Reflectivity

Annual sequences of the first reprocessed albedo, bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), and nadir BRDF-adjusted surface reflectance (NBAR) products are being evaluated. BRDF model parameters (or weights) are used to compute black sky albedo at local solar noon and white sky albedo and to compute surface reflectance at a common nadir geometry. In addition to these standard resolution albedo, BRDF, and NBAR products, which are provided in the integerized sinusoidal grid projection, the BRDF parameters, black sky albedos (at local solar noon), and white sky albedos are now also being operationally produced in a global geographic projection known as the Climate Modeling Grid (CMG). These are currently available at a 0.25 degree spatial resolution, although there is community interest in a 0.05 degree resolution. In addition to the operational CMGs, coarser 0.5 degree and 1 degree resolution versions of the reprocessed albedo data have also been produced for the ISLSCP-II initiative. The global distribution of these albedos (as they vary throughout the year) are presented, as well as discussions of the most recent evaluations of the quality of the standard products.

Reflective practice is a concept used in education studies, social work, psychology and management.  It was introduced by Donald Schön in his two books (The Reflective Practitioner in 1983, Educating the Reflective Practitioner in 1987). Schön proposed an alternative epistemology of learning in practice - acquiring professional knowledge from tradition and experience rather than from science.
In education, the term refers to the process of studying by the educator his or her own teaching methods and determining what works best for students.
Reflective practitioner has several attributes. They are: tacit knowledge, reflection in action, reflection on action. Tacit knowledge is a knowledge that we have, when we are doing something automatically and intuitively. Reflecting in action occurs, when we are consciously evaluate and make changes on our action during our activities. Reflection on action is made from a time perspective.






Refleksyjna praktyka jest zagadnieniem używanym w pedagogice, pracy socjalnej, psychologii oraz zarządzaniu. Pojęcie to zostało wprowadzony przez Donalda Schöna w jego dwóch książkach (Refleksyjny Praktyk w 1983 roku, Edukacja Refleksyjnego Praktyka w 1987). Schön przedstawił alternatywną epistemologię nauki, która polegała na nabywaniu wiedzy zawodowej z praktyki i doświadczenia, a nie z wyników tradycyjnych badań empirycznych
W dziedzinie edukacji refleksyjna praktyka odnosi się do procesu samodzielnego badania własnych metody pracy przez nauczania oraz ustalenia przez niego tego co najlepsze dla uczniów.

Refleksyjny praktyk posiada kilka atrybutów. Są to: wiedza ukryta, refleksja w działaniu, refleksji na temat działania. Wiedzy ukryta jest stosowana wówczas kiedy robimy coś automatycznie i intuicyjnie. Refleksja w działania występuje wtedy, świadomie oceniamy nasze postępowanie i dokonujemy w nim modyfikacji podczas jego trwania. Refleksje na temat działania odbywa się z pewnej perspektywy czasowej.

"Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir a emergência da hermenêutica, desde sua versão clássica à virada ontológica que surge a partir do romantismo e idealismo alemão, com foco no debate que se estabeleceu durante uma década entre Hans-Georg Gadamer e Jürgen Habermas. Gadamer nos fala de uma verdade que não pode ser verificada através de uma metodologia científica, a verdade que aparece através da experiência, seja da filosofia, da arte ou da história. Já Habermas tece uma crítica à pretensão de universalidade da hermenêutica gadameriana afirmando que, apesar de a compreensão hermenêutica ser um passo importante para a compreensão, ele não pode ser o último. Teria que haver a possibilidade de crítica, de reflexibilidade.

Hermenêutica clássica; Hermenêutica filosófica; Virada ontológica; Reflexibilidade

This article aims to discuss the emergence of hermeneutics, since its classic version to the ontological turn that arises from the Romanticism and German Idealism, with a focus in the debate that was established over a decade between Hans-Georg Gadamer and Jürgen Habermas. Gadamer tells us about a truth that cannot be verified by a scientific methodology, the truth that comes through experience, provided by philosophy, art or history. Habermas criticizes the claim to universality of hermeneutics from Gadamer stating that although the hermeneutic understanding is an important step to comprehension it cannot be the last one. Would there be the possibility of critique, of reflexivity.

Keywords: Classic hermeneutics; Philosophical hermeneutics; Ontological turn; Reflectivity."

