Residential Child Care

This paper deals with the contact and relationship youth have with staff while in care and after emancipation and examines the young adults' needs in contacting staff after leaving care. The study was conducted through 60 interviews with young adults ages 21–26 who emancipated from residential settings in Israel. Results showed that most youth report having had a meaningful staff member in care and that 62% were in contact with staff after their transition to independent living for both emotional and practical needs that could not always be answered by staff. One of the study's conclusions is that despite their departure staff's relationship with these young adults continues informally years after. However, without formal recognition of the place staff have in the lives of aged-out youth, no resources are invested in training them to properly meet the young adults' needs. The discussion highlights the need for an integrative approach that sees residential settings and staff as a meaningful part in the continuity from care to independent living by supporting aged-out youth's gradual transition to adult life.

Maltreated and child welfare-involved youth are over-represented in juvenile justice systems. These youth are at a greater risk of serious offending and justice system entrenchment relative to their non-maltreated peers. Understanding gender differences in the pathways to justice involvement and the nature of offending among maltreated children is critical for informing policy and practice. Yet, this body of evidence is fragmented. This scoping review identified and narratively synthesized evidence from studies reporting on gender differences in the individual characteristics, maltreatment experiences, child protection involvement and offending profiles of maltreated youth who offend. A comprehensive search of four databases generated 11,568 publications, from which 180 met the review's inclusion criteria. These primary studies included participants aged 8-21 years with a history of childhood maltreatment and youth offending and reported at least one gendered analysis. Some consistent findings were reported across studies. A greater level of child welfare involvement and maltreatment exposure (particularly sexual abuse and multi-type maltreatment) was found for justice involved girls, relative to boys. Maltreated and child welfareinvolved boys appear more likely to offend than girls, but findings about how gender moderates the maltreatment-offending relationship were inconsistent. Child welfare systems involvement (particularly foster care and residential care) appeared to be an important moderator for girls, and school performance mediated outcomes for boys. Across this body of evidence, few studies accounted for under-reporting of abuse and neglect when using youth self-report measures of maltreatment. Future research is needed which explicitly explores how gender moderates the maltreatment-offending relationship.

Background. Runaway behavior among children in residential care is a serious social problem in all countries of the world. Existing scientific data on risk factors and motives of runaway from out-of-home care may not be absolutely relevant to the Russian cultural context. Objective. To describe risk factors and the motives that cause children to runaway from residential care. Design. A qualitative study that included 2 focus groups with staff and graduates of residential care supplemented by the analysis of 23 cases of child runaways from residential care in St. Petersburg. Results. The study revealed the following runaway risk factors and motives: 1) running to parents or relatives, 2) romantic and/or sexual relations, 3) interaction with peers, 4) psychiatric problems, 5) addictive behavior, 6) avoidance of conflicts, 7) physical or emotional violence, 8) unmotivated runaways for entertainment, 9) problems adapting to the care institution, 10) dissatisfaction with the conditions at the care institution. Moreover, in this study, two different types of runaways have been identified, including relatively " true " runaways and those who are not psychologically experienced as such, but are only disobeying the formal rules of the care institution. Conclusions. Runaways of children from residential care are extremely heterogeneous in nature. In further empirical studies, it should be taken into account that runaways may be true and formal. There can be multiple reasons for running away: the care institution itself, a child's personality, or his or her social network outside of the care institution.

In the United States, thousands of young people reside in private schools aimed at reforming 'troubled teens'. These 'troubled teens' are young people who are considered to have emotional, behavioural and/or substance misuse problems. Therapeutic boarding schools are programmes that combine educational classes and group therapy in a self-contained residential facility that runs year-round. Case study interviews with former US-based therapeutic boarding school students demonstrate the role of sanism, adultism and epistemic injustice in constructing and regulating the 'troubled teen'. The schools' strict structure and surveillance culture could not override students will and their ability to find means to resist. The article's central aim is to centre the perspectives of former students and critique social control of young people in therapeutic boarding schools.

The most common adverse effects that children who grow up in residential care experience include: developmental delays; behavioural problems; attachment disorders; lack of life skills; institutionalisation; and difficulty forming and maintaining healthy relationships. The literature is extremely clear that residential care should be a last resort for children separated from their parents, following family support, community support, and fostering. As such, the literature strongly supports deinstitutionalisation and reintegration of families whenever possible and provision of extra support to families as the best intervention. Evidence shows that many children can recover from problems experienced in residential care when placed in family care environments, although they have incomplete catch-up compared to their never-institutionalised peers. This paper does not review deinstitutionalisation, but instead provides a few examples of interventions which have improved the quality of care in residential homes, as an immediate response or precursor to deinstitutionalisation.

