Political / International Communication

Net-based public sphere researchers have examined online deliberation in numerous ways. However, most studies have focused exclusively on political discussion forums. This article moves beyond such spaces by analyzing political talk from an online forum dedicated to reality television. The purpose is to examine the democratic quality of political talk that emerges in this space in light of a set of normative criteria of the public sphere. The analysis also moved beyond an elite model of deliberation by investigating the use of expressives (humor, emotional comments, and acknowledgments). The findings reveal that participants engaged in political talk that was often deliberative. It was a space where the use of expressives played a significant role in enhancing such talk.

A range of different scientific disciplines are explored for what they might contribute to an understanding of the economic and other factors that influence mass media, and how the media in turn influence the political climate and the democratic
process in modern democracies. The contributions from the different disciplines are combined into an integrated model of a causal network. This tentative model shows that fierce economic competition forces the media to produce entertaining stories that
appeal to people's emotions. Preferred topics include danger, crime, and disaster, which the media select in ways that make the audience perceive the world as more dangerous than it is. This influences the democratic process significantly in the
direction of authoritarianism and intolerance. More generally, the competitive news media select and frame stories in ways
that hamper the ability of the democratic system to solve internal social problems as well as international conflicts in an optimal way. These effects are unintended consequences of the structure of the media market.
The empirical support for each element in the theory, as well as for the integrated model as a whole, is discussed in an appendix."

ZUM BUCH: Lobbying, Kampagnenberatung, professionelles Kommunikationsmanagement und zusammenfassend Politikberatung sind spätestens seit dem Bundestagswahlkampf 1998 und dem Aufblühen der Beraterlandschaft in Berlin heiß diskutierte und umstrittene Themen. Mit dem vorliegenden Buch kommen erstmals drei Personengruppen zu Wort, die am unmittelbarsten an diesen neuen Entwicklungen beteiligt und am besten über sie informiert sind: aktive Spitzenpolitiker, Politikberater und Wissenschaftler. Ihre Fachbeiträge decken insgesamt drei Themenkomplexe ab, die sich ergänzen und zu einem Gesamtbild zusammenfügen: die Entwicklung der Politikberatung in der Bundesrepublik, ihre Inhalte und schließlich die unterschiedlichen Kanäle und Wege, über die sich Berater und Beratene treffen.

Der Herausgeberband "Die Kampagnenmacher" zeigt an Hand von internationalen Best-Practice-Beispielen die Strategien und Instrumente erfolgreicher Kampagnen aus Politik, Wirtschaft und Zivilgesellschaft auf. Das Buch gibt Kommunikationsverantwortlichen und interessierten Lesern Einblicke in erfolgreiche Kampagnenführung und soll dazu ermutigen, neue Wege in der Kommunikation anzuwenden. "Die Kampagnenmacher" zeigt die massiven gesellschaftlichen und medialen Veränderungen sowie die daraus resultierenden neuen Konsequenzen für erfolgreiche Kommunikation auf. Dabei gewährt das Buch wertvolle Einblicke hinter die Kulissen, u. a. in Kampagnen des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Greenpeace, des Niederländischen Gesundheitsministeriums, des Österreichischen Volkspartei sowie der Firma Unilever. Im Ergebnis wird deutlich, dass sich die Grundlagen effektiver Kampagnenführung verändert haben und es sowohl neuer Wege als auch veränderter Strategien bedarf, um Menschen nachhaltig zu erreichen.

The Mass Dimension.
Individuals, Crowds, and Consumption (1830-1945)

The  book explores the origins of mass society beginning with the era when the very term "mass" gained currency in public opinion. Over the last two centuries the masses have often been set off against individuals, in that the former were believed to be irrational, primitive crowds. This dialectic tension is explored by analysing how social psychologists (i.e Le Bon, Sighele, Tarde, Ross, Park), criminologists (i.e.  Lombroso, Ferri), and political scientists have attempted to define the concepts of mass and crowd and how these theoretical endeavours relate to contemporary political and social events. On the one hand, in the political sphere, the masses have originated social protests and provided support for totalitarian regimes and affluent democracies alike; on the other, their contribution in the social sphere has also been crucial, as they comprise the swarms of consumers that populate shopping malls and engage in leisure activities. Both of these features have helped shape our way of life, but especially confer legitimacy to contemporary political systems.