A unique dataset consisting of high-resolution polarimetric radar measurements and dense rain gauge and disdrometer observations collected in east-central Florida during the summer of 1998 was examined. Comparison of the radar measurements and radar parameters computed from the disdrometer observations supported previous studies, which indicate that oscillating drops in the free atmosphere have more spherical apparent shapes in the mean than equilibrium shapes. Radar-disdrometer comparisons improved markedly when using an empirical axis ratio relation developed from observational studies and representing more spherical drop shapes. Fixedform power-law rainfall estimators for radar reflectivity (Z H), specific differential phase (K DP), specific differential phase-differential reflectivity (K DP , Z DR), and radar reflectivity-differential reflectivity (Z H , Z DR) were then determined using the disdrometer observations. Relations were produced for both equilibrium shapes and the empirical axis ratios. Polarimetric rainfall estimators based on more spherical shapes gave significantly improved performance. However, the improvement was largely in bias mitigation. Rainfall estimates with the Z H-Z DR measurement pair had the highest correlation with rain gauge observations, the smallest range in bias factors from storm to storm, and the smallest root-mean-square error.

Abstruct-Using optical interaction coefficients typical of mammalian soft tissues in the red and near infrared regions of the spectrum, calculations of fluence-depth distributions, effective penetration depths and diffuse reflectance from two models of radiative transfer, diffusion theory, and Monte Carlo simulation are compared for a semi-infinite medium. The predictions from diffusion theory are shown to be increasingly inaccurate as the albedo tends to zero andlor the average cosine of scatter tends to unity.

We propose a unification framework for three-dimensional shape reconstruction using physically based models. A variety of 3D shape reconstruction techniques have been developed in the past two decades, such as shape from stereopsis, from shading, from texture gradient, and from structured lighting. However, the lack of a general theory that unifies these shape reconstruction techniques into one framework hinders the effort of a synergistical image interpretation scheme using multiple sensors/information sources. Most shape-from-X techniques use an “observable” (e.g., the stereo disparity, intensity, or texture gradient) and a model, which is based on specific domain knowledge (e.g., the triangulation principle, reflectance function, or texture distortion equation) to predict the observable, in 3D shape reconstruction. We show that all these “observable–prediction-model” types of techniques can be incorporated into our framework of energy constraint on a flexible, deformable image frame. In our algorithm, if the observable does not confirm to the predictions obtained using the corresponding model, a large “error” potential results. The error potential gradient forces the flexible image frame to deform in space. The deformation brings the flexible image frame to “wrap” onto the surface of the imaged 3D object. Surface reconstruction is thus achieved through a “package wrapping” or a “shape deformation” process by minimizing the discrepancy in the observable and the model prediction. The dynamics of such a wrapping process are governed by the least action principle which is physically correct. A physically based model is essential in this general shape reconstruction framework because of its capability to recover the desired 3D shape, to provide an animation sequence of the reconstruction, and to include the regularization principle into the theory of surface reconstruction.

Over the past three years Stanford University's 1200 acre Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve has been overflown by NASA' s Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) These images have been used to study the phenological behaviour of dominant vegetation communities found on this site in terms of three parameters which are indicators of phenologic status: (1) red edge spectral position (2) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and moisture stress index .

In order to measure the D structure of a number of objects a comparably new technique in computer vision exists, namely time of flight (TOF) cameras. The overall principle is rather easy and has been applied using sound or light for a long time in all kind of sonar and lidar systems. However in this approach one uses modulated light waves and receives the signals by a parallel pixel array structure. Out of the travelling time at each pixel one can estimate the depth structure of a distant object. The technique requires measuring the intensity differences and ratios of several pictures with extremely high accuracy; therefore one faces in practice rather high noise levels. Object features as reflectance and roughness influence the measurement results. This leads to partly high noise levels with variances dependent on the illumination and material parameters. It can be shown that a reciprocal relation between the variance of the phase and the squared amplitude of the signals exists. On...

This paper presents a methodology to analyze time-series data from Hyperion to study seasonal vegetation dynamics on the Guánica Dry Forest in Puerto Rico. Unmixing analysis is performed over ten near-cloud-free Hyperion images collected in different months in 2008. Abundance maps and endmembers estimated from the unmixing procedure are used to analyze the seasonal changes in the forest. Results from the analysis are compared with published knowledge of the Guanica Forest phenology.