This chapter reviews the use of institutional care for children and young people in the mega-city of Delhi. The situation in Delhi is located within a national overview of India and then the focus moves on to the provision of institutional care services for children and young people by government and non-governmental organisations. While efforts are made to introduce de-institutionalisation and expand family-based care and support for children, demand for services far exceeds capacity to respond. Given the large number of homeless and destitute children, constraints on non-institutional child care and challenges associated with institutional child care, the future is seen to lie in promoting innovative child care practices that blend the rationale of family-based child care with the positive elements of institutional child care.

Immunization protects us from many harmful diseases that can have very serious complications or even cause death. More than 30 million children are unimmunized because of some of the following reasons; unavailability of vaccines, poor health services, misinformation about when and why to bring their children for immunization etc. The main purpose of this project is to develop a computerized system that will transform the vaccination booklet to an immunization Information System Health Centre.
  The project will automate the entire process of immunization at the Teaching hospital by capturing all immunization details. Besides reducing paper work and use of immunization booklet, the system will facilitate better record keeping and enable quick access to immunization records, the system is simple and easy to use. It has functionalities to facilitate registration of children and their parents, scheduling of immunization, searching and data retrieval and report generation. Observation and interviewing are the two methods used for collecting data.
  Tools for data analysis used are DFD’s, flowcharts, Entity Diagram (ED) and Entity Life History (ELH). Development tool is HTML, CSS, Bootstrap, and the database management system are MongoDB. The system is made up of several modules which include: - registration module and immunization module. The major constraints are budget and time constraints and the main risk in this project is the possibility of not meeting the estimated project schedule.

On paper, Romania’s Child Protection System offers a child temporary intervention until they are reintegrated into their biological family, or placed in an adoptive family. In reality, this “temporary intervention” usually lasts until they become an adult. For these children, who cannot be reintegrated into their biological family, their path to adoption is made especially difficult by exaggerated laws, described in this report.

In recent years some of Romania’s adoption laws have been improved; but these improvements are usually ignored at the local level and we suspect that priority may be given to keeping children in the system based on the miniscule rate of adoptability for institutionalized children (only 1.5%).

Kenya has approximately 2.4 million orphans and vulnerable children and it is estimated that 30-45% of these children end up in institutions (Government of Kenya 2014: 4). According to the alternative care guidelines (ibid 2014), children who are most likely to end up in these institutions include: children living with HIV/AIDS, children living with disabilities, orphans and vulnerable children, and children abused, neglected, and exploited. These children live in conditions that would generally be considered difficile. This paper looks beyond the normative discourses of institutionalization by employing a "3-D well-being approach" and a "Long View approach" to understand the underlying factors driving the phenomenon. This paper does not claim the listed factors as the only factors, but offers a different perspective of looking at the issue.

Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Entwicklung der Erziehungs- und Familienberatung in Deutschland in den 25 Jahren seit Inkrafttreten des Kinder- und Jugendhilfegesetzes (KJHG). Insbesondere wird auf den Rechtsanspruch auf Erziehungsberatung, das zentrale Thema Trennung Scheidung, den Ort der Erziehungsberatung zwischen Erziehung und Psychotherapie, das Verhältnis zum Jugendamt sowie die Statistik der Erziehungsberatung und ihren Kontext der anderen Hilfen zur Erziehung eingegangen. In der Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugend- hilferecht (ZKJ) ist eine um Tabellen und Literaturverzeichnis gekürzte Fassung ist erschienen. Die vollständige Textfassung kann hier herunter geladen werden: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281966781_Erziehungsberatung_als_Jugendhilfeleistung_-_Vollstndige_Textfassung

Although neurodisability features significantly across child welfare and youth justice cohorts, little research investigates neurodisability among crossover children with dual systems involvement. This study examined differences in childhood adversity, child protection involvement, and offending among crossover children by neurodisability status. Data were from a sample of 300 children (68% male, 31% female, 1% transgender; mean age = 16.2 years, range 10-21) who were charged and appeared in three Australian children's courts, and who also had statutory child protection involvement in the study jurisdiction. The results indicated that nearly one-half of crossover children had a neurodisability (48%) and this group experienced greater cumulative maltreatment and adversity, earlier out-of-home care entry and offending onset, more caregiver relinquishment and residential care placement, and a greater volume of charges. While substantial differences between specific neurodisabilities were evident, crossover children with any neurodisability had greater odds of having charges related to criminal damage and motor vehicle theft, however they were no more likely to have violent charges relative to other crossover children. The study's findings demonstrated that the prevalence of neurodisability, and child welfare system responses to this phenomenon, contributes to several offending-related trends observed among crossover children.