Previous studies have noted the dominance of official sources within the news process and their unique ability to shape media narratives. This research addresses the role and implications of news sources in contributing to the overwhelmingly positive portrayal of the anti-Mubarak opposition protesters within British and American newspaper coverage of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. Furthermore, this paper will assess how the position of global political elites towards the protests in Egypt possibly opened up the editorial space within the news coverage of the revolution for the anti-Mubarak opposition movement to emerge as the dominant voice within the reporting.

This essay stems from the works of Armand Mattelart to envision a research program drawn to the critical and structural approach of international communication, in all its inequalities, asymmetries and relations of dependency. By reviewing the reflections of the Belgian thinker in his entry points to the theoretical-methodological proposition of Immanuel Wallerstein, the world-systems analysis, and by seeking to articulate both perspectives, especially in the former's notion of "world-communication" as the world-system of communication, the paper delineates an area of intersection between three theoretical schools: International Communication, International Political Economy and the Political Economy of Communication.

Este ensaio parte da obra de Armand Mattelart para vislumbrar um programa de pesquisa orientado para a abordagem crítica e estrutural da comunicação internacional nas suas desigualdades, assimetrias e relações de dependência. Com uma revisão das reflexões do pensador belga nos seus pontos de contato com a proposição teórico-metodológica da análise dos sistemas-mundo, de Immanuel Wallerstein, e buscando articular as duas perspectivas, especialmente na concepção de comunicação-mundo como sistema-mundo da comunicação, o trabalho delineia uma área de interseção entre três vertentes teóricas: a comunicação internacional, a economia política da comunicação e a economia política internacional. Palavras-chave: Armand Mattelar, Immanuel Wallerstein, economia política da co-municação, economia política internacional, comunicação internacional

This course provides a detailed overview of research on political communication and its role in informing, influencing, and legitimizing decisions is crucial to both domestic and international politics.  By analyzing the relationship between political actors, communication channels, and the public, students will gain an understanding of the ways in which dominant ideologies shape communication strategies, an understanding of the ways in which communication strategies shape political public opinion. Students will evaluate the effects of political communication campaigns on people’s attitudes, opinions and systems of beliefs.

Analyzing the actors, technologies, and forms of communication that together constitute public debate, the course focuses closely on the processes of political communication, with an eye to how the state, press, political parties, civil society organizations, social movements, campaigns, and the public interact to shape public life and produce political culture. It considers the social and technological contexts that shape the production, distribution, and reception of political communication. At the same time, the course situates political communication broadly to encompass the vast range of symbolic political expression, from political advertisements to protest events.

This course sets itself off from those situated in mediated communication as it focuses on how politics shapes our identity, our relationships, and our communities, and highlights relational/interpersonal, rhetorical aspects of politics, and the role of engaged citizenship in political processes and deliberative democracy.

After the 1917 revolution, the Soviets experimented creatively to mobilize citizens for a new era. GERMAN: Nach der Revolution 1917 wagten die Sowjets kreative Experimente, um die Bürger für den Aufbruch zu mobilisieren.
---------------
KEYWORDS SCHLAGWÖRTER Agitprop, Agitprop-Zug, Agitzug, Agit-Zug, agit pojesd, agit poezd, agit train, Agitation, Agitki, Analphabetismus, Ästhetik, Avantgarde, Inszenierung, Kampagne, Propaganda, Eisenbahn, Film, Grammophon, Kino, Kommunismus, Kommunistische Partei, Konstruktivismus, Futurismus, Kubismus, KPdSU, Musik, Partei, Petition, Politainment, Politikberatung, Presse. Proletkult, Russischer Bürgerkrieg, Russische Revolution, Russland, Sowjet, Sowjetunion, Schallplatte, Stummfilm, Theater, Wochenschau, Zeitung
• Organisationen: Allrussisches Zentrales Exekutivkomitee (WZIK), Literarischer Frontzug Nr. 1 W. I. Lenin, Oktoberrevolution (Zug), Roter Kosake (Zug), Roter Osten (Zug), Roter Stern (Schiff), Telegrafenagentur Rosta, Tscheka (Geheimpolizei)
• Personen: Robert Argenbright, Jakow Burow, James von Geldern, Michail Kalinin, Karl Marx, Arthur Ransome, Wladimir Iljitsch Uljanow Lenin
• Publikationen:  Iswestija, Manchester Guardian, Prawda

The Routledge Handbook of Political Management is a comprehensive overview of the field of applied politics, encompassing political consulting, campaigns and elections, lobbying and advocacy, grass roots politics, fundraising, media and political communications, the role of the parties, political leadership, and the ethical dimensions of public life. While most chapters focus on American politics and campaigns, there are also contributions on election campaigns in Europe, the Middle East, Russia, Australia, East Asia, and Latin America. In addition to a thorough treatment of campaign and elections, the authors discuss modern techniques, problems, and issues of advocacy, lobbying, and political persuasion, with a special emphasis throughout the volume on technology, the Internet, and online communications as political tools.