We have used chemical deposition of copper complex solution to prepare CuO thin films on commercial fiberglass. The deposition of copper oxides was done in a beaker using a solution of thiosulfatocuprate (I) as precursor and NaOH as a film conditioner. In order to establish a correlation between experimental conditions and the produced copper species, as well as the film quality, the as deposited and annealed samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, visible spectrophotometry and atomic force microscopy. The most important result is that a Cu O 80-nm film can be obtained directly with a short immersion 2 of fiberglass into the copper solution. The film growth of this copper phase occurred in w111x and w200x directions. Moreover, this phase is converted to CuO by annealing at 375 8C. ᮊ

We describe the performance of a bulk micromachined deformable mirror coated with a dielectric stack for adaptive optics applications with high power lasers. A reflectance of greater than 99.9% was measured and the mirror had a residual static aberration of less than 90 rim mis primarily in astigmatism. A thermally induced distortion of 71 nm R]VIS was observed for an incident intensity of 300 W/cm2 and an average power of 57W. The multi-layer coated deformable mirror survived over half a billion cycles without degradation and survived for 30 hours with 36 W cw 1064 nm laser light. In addition, the thermally induced distortion with 22 W of average laser power (350 W/cm2) was reduced from 88 nmto 31 nmrms.

Fog is a significant factor affecting the Air Traffic Control (ATC). Significant limitations of the airport capacity are due to fog that causes the reduction of the visibility (Runway Visual Range, RVR). Today METAR (Meteorological Aviation Report

The ultimate goal of pattern recognition systems in remote sensing is to achieve the best possible classification performance for recognition of different objects such as buildings, roads and trees. From a scientific perspective, the extraction of roads in complex environments is one of the challenging issues in photogrammetry and computer vision, since many tasks related to automatic scene interpretation are involved. Roads have homogeneous reflectivity in LIDAR intensity and the same height as bare surface in elevation. Proposed method in this paper is based on combining multiple classifiers (MCS) is one of the most important topics in pattern recognition to achieve higher accuracy. Majority Voting and Selective Naive Bays are two methods that used for fusion of classifiers.

Thermal energy generated by radio-frequency current or other means may be employed in treating liver tumors by means of thermal coagulation when conventional resection is impossible. Currently, these thermal energy-based therapeutic procedures suffer from the lack of an adequate feedback control system, making it difficult to determine the optimal therapeutic endpoint. In this study, the potential of optical spectroscopy to provide such an objective endpoint for these procedures is presented.

A fuzzy feature of weather radar echo was introduced as the measurement of horizontal texture of echo image, and the local mean of the second lowest level was taken as the measurement of vertical echo scale. An algorithm of weather radar base reflectivity noise filtering was proposed based on Support Vector Machine (SVM). The results show that the echoes of non-precipitation such as ground clutter (GC), clear sky, abnormal propagation (AP) can be removed effectively, especially for the mixing echoes of precipitation and non-precipitation coexisted together, the algorithm works pretty well to identify the two kinds of echoes that mean different weathers.

The potential of using remote sensing for the detection of chlorophyll-a (CHL) , dissolved organic matter ( D O M ) , and suspended matter ( S M ) concentrations in coastal and inland waters was investigated using measurements of (ir)radiance spectra along with simultaneous earth-reference 'data. The range of CHL was 0.1 to 350pg/l, S M was 0.1 to 43 mg/l, and D M absorption at the 380 nm was 0.1 to 10 -' . Factor and signature analysis reveal allometric relationships between constituent concentrations and functions Appropriate functions of R were found. an$ Z~om=(R(480)+k[R(700~/R(675) 3 )/R(630).

La formation des travailleurs sociaux est confrontée, aujourd'hui, à des défis importants, en lien avec l'évolution de la profession, des réalités rencontrées, et des politiques sociales qui l'orientent et la régulent. Ces évolutions s'inscrivent, on le perçoit de plus en plus, dans des transformations profondes de nos sociétés, et de leur cohésion. De nombreuses questions se posent, quand aux orientations des métiers du social dans ce contexte, et aux qualifications ou compétences qu'ils nécessitent. Qu'est-ce que le « professionnalisme » aujourd'hui ? Qu'implique-t-il comme type de formation ?