Institutionalization of children who are deprived of parental care is a thriving phenomenon in the global South, and has generated considerable concern both nationally and internationally, in the last two decades. In Kenya, the number of children growing up in live-in care institutions has been growing ever since the country’s early post-independence years. Although legislative and regulatory measures aimed at child protection have been in place for a number of years now, and the national government appears to be standing by the commitment it expressed in recent times to implement care reform which encompasses de-institutionalization, the national child protection system remains very dependent on institutional care. Against the backdrop of a global and national movement towards de-institutionalization of child care and child protection, in this paper we tease out the range of factors reinforcing Kenya’s over-reliance on live-in institutions as a child care and child protection model. Numerous factors—structural, political, economic, socio-cultural, and legal— contribute to the complexity of the issue. We highlight this complexity, bringing together different angles, while pointing out the interests of the different stakeholders in reinforcing institutional care. We argue that the sustainability, efficiency and effectiveness of the intended change from institutional care to alternative family-based care requires that a root-cause approach be adopted in addressing the underlying child care and child protection issues.

The need for scrutinizing and implementing childcare rights in the SAARC is imperative. It has become quite apparent in recent years, that for children living in non family environments, this may indeed be a preferred care option as laws exist that protect their rights and secure their living situations. However, the institutions are overcrowded and a large number or children await the services. Within South Asia, only a few countries have been able to put in place new laws and guidelines that protect the placement of children in these institutions. However, the implementation of new laws and guidelines does not guarantee a better outcome. What remains to be conducted are sound studies examining the adjustment of children in these homes and the implementation of preventive measures with respect to the violations of children's rights. It is also imperative that the standards of care for caregivers be explored conscientiously to help in the delivery of services to insitutionalised children. Collaborative efforts between different agencies, policy makers and those in charge of such institutions can only ensure that the rights of children are protected and their care is maximized in ever way. This article focuses on one aspect of raising standards and building child protection systems by exploring the existence of best care practices, any existing evidence of replication of such care practices, the ability to monitor and standardize care practices in a facility and the provision of state accountability during these steps. A survey of the research literature and over ten years of experience in the field has informed this article. The process included focus groups discussions and extensive review of related material. The article concludes by identifying certain changes that when implemented in these homes will raise the standards of care.

There is a growing concern in Africa on the growing number of orphanages/ residential care institutions.  And a lot has also been done by developmental psychologists to detail the deleterious effects of institutionalization on children. This paper is not just about the ever increasing number of institutions or just about the deleterious effects, it is about looking at institutional care from a child rights based approach. CRBA in this context encompasses a child centered, participatory and empowering approach utilizing the principles enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (Save the Children 2005: 21). Within this framework, children in institutions are rights-holders, and the government of Kenya is a duty bearer.

Der Beitrag gibt einen Uberblick uber die Entwicklung der Erziehungs- und Familienberatung in Deutschland in den 25 Jahren seit Inkrafttreten des Kinder- und Jugendhilfegesetzes (KJHG). Insbesondere wird auf den Rechtsanspruch auf Erziehungsberatung, das zentrale Thema Trennung und Scheidung, den Ort der Erziehungsberatung zwischen Erziehung und Psychotherapie, das Verhaltnis zum Jugendamt sowie die Statistik der Erziehungsberatung und ihren Kontext der anderen Hilfen zur Erziehung eingegangen. The article gives an overview on the development of child guidance in Germany in the last 25 years since legal validity of the Child and Adolescant Welfare Act. Especially it refers to the legal claim on child guidance, the central theme of divorce, the position of child guidance between education and psychotherapy, the relation to the youth welfare office, the statistics of child guidance und the context of the other assistances in education.

There has been an increasing emphasis on the provision of family-style residential care for children in alternative care globally, the aim of which is to create a family environment for children without parental care. Few studies have explored the dynamics within family-style institutions, particularly the relationships between children and residential care staff. Additionally, family-style settings mimic 'real' families, but few studies have explored how the family in residential care is conceptualised. Using empirical evidence from residential caregivers (n=23) in family-style institutions in Zimbabwe, the article discusses how 'family' is represented in residential care, including the challenges associated with this type of paid, non-biological and temporal 'family' form. Study findings suggest that residential caregivers and children live within a physical space that allows them to enact 'family practices', such as eating together and sharing cultural values. However, the behaviour of the children and the rules of child discipline and child rights affect the extent to which residential caregivers can 'parent' in residential care. This brings into question the 'family' nature of residential care. The study makes recommendations for policy and practice related to child welfare practice in residential care.

The over-representation of children from child protection backgrounds in the youth justice system is a significant and longstanding concern. While the association between child maltreatment and youth offending is established, the pathway of child protection-involved youth to criminal justice outcomes has received little attention. This paper presents selected findings of a detailed case file audit of 300 crossover children appearing before the Victorian Children’s Court in 2016–17.

