Social Care

It means that as a senior carer I am accountable and responsible for the care of the individuals within my working environment. The manager understands that I am to protect vulnerable persons from abuse/neglect and actively report any malicious intent, the person causing damage must refrain from doing so immediately, and a report filed if necessary with the appropriate authorities. I must record data accurately to ensure continuity of care between professionals and accepted personnel within Heath Cottage at all times. I must co-operate and contact any outside agencies as requested/required to care for the health of the vulnerable person within my care. I am completely responsible for any ill-health/harm or injury.

Article rédigé collectivement au sein du groupe Avec Elles de Médecins du Monde Belgique
«Soigner ceux que le monde oublie peu à peu», porter leur voix et leurs réalités auprès du grand public et des décideurs à travers la notion de plaidoyer en santé, sont au cœur des objectifs de Médecins du Monde Belgique. Cela dit, porter la voix pour une réduction des inégalités sociales de santé et une évolution du cadre politico-administratif passe par des dispositifs qui impliquent au maximum, dans la revendication, les personnes rencontrant un problème de santé.

Shared decision-making and person centred care (PCC/SDM) are increasingly embraced framework conceptions on how to organise health care's interaction with patients. Although underlying ethical motivation may vary, PCC/SDM holds ideals of a greater adaption of health care to individual circumstances, and of recognising patients as collaborators in clinical decision-making. The PCC/SDM notion has migrated quickly across many areas where it is less clear how it applies, due to patients being in non-standard conditions with regard to personal capacities or care context, and detected to offer a number of peculiar ethical and practical challenges. But the migration has also reached areas with even less similarity to the original PCC/SDM landscape of somatic hospital care. In this presentation, we describe – based on comissioned and work in a Swedish context and ongoing research studies – three examples of this expansion and survey these for extra ethical complications: forensic care, social services and public health (outside of health care institutions). Each area offers peculiar extra ethical challenges for PCC/SDM, as they depart extensively from standard assumptions by, in various ways, embracing goals not built on the standard individualist assumptions of health care ethics. It is possible to implement adapted forms of PCC/SDM to these areas, but these cannot be assumed to serve ideals of emancipating, empowering or recognising individuals as persons. Rather, they have to be viewed though a lens of public goods aimed for in the respective areas. Clients and patients are entitled to be made aware of this fact, but regardless of this, the mentioned perspective-shift will pose particular challenges for health professionals. At the same time, PCC/SDM strategies may also open up for approaches to resolving these tensions and meet typical challenges that would otherwise have remained out of reach.

Purpose-This paper analyses how neighbourhood governance of social care affects the scope for frontline workers to address health inequities of older ethnic minorities. We critically discuss how an area-based, generic approach to service provision limits and enables frontline workers' efforts to reach out to ethnic minority elders, using a relational approach to place. This approach emphasises social and cultural distances to social care and understands efforts to bridge these distances as "relational work". Design/methodology/approach-The authors conducted a two-year multiple case study of the cities of Nijmegen and The Hague, the Netherlands, following the development of policies and practices relevant to ethnic minority elders. They conducted 44 semi-structured interviews with managers, policy officers and frontline workers as well as 295 h of participant observation at network events and meeting activities. Findings-Relational work was open-ended and consisted of a continuous reorientation of goals and means. In some cases, frontline workers spanned neighbourhood boundaries to connect with professional networks, key figures and places meaningful to ethnic minority elders. While neighbourhood governance is attuned to equality, relational work practice fosters possibilities for achieving equity. Research limitations/implications-Further research on achieving equity in relational work practice and more explicit policy support of relational work is needed. Originality/value-The paper contributes empirical knowledge about how neighbourhood governance of social care affects ethnic minority elders. It translates a relational view of place into a "situational" social justice approach.