This research study is about the way pre-service English language teachers’ levels of reflectivity, proposed by Van Manen, give an account of the construction of their identity as language teachers during their pedagogical practicum in a BA program of English Language Teaching at a private university in Bogota, Colombia. This study follows the principles of narrative research to explore the way the participants live their pedagogical practicum experience. Data were collected from the participants’ reflective journals and audio-recorded semi-structured interviews. Findings reveal that pre-service English language teachers possess a level of reflectivity, although they are unaware of it at the beginning of their pedagogical practicum. Thus, their identities as language teachers are constructed depending on the context, the people that are around them, and the specific time; hence, the levels of reflectivity as proposed by Van Manen are set in an incognito manner.

The spectral range of 50 to 115 nm in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) is characterized by the high absorption and low normal incidence reflectance of most materials, which make difficult the development of high reflectance multilayer mirrors at normal incidence angles. The availability of efficient mirrors would have a great impact on the performance of EUV space telescopes and other

The amplitude and phase representation of classic electromagnetic waves is used to model light propagating through a stratified medium, with a continuous refractive index profile. This medium is assumed to be isotropic, non magnetic, electrically neutral, transparent, dielectric, with a linear response, but letting the electric permittivity vary along the z direction. No approximations regarding a slowly or strongly varying refractive index, compared to the wavelength, are made. This is particularly convenient when the refractive index varies on a wavelength scale. The case of a thin film at normal incidence is studied for various thicknesses and interface ranges. The corresponding nonlinear amplitude differential equation is numerically solved. The amplitude oscillations are construed in terms of counter-propagating waves and the film's reflectivity is evaluated.

This paper expands our previous numerical studies predicting the optical properties of highly ordered mesoporous thin films from two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures with cylindrical pores to threedimensional (3D) structures with spherical pores. Simple, face centered, and body centered cubic lattices of spherical pores and hexagonal lattice of cylindrical pores were considered along with various pore diameters and porosities. The transmittance and reflectance were numerically computed by solving 3D Maxwell's equations for transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarized waves normally incident on the mesoporous thin films. The effective optical properties of the films were determined by an inverse method. Reflectance of 3D cubic mesoporous thin films was found to be independent of polarization, pore diameter, and film morphology and depended only on film thickness and porosity. By contrast, reflectance of 2D hexagonal mesoporous films with cylindrical pores depended on pore shape and polarization. The unpolarized reflectance of 2D hexagonal mesoporous films with cylindrical pores was identical to that of 3D cubic mesoporous films with the same porosity and thickness. The effective refractive and absorption indices of 3D films show good agreement with predictions by the 3D Maxwell-Garnett and nonsymmetric Bruggeman effective medium approximations, respectively.

Most natural images span a large range of luminance values, often a thousand-to-one and sometimes a million-to-one (Heckaman & Fairchild, 2009). This luminance range must be mapped by the visual system onto a scale of perceived gray shades (called lightness) with a range of roughly thirty-to-one (90% to 3% reflectance). For the painter who wants to represent this scene on a canvas, the challenge is a bit different. The high-range scene must be represented using pigments with a range of only thirty-to-one. Let's begin with vision. Even without a high range in the scene, understanding the mapping of luminance onto lightness has proven elusive. But we can think of the problem as having two parts: Anchoring and scaling.

This paper describes how operational radar, satellite and lightning data may be used in conjunction with numerical weather model data to provide remote detection and diagnosis of atmospheric turbulence in and around thunderstorms. In-cloud turbulence is measured with the NEXRAD Turbulence Detection Algorithm (NTDA) using extensively qualitycontrolled, ground-based Doppler radar data. A real-time demonstration of the NTDA includes generation of a 3-D turbulence mosaic covering the CONUS east of the Rocky Mountains, a web-based display, and experimental uplinks of turbulence maps to en-route commercial aircraft. Near-cloud turbulence is inferred from thunderstorm morphology, intensity, growth rate and environment data provided by (1) satellite radiance measurements, rates of change, winds, and other derived features, (2) lightning strike measurements, (3) radar reflectivity measurements and (4) weather model data. These are combined via a machine learning technique trained using a database of in situ turbulence measurements from commercial aircraft to create a predictive model. This new capability is being developed under FAA and NASA funding to enhance current U.S. and international turbulence decision support systems, allowing rapid-update, highresolution, comprehensive assessments of atmospheric turbulence hazards for use by pilots, dispatchers, and air traffic controllers. It will also contribute to the comprehensive 4-D weather information database for NextGen.