Findings explore children’s exposure to maltreatment and other adversity, as well as their child protection involvement, co-occurring challenges, offending and sentencing outcomes. The risk factors for earlier and more serious offending are also examined. Results indicate that crossover children present with more serious offending profiles than other court-involved children. The findings emphasise the need to prevent, divert and respond to crossover children’s criminal justice contact.

… ich hätte alles getan, damit ich ja da nicht mehr reinkomme.« Karzer, Besinnungsstübchen, Therapiestation: Räume der Erziehung? FLAVIA GUERRINI »Frau Hammerle brachte mich durch den langen halbdunklen Gang in den Karzer. Nachdem sie mir Haarspangen und Schuhbänder abgenommen hatte, ließ sie mich endlich allein. […] Ich stand am Fenster das durch ein feinmaschiges Gitter verschlossen war. Die Luft war kaum zu atmen, denn das Fenster war nur ein paar Zentimeter geöffnet. Dann legte ich mich auf die Pritsche und dachte wieder einmal, wie so oft in letzter Zeit, über meine hoffnungslose Lage nach. […] Als ich endlich das Grübeln aufgab, betrachtete ich den Isolierraum genauer. Außer dem Eisengestell, dessen Einsatz durchhing wie eine Hängematte, befand sich noch eine Clomuschel mit Deckel im Raum. Sieben Schritte lang und fünf Schritte breit. Trotz der ersehnten Ruhe wurde mir übel bei dem Gedanken, daß hier Mädchen oft tagelang hausten. Das Essen wurde in Blechschüsseln serviert und zu allen Speisen gab es nur einen Löffel. Die Wände waren mit Autogrammen und ordinären Zeichnungen beschmiert.« 1 Diese Beschreibung des Karzers des Landeserziehungsheims St. Martin in Schwaz/Tirol entstammt dem Tagebuch von Eva Birkl. Zu Beginn der 1960er Jahre 1 Eva Birkl (Pseudonym), Tagebuch ca. 1961/62. Die handschriftlichen Notizen aus der Zeit im Erziehungsheim wurden von Eva Birkl einige Jahre nach ihrer Heimunterbringung mit der Schreibmaschine abgetippt. Diese Version ist am Institut für Erziehungswissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck archiviert. Überlegungen zur wissenschaftlichen Nutzung von historischen Ego-Dokumenten finden sich im Beitrag von Christina Antenhofer in diesem Band. Namen und personenbezogene Daten aus mündlichen wie schriftlichen Quellen wurden zum Schutz der Personen hier und in folgenden Quellenzitaten pseudonymisiert bzw. anonymisiert. 118 | FLAVIA GUERRINI war die damals 18 Jahre alte Jugendliche im Heim untergebracht und hielt ihre Eindrücke und Gedanken in einem Tagebuch fest. Nach einem missglückten Suizidversuch war sie in den Karzer gesperrt worden, um -so die Heimleiterin -wieder »halbwegs vernünftig« 2 zu werden. Im Karzer eingesperrt zu sein, beschreibt das Mädchen als ambivalente Erfahrung. Mit der Bemerkung, nun endlich einige Zeit allein in »diesem stillen Raum« sein zu können, verweist sie auf die fehlende Ruhe und Privatsphäre in der Großgruppenunterbringung des Erziehungsheims. Vor diesem Bezugshorizont kann sie der Isolierung auch etwas Angenehmes abgewinnen. Allerdings bringt Eva Birkl auch deutlich zum Ausdruck, dass ihr die Karzerstrafe die Ausweglosigkeit ihrer Situation deutlich vor Augen führt. Ohne Beschäftigung in einer kargen Zelle für eine unbekannte Zeitdauer ausharren zu müssen, machte dem Mädchen seine weitgehende Machtlosigkeit im Kontext des Erziehungsheims besonders bewusst. Vom Karzer, gelegentlich auch als Isolierzelle oder Besinnungsstübchen bezeichnet, erzählen nahezu alle Zeitzeuginnen, die für einen Teil ihrer Jugend im Erziehungsheim St. Martin untergebracht waren und im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes Regime der Fürsorge. Geschichte der Heimerziehung in Tirol und Vorarlberg (1945Vorarlberg ( -1990 interviewt wurden. 3 In oft mehrstündigen biographischnarrativen Interviews erzählten die Interviewpartnerinnen ihre Lebensgeschichte mit Fokus auf die Zeit im Erziehungsheim. 4 Die Erinnerungen an die Karzerstrafe 2 Birkl, Tagebuch (wie Anm. 1). unter der Leitung von Prof. Michaela Ralser durchgeführt (Projekthomepage: https://www.uibk.ac.at/iezw/heimgeschichteforschung/). Insgesamt wurden 48 Interviews mit ZeitzeugInnen geführt. Davon waren 37 selbst als Kind oder Jugendliche in einem Erziehungsheim untergebracht, sechs waren als ErzieherInnen, Heim-oder Schulleitung tätig und fünf weitere waren etwa als JournalistInnen, PraktikantInnen o.