Migrant workers are considered an economic utility, especially for secondary labour markets such as that of long term care. The dynamics of migrant workers across the globe are governed by interacting macro, state level, and micro, personal level, factors. On the macro level immigration policies, historical and current political and economic links between countries play a crucial part in such dynamics. On an individual level, choices, actions and motivations to migrate and work in certain labour sectors are entangled with and governed by macro level policies. Since 2003, the enlargement of the European Economic Area (EEA) has enabled employers in the UK to freely recruit staff from EEA countries. This article investigates reported individual motivations and the decision making process while accounting for macro factors, specifically ease of labour mobility within the EEA versus a more elaborate process when migrating to work in social care in the UK from outside the EEA.. Face to face interviews were conducted with 96 migrant social care and social work staff in six diverse areas of England (2007-09). The analysis indicates differences in stated motivations to migrate to the UK and to work in the care sector among different groups of migrants, particularly among those from Commonwealth countries, from the EEA, and migrants from other parts of the globe. The findings highlight the importance of taking into account the role of immigration policies and consequently immigration status when investigating the policy framework and delivery of care services for older people.

The moral argument for supporting carers is clear and irrefutable. This report takes the argument beyond morality and demonstrates that supporting carers improves health outcomes for patients and carers; reduces unwanted admissions, readmissions and delayed discharges in hospital settings; and reduces unwanted residential care admissions and length of stays.

Situated practice research offers rich possibilities for recognising and developing practitioner knowledge in social care. In this article, I document the application of anthropological methods and thinking within a research programme in autism services. Drawing on Donald Schön's model of the refl ective practitioner, I argue that participant observation, aimed at the holistic documentation of autism services, provides a means to systematic reflection, comparison and learning in order to inform practice. This approach stands to broaden the field of autism research from unidirectional models of knowledge 'translation' to include research and insights generated from services. I also advocate the relational nature of anthropology as a means to meaningfully engage autistic people with intellectual disabilities in research through collaboration with practitioner researchers.

The developed world's population is aging, due to trends of increased life expectancies and decreased fertility rates. These trends are predicted to increase demand on long-term care services. At the same time, the long-term care workforce is in shortage in most of the developed world. Moreover, such shortages are expected to increase due to parallel socio-demographic factors. The increase in demand for long-term care, coupled with shortage in supply of care workers, has promoted some attention from policymakers. The current paper provides an international review of institutional arrangements for long-term care in different developed countries and in particular explores different strategies used or proposed to resolve the shortage in the long-term care workforce.

The most common adverse effects that children who grow up in residential care experience include: developmental delays; behavioural problems; attachment disorders; lack of life skills; institutionalisation; and difficulty forming and maintaining healthy relationships. The literature is extremely clear that residential care should be a last resort for children separated from their parents, following family support, community support, and fostering. As such, the literature strongly supports deinstitutionalisation and reintegration of families whenever possible and provision of extra support to families as the best intervention. Evidence shows that many children can recover from problems experienced in residential care when placed in family care environments, although they have incomplete catch-up compared to their never-institutionalised peers. This paper does not review deinstitutionalisation, but instead provides a few examples of interventions which have improved the quality of care in residential homes, as an immediate response or precursor to deinstitutionalisation.

Social care policies from the UK and Spain are analysed in this paper. They have been selected with a view to showing illustrative cases concerning the contract culture between sectors who were involved in the mixed economy of welfare (MEW) in the early 1990s. The paper explores the implications of this transition and how it transformed the rationale of the private and voluntary sectors delivering public services. The failure of the state was characterised by its limited organisational structure and a growing expansion of demand for welfare services. In this sense, new actors appeared eventually, motivated on the one hand by their desire to fulfil the state’s responsibilities in social provisions and on the other by the state aiming to release some pressures on its budget.

Keywords
Welfare state, welfare mix, public policy, economy, social care, United Kingdom, Spain