Grounded in the disciplines of political science, political communications, and political marketing, the Routledge Handbook of Political Management explores the linkages between applied politics and social science theory. Leading American and international scholars and practitioners provide an exhaustive and up-to-date treatment of the state of this emerging field. This publication is a major resource for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and scholars of campaigns, elections, advocacy, and applied politics, as well as for political management professionals.

Manchmal ist der Abstand zwischen Wissenschafts-und Wirtschaftslobby gar nicht groß. Knapp zwei Schritte sind es, von Tür zu Tür, auf einem Bürokorridor in der Brüsseler Rue du Commerce 31, zwischen Max-Planck-Gesellschaft und dem Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie (BDI). Auch Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft und Leibniz-Gemeinschaft sowie zwei andere Forschungsgesellschaften sitzen unter diesem Dach -zusammen mit zwei Dutzend Wirtschaftsverbänden im Haus der "German Business Representation". Nicht nur in der gemeinsamen Kaffeeküche kommen sich Wissenschafts-und Wirtschaftslobbyisten näher -auch bei Technologie-, Forschungs-und Bildungspolitik kiebitzt man bei den Kollegen. So wie sich Strukturen und Management von Wissenschaftseinrichtungen Unternehmen angenähert haben, so beginnt sich auch ihre Interessenvertretung an der Praxis der Wirtschaft zu orientieren.

"When introduced in the late 1840s, telegraphy quickly increased the speed of political communication. Financial and business interests formed around the technology, as did innovations in newspapers, news wire services, and public relations. Diplomacy changed, too, with the telegraph. Political parties and other organizations began to use the cable as a tool for organizing and coordinating political action.

GERMAN / DEUTSCH - Die Telegrafie war das "Viktorianische Internet": Sie steigerte ab 1850 rasant das Tempo der politischen Kommunikation.
Schlagwörter: Börse, Diplomatie, Emser Depesche, Finanzmärkte, Internet, Interessenvertretung, Kaiser-Attentate, Krimkrieg, Lobby, Nachrichtenagentur, Nationalversammlung, Netzpolitik, Paulskirche, Pressearbeit, Pressefreiheit, Preußen, Sozialistengesetz, Telegrafie, Telekommunikation, Zeitungen, Zensur
Organisationen: Erste Internationale, Haupttelegrafenamt, Rotes Kreuz, SPD
Unternehmen: Agence France-Presse (AFP), Associated Press, Deutsche Telekom, Havas, Reuters, Siemens, Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau (WTB)
Personen: August Bebel, Otto von Bismarck, Charles Havas, Friedrich Wilhelm IV., Karl Marx, Samuel Morse, Napoleon III., Florence Nightingale, Julius Paul Reuter, Werner Siemens, Eduard von Simson, Alfred Vail, Bernhard Wolff
Publikationen: National-Zeitung"

"During the 1881 national elections in Imperial Germany, the National Liberal party met a disaster. The once strong and dominating party lost parliamentary seats by the dozens. One notable exception was a Black Forest constituency, where business entrepreneur Ferdinand Sander stood and won against all odds. The article explains and explores a 19th century colored engraving which documents the campaign and culture of provincial politics.

GERMAN/DEUTSCH - Bei der Reichstagswahl 1881 knickten den Nationalliberalen die Wahlkreise weg wie Strohhalme. Aber im Schwarzwald boxte sich ein Kandidat gegen den Trend durch.