ä. mit dem Fürsorgeerziehungssystem konfrontiert. Insgesamt wurden elf Frauen befragt, die einen Teil ihrer Jugend in St. Martin verbringen mussten. 4 Bei biographisch-narrativen Interviews werden die auskunftgebenden Personen durch eine erzählgenerierende Frage zu einer spontanen, freien, autobiographischen Erzählung angeregt, welche einen umfassenden und strukturierten Zugang zur Erfahrungswelt der befragten Personen bieten. Ebenso wenig wie andere Quellen lassen biographischnarrative Interviews Schlüsse auf eine vermeintliche historische Wirklichkeit zu -auch da es sich bei den biographischen Erzählungen immer um Konstruktionsleistungen in der gegenwärtigen Situation handelt -, allerdings enthalten sie mehr als andere Quellen die Sicht der damaligen Kinder und Jugendlichen auf die historische Praxis der Heimerziehung. Zu biographisch-narrativen Interviews vgl. u.a. Fritz Schütze, Biographieforschung und narratives Interview, in: Neue Praxis 13 (1983) 283-293, Gabriele Rosenthal, Erlebte und erzählte Lebensgeschichte. Gestalt und Struktur biographischer Selbstbeschreibung, • »… ICH HÄTTE ALLES GETAN, DAMIT ICH JA DA NICHT MEHR REINKOMME« | 119 und die Verarbeitungsweisen dieser Erfahrung sind dabei unterschiedlich. Sie reichen von einem ambivalenten Erleben der Isolierung bis hin zu Suizidgedanken oder auch Suizidversuchen im Karzer. Bei weitem überwiegt der mit der Strafe verbundene Schrecken: Die Isolierung wird von fast allen Zeitzeuginnen als Gewalterfahrung thematisiert. Wie sehr die Mädchen dem Heim, den Erzieherinnen und der Heimleitung ausgeliefert waren, wurde für sie im Zuge der Karzerstrafen besonders spürbar. Am Beispiel der Karzerräume des Erziehungsheims St. Martin in Schwaz in Tirol soll im Folgenden eine Annäherung an diesen besonderen Raum der Erziehung versucht werden. Wird Erziehung als intentionaler Akt der Zielbestimmung und Planung von Erziehungsschritten und den dazu nötigen Erziehungsmitteln aufgefasst, so können nach Carola Groppe als Erziehungsräume sowohl jene »Räume verstanden werden, in denen Erziehung stattfindet und die eigens dafür geplant und eingerichtet werden«, als auch jene Räume, »denen selbst erziehende Funktionen zugewiesen werden«. 5 Zentral für die Konstituierung eines Raumes als Erziehungsraum bzw. erziehendem Raum sind neben der auf die Funktionszuschreibung bezogenen materiellen Ausgestaltung die in den Räumen vollzogenen Praktiken. Damit schließt Groppe an Martina Löws handlungstheoretischen Raumbegriff an, mit dem Raum als »eine relationale (An)Ordnung von Lebewesen und sozialen Gütern an Orten« 6 verstanden wird. Zwei Prozesse sind für die Raumkonstitution relevant: Das Schaffen, Bauen, Arrangieren und Gestalten von Räumen durch AkteurInnen wird als spacing bezeichnet. Darüber hinaus ist für die Konstituierung eines Raumes die Interpretation durch die AkteurInnen notwendig: »[Ü]ber Wahrnehmungs-, Vorstellungs-oder Erinnerungsprozesse werden Güter und Menschen zu Räumen zusammengefasst.« 7 Löw bezeichnet dies als Syntheseleistung. Darauf aufbauend definiert Groppe Erziehungsräume folgendermaßen: »Erziehungsräume […] sind also dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in ihnen nicht nur die Intention der Erzieher zum Ausdruck kommt, sondern dass auch die Aneignungsprozesse der zu Erziehenden Frankfurt / New York 1995; Gabriele Lucius-Hoene / Arnulf Deppermann, Rekonstruktion narrativer Identität. Ein Arbeitsbuch zur Analyse narrativer Interviews, Wiesbaden 2004. 5 Carola Groppe, Erziehungsräume, in: Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft 16 (2013) 59-74, vgl. insb. 61. Zweitere bezeichnet Carola Groppe in Abgrenzung als erziehende Räume. Der Karzer ist Teil des Erziehungsheims, ein geradezu prototypischer Erziehungsraum. Gleichzeitig kann er als erziehender Raum gefasst werden, da er seine Wirkung allein schon durch die architektonische Gestaltung entfalten sollte. 6 Martina Löw, Raumsoziologie, Frankfurt am Main 2001, 224 f. 7 Ebd., 159.