22 (2) 2017 Reflexiones desde la antropología en torno al cuidado | Institut català d'antropologia http://www.antropologia.cat/quaderns-e-372 1/2 22 (2) 2017 Reflexiones desde la antropología en torno al cuidado Coordinado por María Offenhenden y Dolors Comas d'Argemir Sumario Introducción. La antropología en los debates actuales sobre el cuidado María Offenhenden El don y la reciprocidad tienen género: las bases morales de los cuidados Dolors Comas d'Argemir Los cuidados, un concepto central en la teoría feminista: aportaciones, riesgos y diálogos con la antropología Mari Luz Esteban ¿Por qué hablar de cuidados cuando hablamos de migraciones transnacionales? Carmen Gregorio Gil Explorando el lugar de lo comunitario en los estudios de género sobre sostenibilidad, reproducción y cuidados Homes i dones en el treball de cura remunerat: continuïtats i transformacions en les relacions de gènere en els serveis d'ajuda domiciliaris Mireia Roca Escoda "No quiero regalos. Solo quiero que cambien las leyes". Cuidados, reciprocidad y desigualdad Gabriela Poblet 'Otro trabajo del hogar es posible': procesos de lucha por el reconocimiento y dignificación de los cuidados en tiempos de crisis Sílvia Bofill Poch La emergencia de lo político en el cruce entre migraciones femeninas, apoyo mutuo y participación política: la experiencia de la Red de Mujeres Latinoamericanas y del Caribe en España Silvina Monteros Obelar Grupos de Crianza Compartida: una alternativa comunitaria en la organización del cuidado en la primera infancia Christel Keller Garganté La construcción social del cuidado comunitario en La Muralleta, una cooperativa autogestionada para gente mayor Nazaret Rodríguez Alonso y Dolors Comas d'Argemir

El documento de trabajo pone en evidencia el estatus laboral de las trabajadoras asalariadas del hogar en Bolivia, sin que se perciba por parte del Estado y la sociedad la constante vulneración de derechos de la que son objeto, a pesar de los avances que en materia legal se han promovido en el país. Los datos estadísticos reafirman la vinculación entre trabajo femenino y baja remuneración, escasa cobertura de la seguridad social y alto nivel de incumplimiento de las normas laborales, que en el caso de las trabajadoras asalariadas del hogar se agudiza por su condición de subalternidad cultural. Su publicación dota de un instrumento argumentativo para que las organizaciones de trabajadoras del hogar en Bolivia alcancen sus objetivos políticos y sociales.

There are four key stages to the project. The first is to chart and review the major trends of comparative family research in the EU in 8 'Existential Fields' (EF). The second is to critically review existing research on the family, and the third is to build on our understanding of existing issues affecting families and predict future conditions and challenges facing them. The final stage is to bring the results and findings of the previous three stages together, and propose key scientific research questions about families to be tackled with future EU research funding. This Working Report has been produced for the first stage of the project, and is part of a series of reports, as follows: EF1. Family Structures & Family Forms EF2. a) Family Developmental Processes b) Transition into Parenthood EF3.

Σε μια εποχή όπου σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο ενισχύεται η κυριαρχία της αγοράς, αναδομούνται οι εργασιακές σχέσεις και εντείνεται η κοινωνική ανασφάλεια, η διαμόρφωση ενός δικτύου κοινωνικής προστασίας ευάλωτων κοινωνικών ομάδων και  πολιτισμικών ετεροτήτων συνιστά μια αναγκαιότητα. Το βιβλίο επιχειρεί να συγκεράσει θεωρητικούς και εμπειρικούς προβληματισμούς γύρω από την οργάνωση, την ανάπτυξη και το αξιακό υπόβαθρο των δικτύων κοινωνικής προστασίας παρουσιάζοντας αφενός θεωρητικές προσεγγίσεις και μεθοδολογικές τάσεις σε διεπιστημονικό επίπεδο και αφετέρου επιλεγμένα παραδείγματα κοινοτικών δράσεων και παρεμβάσεων από την ελληνική εμπειρία.

This study has investigated what sources of data exist on the subject of elder abuse in care home and hospital settings in England. It was commissioned by the Department of Health and Comic Relief. We used a broad definition of elder abuse to cover mistreatment, neglect and abuse. Some of these subjects are criminal offences; others are contrary to professional codes, service standards or breaches of human rights.