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This paper presents the modeling and characterization of an optical fiber grating for maximum reflectivity. Grating length and change in refractive index are the critical parameters in contributing to the performance of fiber Bragg grating. The wavelength chosen for analysis is from the third window to minimize the attenuation. The reflection spectra, bandwidth and side lobes strength were analyzed with different lengths and change in refractive index. The simulations are based on solving coupled mode equations by transfer matrix method that describes the interaction of guided modes.

Site specific, in situ techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Raman spectroscopy are commonly used to identify pigments on illuminated manuscripts. With both techniques, spectra are usually acquired on visually identified sites thought to be representative of the pigments and mixtures used for the illumination. Such visual inspection may not always ensure an adequate representation of the pigment diversity. Here we report on the application of multispectral (MSI) visible/infrared reflectance and luminescence imaging spectroscopy, along with fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) to help determine and map the primary pigments in a late 14th century miniature on vellum, attributed to Niccolo da Bologna and representing the birth of John the Baptist. XRF analyses of visually selected sites found elements consistent with azurite, ultramarine, vermillion, lead white, "mosaic gold" and yellow earth pigments. Visible/infrared FORS analyses confirmed these assignments and showed evidence for the use of organic dyes. The spectral analysis of the MSI-reflectance images gave distribution maps for these pigments (i.e., regions of azurite, ultramarine, vermillion) along with some indication of pigment layering not identified visually. The luminescence image gave a probable map of the organic dye(s). Images acquired in the near- and shortwave-infrared (NIR and SWIR, 750 to 2400 nm) revealed preparatory sketches and illumination techniques. These results show, like those of a prior study carried out on another 14th century Italian miniature, that the combination of low light multi-spectral imaging spectroscopy with FORS provides improved in situ mapping and identification of pigments on illuminated manuscripts.

Reflective practice is process of inquiry where educators reflect on their setting and think about what they may change. It is about considering how everyday ‘happenings’ shape thinking and influence decision making.  Said to enhance teaching and learning, reflective practice is not a one off process rather a cycle of ongoing learning that occurs when educators take the time to stop and think, even momentarily.

Recent work has shown that laser annealing may have advantages over conventional RTP for nickel silicidation formation, such as lower leakage and better device performance [1, 2]. However, there are a number of requirements that must be met by any millisecond annealing tool to successfully bring this process to a high volume manufacturing environment. Ultratech's new low-temperature LSA system is designed to meet these requirements for middle-of-line processes such as nickel silicidation. Specifically, this system meets the requirements of within-die temperature uniformity, layout-independent processing, and closed-loop temperature control. Supporting data is presented for each of these requirements. Characterization data on blanket NiPt wafers is also presented which shows that a large step size can be used during the rastoring of the laser beam over across the wafer, enabling a production-worthy throughput of 70wph to be achieved by LSA.

Spectral characterization involves building a model that relates the device dependent representation to the reflectance function of the printed color, usually represented with a high number of reflectance samples at different wavelengths. Look-up table-based approaches, conventionally employed for colorimetric device characterization cannot be easily scaled to multispectral representations, but methods for the analytical description of devices are required. The article describes an innovative analytical printer model based on the Yule-Nielsen Spectral Neugebauer equation and formulated with a large number of degrees of freedom in order to account for dot-gain, ink interactions, and printer driver operations. To estimate our model's parameters we use genetic algorithms. No assumption is made concerning the sequence of inks during printing, and the printers are treated as RGB devices (the printer-driver operations are included in the model). We have tested our characterization method, which requires only about 130 measurements to train the learning algorithm, on four different inkjet printers, using different kinds of paper and drivers. The test set used for model evaluation was composed of 777 samples, uniformly distributed over the RGB color space.