El objeto de la presente aportación consiste en realizar un estudio comparado entre las medidas estatales y autonómicas de protección de menores en situación de riesgo o desamparo y el sistema de protección previsto en Inglaterra y Gales. A estos efectos, se estudiarán los instrumentos dispuestos en la Ley Orgánica 1/1996, modificada recientemente por la Ley 26/2015 y la Ley Orgánica 8/2015, junto con los mecanismos regulados en algunas Comunidades Autónomas, y en particular, por su innovación, los previstos en la Ley 14/2010, de Cataluña. La dispersión normativa en la protección de los menores justifica la creación de un verdadero sistema integral, para que estas medidas tengan una mayor eficiencia y unidad de actuación. Este sistema global y armonizado de protección lo encontramos en la Children Act 1989, de Inglaterra y Gales, cuyos mecanismos singulares y de intervención progresiva permiten que pueda calificarse como efectivo y proporcionado, pudiendo implementar algunas de estas medidas en España.

In this article we review ways of understanding how social and welfare institutions achieve their goals and produce their products, whether these are expected or not. We analyze mainstream approaches to study these institutions in Spain and in other parts of Europe. From this review, we argue in favor of an approach focused on the role of social practices as onstitutive
elements of institutional life and products. Our proposal focuses on one type of institution, residential child care institutions (RCCIs), to highlight how traditional limits between formally designed activities and informal practices may be problematized. The data comes from a brief linguistic ethnography, conducted in central Spain, in two RCCIs that focused on children’s everyday social practices in the institution. We argue that RCCIs may be characterized as ‘‘paradoxical institutions’’ due to what we call ‘‘paradoxical practices,’’ prototypical of these institutions. As part of this argument, we analyze and discuss the trajectory of a paradoxical practice by paying attention to the product it creates and develop a model to understand institutional functioning. Finally, we discuss how linguistic ethnography provides a valuable alternative to scrutinize the work of residential child care institutions and the role they play in children’s socialization.

This article looks at how charity organizations running private residential child care institutions on the Kenyan coast make use of the personal data of children in their care, as a means of securing and maintaining the support of donors from the global North. The strategy involves the online showcasing of children's profiles—individual children's photos, accompanied by their names, birth dates, annual development, and their emotion-inducing personal and/or family histories are posted on the respective organizations' websites, making them accessible to the global public. I analyze and problematize this practice, positing that while it explicitly serves fund-raising purposes and is motivated by the search for cost-effective fund-raising-oriented communication, at a more implicit level, it is equally a strategy used to discursively legitimize the organizations and their child 'rescue' activities, within the contemporary climate of deinstitutionalization. This strategy results in a violation of children's rights; has ethical implications; and is not without consequences for the concerned children's well-being.

There has been increasing recognition that the diversity and dynamic nature of family composition, structure, and living arrangements are intimately related to the key factors that support children's care and well-being and should be central to informing social policies and programs targeted to vulnerable children and their caregivers. The critical role of extended family has been recognized as key in efforts to strengthen family care for children. This paper argues that better use and mining of existing national household surveys, particularly the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys (MICS), has great potential to inform child protection policy and programming. Important data that pertains to children's care and living arrangements are not extracted and presented in national reports, resulting in poor awareness of this information among child protection practitioners and policy makers. As a result, this potential is not currently being realized. To illustrate the strengths of the care-related information available through these datasets, we have conducted an analysis on orphanhood and living arrangements data based on available DHS and MICS surveys from 77 countries from sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, North Africa/West Asia/and Europe, Central Asia, and South and Southeast Asia. The paper presents some of the strengths and weaknesses of the data currently collected and identifies areas for better information use and accessibility. Information in these data-rich surveys regarding children's living arrangements must be better mined and communicated, so practitioners and policy makers have the tools to inform interventions to strengthen family care.

Conflicting interpretations of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) send mixed messages on the safety and legitimacy of residential care, resulting in the replacement of large institutions with smaller ones, often called 'residential care' or 'group homes.' The CRPD requires governments to create protections and supports to allow all people with disabilities to live in the community. CRPD Committee General Comment No. 5 says that, for children, living in the community means growing up in a family-not in a large or small facility. This article demonstrates how the family inclusion mandate of General Comment No. 5 is rooted in the 'human rights model of disability,' fundamental to equal protection under the CRPD for all children with actual or perceived disabilities. The article proposes solutions to ensure full implementation of both the CRC and CRPD.