Jedną z konsekwencji drugiej wojny światowej, będącej jednocześnie jednym z największych problemów społecznych powojennej Polski była niespotykana dotąd na tak wielką skalę ilość samotnych matek i nieślubnych dzieci. Zachwianie fundamentów istniejącego ówcześnie świata, wszechobecna przemoc, migracje, towarzyszący im chaos i zerwanie więzi rodzinnych oraz upadek wartości skutkował bardziej swobodnym podejściem do kwestii seksualności, ale także powodował znaczny wzrost przemocy seksualnej, szczególnie pod koniec wojny.
Jak dotąd, temat ten nie został dogłębnie zbadany, a dokumenty w archiwach państwowych są rozproszone i niekompletne. Tymczasem, dzięki materiałom przechowywanym w Bibliotece Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego możliwe było odtworzenie sytuacji, w jakiej znajdowały się samotne matki i ich dzieci w latach 1947-1948, a także pośrednio, tuż po zakończeniu wojny. Powołany przy UŁ Polski Instytut Służby Społecznej przeprowadził badania obejmujące zagadnienie pozamałżeńskiego macierzyństwa oraz działalności Domów Matki i Dziecka w Polsce. Obraz wyłaniający się z zachowanych ankiet, wywiadów i raportów jest przygnębiający, tylko dwie na 34 istniejące placówki spełniały podstawowe normy. Jedną z nich był Słupski Dom Matki i Dziecka – pierwszy tego typu zakład założony na ziemiach polskich po 1945 r. Źródła wskazują, że była to instytucja wyjątkowa i unikatowa w skali całego kraju. Było to miejsce, do którego zjeżdżały się kobiety z całej Polski, przekonane, że było ono jedynym, które gwarantowało anonimowość, tak bardzo oczekiwaną przez same zainteresowane. Kobiety traktowano tam z szacunkiem i godnością, co, jak wynika z łódzkich badań, wcale nie było oczywiste i powszechne. Taką opinię Dom zawdzięczał osobowości założyciela tej placówki oraz pierwszej kierowniczki.
W tekście opisane zostały badania nad Domami Matki i Dziecka z 1947 r. ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem DMiD w Słupsku. Dodatkowo, jego działalność w latach 1945-1949, od powstania zakładu aż do zmiany jego kierownictwa, ukazana została w świetle innych dostępnych źródeł, pochodzących przede wszystkim z prywatnych kolekcji.

The Mother and Child Home in Słupsk in the light of research carried out
by the Polish Institute of Social Service. An attempt to preserve the anonymity and subjectivity of women and children in the post-war chaos

One of the consequences of the Second World War and, at the same time, one of the biggest social problems in post-war Poland was an unprecedented number of single mothers and children born out of wedlock.
The shaken foundations of the world, omnipresent violence, migrations, the chaos and broken family ties accompanying them as well as a decline of values resulted in a more lenient approach to sexuality and caused a significant rise in sexual violence, especially towards the end of the war.
So far this topic has not been examined in any great detail, with the documents in state archives being scattered and incomplete. Yet thanks to the documents kept in the Łódź University Library it has become possible to reconstruct the situation of single mothers and their children in 1947–1948 and, indirectly, also shortly after the end of the war. A team from the Polish Institute of Social Service established at the University of Łódź carried out a study of extramarital motherhood and the operation of Mother and Child Homes in Poland. The picture emerging from the surviving surveys, interviews and reports is depressing — only 2 out of the 34 existing homes met the basic standards. One of them was the Mother and Child Home in Słupsk, the first such institution founded in Poland after 1945. Sources indicate that it was a unique institution in Poland, attracting women from all over Poland, women who were convinced that it was the only place guaranteeing anonymity, which they wanted so badly. They were treated there with respect and dignity, which, as is suggested by the Łódź study, was by no means obvious and common. The Słupsk Home owed this reputation to its founder and its first manager.
In the article the author describes a 1947 study of Mother and Child Homes, particularly taking into account the Mother and Child Home in Słupsk. In addition, its operation in 1945–1949, from its founding to a change of its management, is presented in the light of other available sources, primarily from private collections.

Since the end of the Second World War, housing exclusion
is ruled by a central standard time: The turnover of
the poor inside the social services. The duration of stay
in relief accommodations is indeed very often restricted.
As many provisional social services last indefinitely,
emergency shelters impose a duration that is temporary
and repeated. The duration of stay in these shelters
is indeed very short (mainly between one and seven
nights), despite the changes planned by the DALO law
(2007). This temporality of relief accommodation results
in a high mobility for the most precarious individuals
in the social structure. In this article, the concept of
social splitting is proposed to name the organization of
such a turnover and its effects on the daily temporality
of the homeless. This model power is different from the
total institution one. But, in order not to fall into a deterministic
view, it is necessary to pay attention to the diversity
of reactions to both social workers and homeless
people, so that practices that border on social splitting
in everyday life may be noticed and described.