In recent years, many methods have been proposed for the spectral-based characterization of inkjet printers. To our knowledge, the majority of these are based on a physical description of the printing process, employing different strategies to deal with mechanical dot gain and the physical interaction among inks. But our experience tells us that as printing is a physical process involving a large number of effects and unpredictable interactions, it is not unusual to be unable to fit a mathematical model to a given printer. The question becomes, therefore, whether it is feasible, and to what degree, to employ an analytical printer model even if it appears to be incapable of describing the behavior of a given device. A key objective of our work is to obtain a procedure that can spectrally characterize any printer, regardless of the paper and the printer driver used. We consider in fact the printers RGB devices, and incorporate the printer driver operations, even if they are unknown to us, into the analytical model. We report here our experimentation on the use of genetic algorithms to tune a spectral printer model based on the Yule-Nielsen modified Neugebauer equation. In our experiments we have considered three different inkjet printers and used different kinds of paper and printer drivers. For each device the printer model has been tuned, using a genetic algorithm, on a data set of some 150 measured reflectance spectra. The test set used for model evaluation was composed of 777 samples, uniformly distributed in the RGB color space.

Labellum micromorphology was imaged via scanning electron and light microscopy in 32 microspecies and one artificial hybrid of the European terrestrial orchid genus Ophrys, together representing all ten macrospecies circumscribed in the genus via molecular phylogenetics. Imaging of homologous regions of the adaxial surface, paying particular attention to the diagnostic feature of the comparatively reflective speculum, revealed the presence of between three and seven epidermal cell types on each labellum, the less complex labella being plesiomorphic. Epidermal protuberances range from short, domed papillae to long, twisted unicellular filaments. Multiple origins are inferred for pale labellar margins, large yellow appendices (both putative osmophores exuding pseudopheromones), broad flat labella and long lateral horns. Homoplasy in the speculum is manifested in unusually complex or simple outlines and the presence or absence of a pale margin or iridescence. The reflectivity of the speculum is caused by a combination of chemical and physical colour, whereas iridescence can be caused only by physical properties. The specula of most microspecies studied bear striated trichomes, albeit maturing comparatively late in ontogeny and being sufficiently narrow to allow light to reach the flat polygonal trichome bases. Reflectivity appears to be negatively correlated with the convexity and degree of cuticular corrugation shown by these epidermal cells. Two clades (the Speculum + Tenthredinifera + Bombyliflora group and Bertolonii subgroup of the Sphegodes group) have lost specular trichomes and include the most iridescent species; their flat, polygonal, nonstriated cells resemble those observed on the paired pseudoeyes that bracket the stigmas of all Ophrys except the Fusca group. The smooth thick-layered cuticle and dense layers of organelles and starch bodies revealed by preliminary transmission electron microscopy study provide alternative candidates for the primary reflective surface of the speculum; in contrast, the trichomes and conical cells that dominate Ophrys labella, and occur on the specula of all but the most reflective species, absorb and/or diffuse light. Multiple MYB family genes are hypothesized to control epidermal micromorphology. The relative contributions of olfactory, visual and tactile cues to the sophisticated pseudocopulatory pollination mechanism that characterizes Ophrys remain unclear, but the degree of reproductive isolation achieved, and thus the speciation rate, have certainly been greatly exaggerated by most observers.

هدف البحث الحالى إلى التعرف على العلاقة بين الضغوط الاكاديمية والأسلوب المعرفي التروي / الاندفاع لدي التلاميذ ذوى صعوبات التعلم فى المرحلة الابتدائية حيث  تكونت العينة من (13 متروى ، 10 مندفع) تلميذ وتلميذة من ذوى صعوبات التعلم و وتراوحت أعمارهم من 8 أعوام و11 شهراً الى 11 عام وشهرا ، وكانت الأدوات المستخدمة فى هذا البحث اختبار رافن للمصفوفات المتتابعة ، مقياس بندر جشطلت البصري الحركي ، استمارة المسح السريع، اختبار القراءة الصامتة ، مقياس الضغوط الأكاديمية ، اختبار تزاوج الأشكال المألوفة لأطفال المدرسة الابتدائية للتعرف على التلاميذ المندفعين والمترووين حيث أظهرت النتائج أنه توجد علاقة ذات دلالة إحصائية بين مستوى الضغوط الأكاديمية و الأسلوب المعرفى الاندفاع /التروى لدى التلاميذ ذوى صعوبات التعلم،لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطي رتب درجات الذكور والإناث على مقياس الضغوط الاكاديمية، توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطي رتب درجات المندفعين والمتروين على مقياس الضغوط الاكاديمية.