Resumo Em Portugal, 2703 crianças em acolhimento perspetivam regressar para a família biológica. A investigação combina as perspetivas de crianças, pais e profissionais sobre reunificação familiar, identificando necessidades, comportamentos, procedimentos e atitudes. A amostra foi composta por 45 participantes, distribuídos em 6 grupos focais e 8 entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados revelam que os sentimentos vivenciados pelas famílias durante o processo, a consciência dos problemas e da medida afetam a colaboração com os profissionais. Em complementaridade, os resultados apontam para a necessidade de intervenções socioeducativas durante o processo e de suporte específico após a saída do acolhimento. Abstract In Portugal, 2703 children in Residential Care are expected to return to their biological families. The research combines the perspectives of children, parents and professionals about family reunification, identifying their needs, behaviour, procedures and attitudes. The sample was composed of 45 participants, distributed in 6 focus groups and 8 semi-structured interviews. Results showed that feelings experienced by families during the process and the awareness about the problems and the measure affect their collaboration with professionals. Moreover, results also point to the need of socio-educative interventions during the process and specific support after leaving care.

An international network of researchers was established by the www.fairstartfoundation.com in 2007, to produce online blended learning caregiver training and educations for local professional trainers, in the field of placed children and youth. Programs are developed in two year partnerships with local NGOs and professional organisations. Today, the caregivers of 30.000 children have been trained with the free online training programs by 18 language versions in 20 countries, and some 400 instructors worldwide attended online classrooms.
Results from our SOSChildren's Village partnership to  train foster and kinship caregivers in six African countries are described, indicating a 20 % improvement in child development after instructors trained caregiver groups. The global blended learning  design is described, including research demonstrating the efficiency and low implementation costs of blended learning.

Abstract Residential childcare workers in child welfare (RCWs) can suffer negative impacts as a result of exposure to distressing experiences at work, such as violence and details of child abuse. These impacts undermine the well-being of RCWs and the children in their care. One dimension of the suffering RCWs can experience is psychological distress. An exploratory theoretical thematic analysis of the narratives of RCWs was performed to further understanding about the nature of the psychological distress reported by RCWs. This secondary analysis of ten semi-structured interviews identified a novel source of psychological distress unrelated to potentially traumatic experiences. This source of distress, described thematically as a “barriers to care,” was related to the nature of RCW work. This study introduces moral distress as a relevant concept towards explaining this theme and expanding understanding about the impacts of residential childcare work on RCWs. The implementation of system-wide trauma-informed care is proposed as preventive strategy and response to moral distress. Further research using validated measures to capture the impacts of implementing trauma-informed care on RCW psychological distress generally, and moral distress more specifically, is indicated.

Ерицян К.Ю., Колпакова О.И. Побеги детей из детских домов в Российской Федерации: опыт качественного изучения//Ананьевские чтения – 2017: Преемственность в психологической науке: В.М. Бехтерев, Б.Г. Ананев, Б.Ф.Ломов: материалы международной научной конференции, 24-26 октября 2017 г. /отв. Ред. Л.А. Головей, А.В. Шаболтас, - СПб.: Айсинг, 2017. – 157 - 158 с.

Der Beitrag berechnet aus den Daten der Bundesstatistik für die Kinder- und Jugendhilfe für die begonnenen Hilfen zur Erziehung eines Jahres auf der Basis der durchschnittlichen Dauer der einzelnen Hilfearten die durchschnittlichen Kosten eines Falles je Hilfeart.

Апстракт: У овом раду дат је приказ једног модела предгрупног планирања у соци-јалном групном раду. Планирање у групном раду још увек је занемарена компонента, иако веома битна за цео процес и успешност социјалног групног рада. Области које чине процес предгрупног планирања нису непознате у нашој литератури. Овај рад има за циљ да нагласи важност предгрупног планирања и да систематизује потребна знања. Желим да презентовањем модела и анализом конципираних корака, које треба предузети у предгрупном планирању, охрабрим и подстакнем социјалне раднике да се упусте у предгрупно планирање, а тако и у успешан процес групног рада. Кључне речи: социјални групни рад, предгрупно планирање, модел за планирање, сврха постојања групе Увод Од седамдесетих година двадесетог века, предгрупно планирање по-чиње да се појављује у америчкој литератури о групном раду као озбиљан предмет проучавања, али и даље остаје занемарена област у пракси. У овом раду говоримо о значају и процесу планирања као функцио-налној методи која пружа поузданији и сврсисходнији исход социјалног групног рада. У том контексту Сипорин (према helen northen, 1988: 98) једноставно истиче да је: " планирање промишљен рационалан процес који укључује избор одређених поступака да би се постигли жељени циљеви ". Ако се осврнемо на лексичку етимологију саме речи " планирање " , потребно је изнети објашњење које нуди Амерички речник социјалног рада. Ту је наведено следеће (Баркер, 1999: 364): * Мр Емина Борјанић Болић, васпитачица, Прихватилиште за ургентну заштиту зло-стављане деце, ЦЗОДО Београд,