This article discusses the relationships between three concepts that are key for contemporary disability policies: social model of disability, independent living, and care. The first part explores the impact of the social model and independent living on the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, as well as the conflict between the social model and independent living, on the one hand, and the idea of ‘care’, on the other. This conflict is addressed by making recourse to studies of the ‘ethics of care’ and by introducing a distinction between ‘paternalist care’ and ‘egalitarian care’. In the second part of the article, these concepts are used in an analysis of contemporary Bulgarian disability policies. This includes a critique of the barriers to the independent living faced by disabled people in Bulgaria, and more specifically, of the continuing institutionalization of disabled Bulgarians, the lack of adequate personal assistance, the difficulties with providing access to inclusive education for disabled children, and the medical assessment of disability. The conclusion emphasizes that the approach of ‘paternalist care’ still dominates in Bulgarian disability policies. This significantly complicates the attempts to apply the ‘ethics of care’ in the Bulgarian context in a way that affirms disabled people’s rights.

Análisis del impacto de la pandemia en el cuidado de mayores y dependientes desde la perspectiva de quienes cuidan. La investigación ha sido coordinada por Dolors Comas-d'Argemir (Universitat Rovira i Virgili) y han participado equipos de 10 universidades españolas.

Positive thinking' is widely advocated and encouraged, particularly in the area of serious illness. Yet what positive thinking really means for people remains elusive. Research undertaken with carers of people with cancer finds that positive thinking affects the experience of cancer. Findings suggest that positive thinking is an effort by carers to minimize stress and harm, which they perceive would follow from expressing negative feelings. However, from a Foucauldian perspective, common social values and discursive systems embedded in participants' talk reveal institutional practices and power relations. In addition, positive thinking exists in popular discourse as a form of resistance and agency as well as a symptom of governmentality. It is found that the ideology of positive thinking reflects broader neo-liberal, capitalist culture and is therefore an example of 'technologies of the self' through which individuals and populations self-regulate so as to preserve health and maintain demographic norms.

Sedan mitten av 1960-talet har narkotikaproblemet varit ständigt närvarande i politiken. Utredning har följt på utredning, lagar har stiftats, straff har höjts, informationskampanjer sjösatts och nya vårdmetoder har lanserats. I boken Vård och ideologi undersöker historikern Johan Edman den svenska narkomanvårdens historia. Han visar hur narkomanvården varit en fråga som använts för vitt skilda politiska syften, där allt ifrån oro för politiskt radikal ungdom, främmande religioner eller obegriplig musik tolkats som problem med koppling till narkotika. Narkotikabruket har beskrivits som kapitalistiskt klassförtryck, amerikanism och kulturell förflackning samtidigt som svenskhet, solidaritet och arbetsamhet varit värden som präglat behandlingshemmens arbete.

I boken studeras den svenska narkomanvården under åren 1960–2000. Den handlar om statens försök att få till stånd en verksam narkomanvård, om de politiska diskussionerna och den byråkratiska organiseringen av ett problem som visat sig vara svårt att lösa. Jakten på den verksamma vårdmetoden tycks vara ett evighetsprojekt: från det tidiga 1900-talets aversionskurer, vitamin- och insulinbehandlingar, via Antabus och psykoterapi, till fostransmodeller, tolvstegsmetoder och substitutionsbehandlingar. Trots 100 år av missbrukarvård efterfrågas fortfarande en verksam kunskap. I den här boken undersöks varför denna jakt tagit sig dessa uttryck, varför den ständiga ambitionen att nå säker kunskap ter sig som ökenvandringar mot en hägring.

Narkotikaproblemet visar sig vara både politiskt och terapeutiskt, och debatten om narkotikakonsumtionen har ofta haft vitt skilda politiska syften. Oron för politiskt radikal ungdom, främmande religioner eller obegriplig musik har kunnat begripliggöras som narkotikaproblem. Från annat håll har narkotikaproblemet beskrivits som kapitalistiskt klassförtryck, amerikanism och kulturell förflackning. Modernitet, urbanisering och industrialisering har också kritiserats i narkotikaproblemets namn. Högern har ropat på förstärkt polis medan vänstern har önskat krossa det kapitalistiska klassamhället; kristen kärlek och skattesänkningar har på olika sätt motiverats som medel i kampen mot narkotikan.