The characteristics of ring resonator based optical mirrors are numerically evaluated. The mirrors are optimized to provide high reflection in the passband. A design procedure is outlined that relates the required coupling to the bandwidth and reflection coefficient. The effect of waveguide loss on the transmission and reflection performance is computed. Emphasis is placed on group delay and dispersion in lossy devices.

This article explores the complex positioning of Jeanne-Justine Fouqueau de
Pussy (J.J.), editor-in-chief and columnist for the long-running Journal des
Demoiselles (1833–96), vis-à-vis the dominant ideology of the feminine in
nineteenth-century France. From 1833 to her retirement in 1853, J.J., a selfsupporting
and mature divorcée living alone, presented herself as a jeune
fille who lived at home with her parents and corresponded about the latest
fashions and trends with an anonymous and imaginary reader. This article
argues that, in spite of the journal’s markedly conservative tenor as a vehicle
for promoting respectable femininity and its explicit aim to prepare young
girls for bourgeois marriage, the columns of its principal spokeswoman can
be read as the expression of an alternative agenda centred in female sociability
and autonomy. Analysing fashion plates and sewing patterns alongside
sample columns from the twenty-year span of J.J.’s ‘Correspondance’, the
article traces the idea of literal and figurative ‘reflectivity’ to investigate J.J.’s
mixing of surface and subtextual messages.

In order to meet the goals of the Department of Defense (DoD) for smaller and more accurate weapons, the Munitions Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/RW) has numerous projects investigating the miniaturization of weapons and munition fuze components. One of these efforts is to characterize the performance of small detonators. The velocity of the flyer, the key component needed to initiate a detonation sequence, can be measured using a photonic Doppler velocimeter (PDV).

In this paper, a comparison is made through evaluating the withinand between-class species variability for the original, the first derivative and second derivative spectra. For each, the experiment was conducted (i) over the entire electromagnetic spectrum (EMS), (ii) the visible (VIS) region, (iii) the near infrared (NIR) region, (iv) the short wave infrared (SWIR) region, (v) using band selection, for example, best 10, 20, 30 and 65 bands selected, through linear stepwise discriminant analysis (vi) using sequential selection of bands, for example, every 5th, 9th, 15th, 19th or 25th band selected and (vii) spectral degradation of the spectral bands by averaging the reflectance values for every 5th, 9th, 15th, 19th or 25th band. We concluded that for this data set, there are important bands from the original spectra, the first and second derivative spectra and from various regions of the EMS (VIS, NIR, SWIR) that is important for species separability. Furthermore, there did not seem to be any decrease in species separability, for this data set, by degrading the spectral bands through averaging the reflectance. This implies that hyperspectral (high spectral) measurements did not prove useful in species separability compared to lower spectral resolution data.

Spectral albedo may be derived from atmospherically corrected, cloud-cleared multiangular reflectance observations through the inversion of a bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model and angular integration. This paper outlines an algorithm suitable for this task that makes use of kernel-based BRDF models. Intrinsic land surface albedos are derived, which may be used to derive actual albedo by taking into account the prevailing distribution of diffuse skylight. Spectral-to-broadband conversion is achieved using band-dependent weighting factors. The validation of a suitable BRDF model, the semiempirical Ross-Li (reciprocal RossThick-LiSparse) model and its performance under conditions of sparse angular sampling and noisy reflectances are discussed, showing that the retrievals obtained are generally reliable. The solar-zenith angle dependence of albedo may be parameterized by a simple polynomial that makes it unnecessary for the user to be familiar with the underlying BRDF model. The algorithm given is that used for the production of a BRDF/albedo standard data product from NASA's EOS-MODIS sensor, for which an at-launch status is provided. Finally, the algorithm is demonstrated on combined AVHRR and GOES observations acquired over New England, from which solar zenith angle-dependent albedo maps with a nominal spatial resolution of 1 km are derived in the visible band. The algorithm presented may be employed to derive albedo from space-based multiangular measurements and also serves as a guide for the use of the MODIS BRDF/albedo product.