Schlagwörter: Baden, Kirche, Kulturkampf, Interessenvertretung, Lobby, Protektionismus, Schutzzollpolitik, Reden, Reichstagswahl, Rhetorik, Sozialpolitik, Tabak, Tabakmonopol, Versammlungen, Wahlkampf, Wahlkreis,Wahlrecht
Organisationen: Nationalliberale Partei, Reichstag, Zentrum
Unternehmen: Lotzbeck
Personen: Otto von Bismarck, Fritz Reiß, Ferdinand Sander"

"German emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II, indulged in traveling. One of the most-traveled monarchs of the turn of the century, he rode automobiles, trains, yachts and ships, crisscrossing Germany, Europe, and even the Near and Middle East, specifically Turkey, Syria, Palestine, and the Holy Land's Jerusalem. His travels were employed in political communication strategies by the government, instrumentalizing the mass media. However, not all communication factors could be controlled during such travels -- with the Kaiser himself often spinning out of control. His travels also had important policy and diplomacy functions.

GERMAN/DEUTSCH Wilhelm II. galt als "Reisekaiser", seine Touren bedienten die Medienlogik wie nie zuvor. Doch sie lösten auch Krisen aus.
Schlagwörter: Bagdadbahn, Daily Telegraph Affäre, Damaskusrede, Diplomatie, Dschihad, Eisenbahn, Fotografie, Hunnenrede, Islam, Osmanisches Reich, Palästina, Palästinareise, Reden, Reisekaiser, Reisen, Rhetorik, Weltkrieg
Organisationen: Auswärtiges Amt, Hofmarschallamt, „Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient (NfO)
Unternehmen: Borsig, Deutsche Bank, Krupp, Philipp Holzmann, Thomas Cook
Personen: Abdülhamid II., Christopher Clark, Thomas Cook, Theodor Herzl, Martin Kohlrausch, Max von Oppenheim, Eberhard Straub, Frank Wedekind, Wilhelm II.
Publikationen: Alldeutsche Blätter, Daily Chronicle, El-Dschihad, Le Figaro, Le Petit Journal, Simplicissimus"

" During World War I, the German Empire very successfully financed the war effort through nine war bond drives. These campaigns quickly modernized and professionalized government public relations, combining civilian, commercial / banking, and military communication. Among the techniques were poster art, print advertising, documentary film, entertainment film and animated cartoons, as well as public events and demonstrations.

Also available at http://www.politik-kommunikation.de/ressorts/artikel/ohne-helden-kein-sieg-ohne-geld-kein-krieg

In den neun Kampagnen für Kriegsanleihen (1914–18) durchlief die deutsche Staats-PR eine schnelle Modernisierung.
Schlagwörter: Film, Fundraising, Haushalt, Kriegsanleihen, Plakat, Plebiszit, Reichstagswahl, Schulen, Spenden, Staatsschulden, Weltkrieg, Werbung, Zeichentrick
Organisationen: Bild- und Film-Amt (Bufa), Nachrichtenbüro für die Kriegsanleihe, Reichsbank, Reichstag
Unternehmen: Universum Film-AG (Ufa)
Personen: Lucian Bernhard, Hartwig Gebhardt, Karl Helfferich, Paul von Hindenburg, Jette Kilian, Erich von Ludendorff, Ulrike Oppelt, Henny Porten, Julius Pinschewer, Anne Schmidt"

This study resumes elements of pioneering research initially conducted in Internet addiction and dependency (Thompson, 1996). Further study of Internet phenomena over the 15 years since, has taken the author into the realm of iconic mediated messaging as a struggle between global media, terrorism, and the viewer (Thompson, 2010). Having grown in access and privilege within the consumer Web -- initial concerns over usage and expectations as laid out in 1996 whereby Internet addiction and dependency were determined to be more along the lines of investment and empowerment vs. self-destructive habit -- the maturation process from initial usage to full-fledged Internet literacy has been fraught with obstacles, yet with deep reward.

As a scholar well-versed in interdisciplinarity and cybercultures, and having moved away from the fears of Internet addiction to the reality of empowerment, one recognizes a plethora of reasons why Internet literacy has molded scholarship and individual into a new creation of cybernetic origin: cyberspace provides and subscribes opportunity for humans to communicate as more than the sum of their parts. In the process of literacy change and alteration over this time period, there has also been adjustment in the cyber network, which has been fed both the good and bad that humanity has been able to conjure and upload: a vast, endless, exponential archive of every human conception.

What have we learned in the last 15 or so years as a species interacting with the virtual species that has seemingly aligned itself with our purposes and future, a future that has taken on the permanent persona of an ever-presence in which we are? This study evaluates emerging information literacy trends, the media, and individual participatory freedoms and consequences that confront those trends within the Internet.