When, in the summer of 2008, Essex County Council's decided to launch a 3-year pilot project to develop social pedagogy within its children's residential services the bigger picture of social pedagogy in the UK looked very sketchy. The year before, the National Centre for Excellent in Residential Child Care (NCERCC) and the Social Education Trust (SET) had explored the potential contribution that social pedagogy could make to England's residential sector. It concluded that 'participants welcomed the appreciative, holistic child-centred approach social pedagogy offers and felt that the possibility of creating real changes for the young people in residential child care' (Bengtsson et al., 2008, p. 4). And at around the same time the Government had announced in its White Paper Care Matters: Time for Change that 'in order to explore ways to improve the quality of care on offer, we will fund a pilot programme to evaluate the effectiveness of social pedagogy in residential care' (DfES, 2007, p. 58). As one of the first organisations in the UK to pioneer social pedagogy within its residential service, Essex County Council began working together with ThemPra Social Pedagogy in September 2008. This article describes some of the ways in which social pedagogy influenced the culture and practice in the local authority's children's homes. In contrast to other evaluations, most notably Berridge and colleague's (2011) evaluation of the English government's social pedagogy pilot project, this paper draws on narrative material gathered over the 3-year project in order to provide insights into attitudinal changes amongst staff teams, to highlight how practitioners developed their understanding of social pedagogy and to offer examples of how teams improved their practice and culture throughout the project. By describing social pedagogic practice as an art form we aim to outline the holistic, dynamic and process-orientated nature of social pedagogy that distinguishes it from the procedurally driven, outcome-focussed practice which has been heralded by new managerialism (Petrie et al.

There has been increasing recognition that the diversity and dynamic nature of family composition, structure, and living arrangements are intimately related to the key factors that support children's care and well-being and should be central to informing social policies and programs targeted to vulnerable children and their caregivers. The critical role of extended family has been recognized as key in efforts to strengthen family care for children. This paper argues that better use and mining of existing national household surveys, particularly the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys (MICS), has great potential to inform child protection policy and programming. Important data that pertains to children's care and living arrangements are not extracted and presented in national reports, resulting in poor awareness of this information among child protection practitioners and policy makers. As a result, this potential is not currently being realized. To illustrate the strengths of the care-related information available through these datasets, we have conducted an analysis on orphanhood and living arrangements data based on available DHS and MICS surveys from 77 countries from sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, North Africa/West Asia/and Europe, Central Asia, and South and Southeast Asia. The paper presents some of the strengths and weaknesses of the data currently collected and identifies areas for better information use and accessibility. Information in these data-rich surveys regarding children's living arrangements must be better mined and communicated, so practitioners and policy makers have the tools to inform interventions to strengthen family care.

From a wider educational ethnography, we analysed the implementation of a point-based reward system as an educational tool in a Spanish children’s home. This is examined within a policy and ideological framework strongly influenced by Evidence-Based Practice, Standardization and New Public Management. The findings show, first, how this system relied on a balance between greater use of standard tools and the experience of the managers; second, how, in practice, basic procedures regarding the system’s rigour and objectivity were altered; and third, how the ratings given to evaluate children were very often
coconstructed and influenced by broader individual, social and institutional processes.

Although neurodisability features significantly across child welfare and youth justice cohorts, little research investigates neurodisability among crossover children with dual systems involvement. This study examined differences in childhood adversity, child protection involvement, and offending among crossover children by neurodisability status. Data were from a sample of 300 children (68% male, 31% female, 1% transgender; mean age = 16.2 years, range 10–21) who were charged and appeared in three Australian children’s courts, and who also had statutory child protection involvement in the study jurisdiction. The results indicated that nearly one-half of crossover children had a neurodisability (48%) and this group experienced greater cumulative maltreatment and adversity, earlier out-of-home care entry and offending onset, more caregiver relinquishment and residential care placement, and a greater volume of charges. While substantial differences between specific neurodisabilities we...

An excerpt of the first section of a history of The Children's Village, a residential treatment center for juveniles in Westchester County, New York, originally the New York Juvenile Asylum, established 1851, couched in a broader review of salient American history.  In this excerpt, forces which influence the development of urban American life are examined, especially the establishment of the water delivery system of Manhattan.