Our report concerning advanced imaging and interpretation technology includes the development of theory, the implementation of laboratory experiments and the verification of results using field data. We investigated a reflectivity model for porous fluid-saturated reservoirs and demonstrated that the frequency-dependent component of the reflection coefficient is asymptotically proportional to the reservoir fluid mobility. We also analyzed seismic data using different azimuths and offsets over physical models of fractures filled with air and water. By comparing our physical model synthetics to numerical data we have identified several diagnostic indicators for quantifying the fractures. Finally, we developed reflectivity transforms for predicting pore fluid and lithology using rock-property statistics from 500 reservoirs in both the shelf and deepwater Gulf of Mexico. With these transforms and seismic AVO gathers across the prospect and its down-dip water-equivalent reservoir, fluid saturation can be estimated without a calibration well that ties the seismic. Our research provides the important additional mechanisms to recognize, delineate, and validate new hydrocarbon reserves and assist in the development of producing fields.

We have designed and grown a resonant, lowfinesse quantum-dot saturable absorber mirror and subsequently modified the important parameters using chemical etching. The modulation depth and saturation fluence at the design wavelength of 1064 nm were modified by etching the sample to tune the cavity resonance. The device properties were characterised using normal incidence spectroscopic reflectivity measurements, intensity dependent reflectivity measurements and modelled using a transfer matrix approach. The saturable absorber mirror was used to facilitate self-starting, passively mode locked pulses in a neodymium vanadate laser operating at 1064 nm. The etching was found to affect the duration of the pulses, leading to temporal width tuning over a range of 94 ps. The shortest pulse duration of 84 ps was achieved for the cavity resonance close to 1064 nm, with an output power of 3 W. This method is an effective technique for post-growth engineering of the properties of semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAMs) with nanometre precision.

Les campagnes océanographiques SEDIFAN (1997) réalisées par IFREMER sur la marge continentale celtique ont permis de reconnaitre et de caractériser le fan sousmarin profond celtique entre 4200 m et 4800 m de profondeur d'eau. La confrontation de deux types de données acoustiques (sondeur multifaisceaux EM12 à 13 Khz et le sondeur monofaisceau à 3,5 Khz) acquises lors de ces missions, avec les sédiments prélevés lors des carottages, permet d'établir dans la plupart des cas une bonne corrélation entre la nature lithologique des fonds et la réflectivité acoustique. Cependant il existe des cas où cette correspondance ne semble pas réalisée. Une explication possible pourrait résider dans l'état de consolidation de ces sédiments influençant la vitesse de propagation du son dans le sédiment, donc la pénétration du signal, et consécutivement la quantité de signal rétrodiffusé. Abs tract: The Sedifan cruises (1997) allowed us to acquire several kinds of acoustic data on the Celtic margin to recognise and characterize the Celtic deep sea fan, from 4200 m to 4800 m of water depth. We will compare two sets of acoustic data from the RJV L'Âtalante: the EMI2 Dual multibea...'Tl echosounder 03 kHz) data and the hull mounted subbottom profiler (3.5 l<-.Hz) data. The sonar image, giving a planar view of the seafloor, results from the measurement of the backscattering strength (BS in dB .mo2) depending on sediment lithology and physical properties. The echosounder profiler, giving a vertical view of the seafloor, is based on the difference of the sedirnent impedance encountered through deposits interfaces. Good correlation is obtained between backscattering changes on 1i~e EMI2 images and lithology variation on our five cases. But for two of them, neither the lithology nar the sand occurrence observed in cores could explain the acoustic results: the consolidation state and more probably the excess of pore pressure should have a major influence on the collected signal.

Performance measures for quantifying human color constancy and computational color constancy are very different. The former relate to measurements on individual object colors whereas the latter relate to the accuracy of the estimated illuminant. To bridge this gap, we propose a psychophysical method in which observers judge the global color fidelity of the visual scene rendered under different illuminants. In each experimental trial, the scene is rendered under three illuminants, two chromatic test illuminants and one neutral reference illuminant. Observers indicate which of the two test illuminants leads to better color fidelity in comparison to the reference illuminant. Here we study multicolor scenes with chromatic distributions that are differently oriented in color space, while having the same average chromaticity. We show that when these distributions are rendered under colored illumination they lead to different perceptual estimates of the color fidelity.

In this paper, we present a comparative simulation and evaluation of digital cameras using spectroscopy, colorim e- try and photogrammetry. Here, we compare the output of commercially available cameras to that yielded using the CIE-1931 colour standard and the colour matching func- tions proposed by Stiles and Burch (14). We present a method to estimate the colour yielded by trichromatic