De politiska problembeskrivningarna och kampen om de ideologiska lösningarna har också varit intensiv utanför de folkvaldas kammare. På behandlingshemmen och inom den styrande byråkratin har det tydliggjorts att narkotikaproblemet är ett ideologiskt problem. Den verksamma behandlingsmetoden och den attraktiva ideologin har konkurrerat om utrymmet — många gånger har de betraktats som samma sak. Behandlingshem har motarbetats från byråkratiskt håll när de intagit ideologiskt tveksamma positioner. Värden som landsbygdsromantik, svenskhet, solidaritet och arbetsamhet har premierats.

Däremot kom individualism, amerikanism och profitintresse länge att motarbetas inom den ideologiska narkomanvården. I slutet av undersökningsperioden blev sådana bedömningar dock underordnade en övergripande ideologisk strävan att göra missbrukarvården till en marknad bland andra.

Författaren visar sammanfattningsvis att narkotikaproblemet i grunden är ett ideologiskt problem. Frågan om vad som är problematiskt med narkotikakonsumtion kan varken ställas eller besvaras utan att man samtidigt berör frågan om den goda medborgarens eller det goda samhällets kvaliteter. Denna ideologiska grundton är uppenbar när man studerar narkotikaproblemets formulering på politisk eller byråkratisk nivå och även på behandlingshemmen. Detta ideologiska perspektiv är nödvändigt om man vill förstå narkotikaproblemets komplexa natur och varför det inte låter sig lösas med aldrig så kunskapsbaserad metodutveckling.

[The aim of this book is threefold: 1) to examine what kind of drug treatment that has been propagated by Swedish state authorities during the years 1960-2000, and the presuppositions about the character of drug misuse and treatment that this has been founded on; 2) to analyse state government of a treatment field that hasn’t really been governed according to earlier research; 3) to investigate the ideological dimension of the Swedish drug treatment field. The point of departure for the analysis is to study the drug treatment as an ideological project, something that allows an investigation of ideological standpoints in official reports and the parliamentary material, but also make an ideology analysis of the central bureaucracy’s management of the treatment homes possible.

No undisputable and effective treatment method has been established since the problem was introduced in the middle of the 1960s, and the drug problem has continually been an excellent question for political quarrels and ideological positioning. Because of its role as a serious problem, the drug issue has been a suitable battlefield where everybody has had to acknowledge the legitimacy in discussing and trying to solve the problem. Thoughts on causes and suggestions for solutions have played a wide political field where anything from child care and family policy to pressure of taxation and the extension of the railway network have been discussed. Beyond the imperative agreement that a highly serious problem was discussed, politicians, bureaucrats and treatment suppliers have been able to present their own ideological visions of the good society and the good citizen.

Earlier research has questioned the rationality of Swedish drug treatment’s methods and management and this project aims to problematize this picture. A focus on the treatment field’s ideological content shows us that politicians as well as bureaucrats have had clearly articulated opinions on the purpose of the treatment as well as its means. It is also shown that Swedish drug treatment has been the subject of rigorous ideological management, something that could contribute to a renewed interest in ideology analysis and hopefully also broaden scientific discussions on the goals and means of drug treatment and social care. The research results could ultimately benefit discussions on both a political and a treatment field level, as they aim to bring analytical tools to identify the ideological ballast included in all discussions on what is otherwise supposed to be purely technical issues.]

