, (2) related UK science and technology facilities (e.g. as Harwell and Daresbury), (3) the UK contribution to international science (e.g. CERN, international telescopes and space missions), (4) innovation and business spin-off programmes, and (5) UK public engagement activities.

The Report was co-researched and co-authored by the STFC Impact Team, including myself while Impact Evaluation Manager in 2013, with Dr. Claire Dougan-McCallie (lead author/Head of Impact) and Jenny Beard, with additional input from senior managers, and many data and case study contributions from other key managers across STFC.

Varied key impacts are identified and reported including:

• Research amongst the best (by citation impact) in astronomy, nuclear and particle physics.
• Supported research of 226 Principal Investigators in 70 universities, led to 1,100 peer-reviewed papers in 2012.
• Facilities (the Diamond Light Source, ISIS and CLF) were used in 2012/13 by over 4,200 unique users , in over 2,400 experiments, producing over 1,000 papers in peer-reviewed journals.

• Technology from CERN benefited the UK economy by over £100 billion every year.
• Funding the development of the UK’s space, internet and computer animation industries, returned over £500 billion to the UK economy per annum.
• Funded Innovation Campuses hosted over 230 enterprises and supported over 5,000 jobs.
• UK industry won £43 million in contracts from the international subscriptions funded, and had accumulated a total of £150 million since 2005.

• Funded research inspired future generations to study STEM subjects, attracting 90% of UK undergraduates to study physics, funded 782 PhD students  and 16,800 student training days.
• Between 2009 to 2012 public engagement programmes engaged people on 58 million occasions, with 2 million people engaged in face-to-face activities in 2013 alone.

(Con una breve storia del mandolino romano da Maldura-De Santis a Embergher)
Un elenco completo dei brevetti di mandolino depositati in Italia fino al 1930, tratto dai documenti ufficiali e originali.
Il primo e più importante, quello di Maldura, racconta anche dell'”invenzione” del mandolino romano moderno.

ÖZ

Bu çalışmada güncel coğrafya bazında, uluslararası çapta buluşların ve buna bağlı olarak patentlerin nasıl dağılım gösterdiğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Aynı zamanda ülkeler için bir gösterge olarak değerlendirilen patentlerin o ülkelerin ürettiği makale sayıları, ar-ge harcama oranları, yüksek teknoloji ihracatları, kişi başı milli gelir göstergeleri ile nasıl bir ilişki içinde olduğu anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu göstergelerin birbirleriyle de aralarında ilişkiler olup olmadığı incelenmiş, değerlendirme ve yorumlarda bulunulmuştur.

Genel olarak, günümüz coğrafyasında makale ve patentler doğu ve batı iki uçta ağırlık kazanmış ve ABD’nin bu anlamda diğer ülkelerin açık ara önünde gittiği görülmüştür. ABD ile beraber Japonya, Çin, Güney Kore ve Almanya ilk sıraları paylaşmıştır. Buna karşın özellikle Afrika, Arap Yarımadası, Türki Devletler bölgesi ile Doğu Avrupa bölgesi bu anlamda çok gerilerde kalmıştır.

Ayrıca patent çalışmalarının yoğun olduğu bölgelerin özellikle yüksek teknoloji ihracatında bir adım önde olduğu görülmüş ve ar-ge harcamaları, paten sayıları ve teknoloji ihracatının genel olarak pozitif bir bağlantı içinde olduğu görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Buluş, Patent, Dünyada Buluşlar



ABSTRACT

In this study, on the basis of current geography, it is aimed to examine how inventions and correspondingly patents distribute internationally. Also, it is tried to understand how patents which is considered as an indicator for countries are in association with number of articles those countries produced, R&D expense rates, high technology exportations, individual earnings. It is examined that whether these indicators are also associated with each, evaluated and speculated.

Generally, in current geography, articles and patents gained importance on east and west sides and it is clearly seen that USA, in this context, is well ahead of other countries. Besides USA, Japan, China, South Korea and Germany take place near the top. In spite of this, especially Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Turkic Republics Region and Eastern Europe Region fell even further behind.

It is seen that regions that patent studies are made densely, especially in exportation of high technology and it is also seen that R&D expenses, number of patents and high technology exportation are in a positive association.

Keywords: Invention, Patent, Inventions in the World