Este é um artigo de acesso aberto, licenciado por Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), sendo permitidas reprodução, adaptação e distribuição desde que o autor e a fonte originais sejam creditados. Resumo Este trabalho traz o exercício inédito de explorar algumas práticas sociais da Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD) na Namíbia, África do Sul, Angola, Moçambique e Portugal. Atenta às contingências de cada região, a IURD tenta atrair e/ou vincular fiéis por meio de ações organizadas principalmente pelas irmandades de mulheres Sisterhood e Woman in Action, e pela Associação Beneficente Cristã, organização já fechada no Brasil. De um lado, são estabelecidas parcerias com instâncias governamentais locais com vistas a sustentar a imagem da igreja como instituição religiosa promotora de bem-estar social. De outro, as irmandades oferecem vias de ganho emocional e suposta reestruturação social, incitando compromisso com as rotinas da igreja e desempenho de uma disciplina que permite obtenção de destaque e funciona como veículo de certo empoderamento e transformação. O material etnográfico utilizado é composto por artigos e reportagens encontradas pelo mapeamento de jornais, revistas, portais, sites e blogs produzidos pela igreja, e que relatam a ação social nos anos de 2009 e 2010. Abstract This paper is an original exercise of exploring some of the social actions of the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (UCKG) in Namibia, South Africa, Angola, Mozambique and Portugal. Taking into consideration the contingences of each region, the UCKG tries to make and link new faithful through the social action organized mainly by organizations such as Sisterhood and Woman in Action, and by the Associação Beneficente Cristã, which has been already closed in Brazil. On the one hand, the church establishes partnerships with governmental institutions in order to promote itself as a social welfare organization. On the other hand, the sisterhoods offer promises of emotional success and social reconstruction. These programs encourage women to be committed to the church routine and to discipline themselves. The resulting achievement is a vehicle of empowerment and transformation. The ethnographic material is composed of articles and stories collected from newspapers, journals, magazines, websites and blogs created by the church and that register social actions of the UCKG during 2009 and 2010.

Este trabajo analiza el caso de un jardín comunitario católico ubicado en un barrio lindante a una villa del sur de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. En particular, aquello que se estudia es la articulación entre emociones y temporalidades generizadas en esta organización católica abocada a tareas de gestión del cuidado infantil. Para ello, nos valdremos de los aportes de las ciencias sociales de la religión y de la sociología de los cuidados, con una mirada atenta a las temporalidades, emociones y presencias sociales. Se analiza el caso construido a partir de un trabajo de campo intensivo llevado a cabo en 2016, a partir de técnicas como la observación participante y entrevistas etnográficas y semiestructuradas. Se espera contribuir a la problematización de las definiciones nativas y analíticas del cuidado comunitario profundizando en las particularidades propias de un contexto informado religiosamente.

This book introduces Japan’s current policy initiatives directed at eldercare and international labor migration, and, wherever appropriate,it adds a comparative perspective from Germany. The book shows how eldercare is currently being organized and discusses integration policies for foreigners. It studies the policy-making process behind the system, and contextualizes the migration avenue within the strong roots of Japan’s eldercare in local communities and the non-preparedness of the nation to grant local citizenship to international newcomers. Through applying an approach of multi-level policy making, putting a strong focus on the local level and introducing new approaches, this book is of interest to policy makers and scholars in aging, migration, health care, and contemporary Japan.

OBJECTIVE To review systematically the evidence on the costs and cost-effectiveness of deinstitutionalisation for adults with intellectual disabilities. Design Systematic review.

POPULATION Adults (aged 18 years and over) with intellectual disabilities. Intervention Deinstitutionalisation, that is, the move from institutional to community settings.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Studies were eligible if evaluating within any cost-consequence framework (eg, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-utility analysis) or resource use typically considered to fall within the societal viewpoint (eg, cost to payers, service-users, families and informal care costs).

SEARCH We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, CINAHL, EconLit, Embase and Scopus to September 2017 and supplemented this with grey literature searches and handsearching of the references of the eligible studies. We assessed study quality using the Critical Appraisals Skills Programme suite of tools, excluding those judged to be of poor methodological quality.

RESULTS Two studies were included; both were cohort studies from the payer perspective of people leaving long-stay National Health Service hospitals in the UK between 1984 and 1992. One study found that deinstitutionalisation reduced costs, one study found an increase in costs.

CONCLUSION A wide-ranging literature review found limited evidence on costs associated with deinstitutionalisation for people with intellectual disabilities. From two studies included in the review, the results were conflicting. Significant gaps in the evidence base were observable, particularly with respect to priority populations in contemporary policy: older people with intellectual disabilities and serious medical illness, and younger people with very complex needs and challenging behaviours.

PROSPERO registration number CRD42018077406

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene por objetivo analizar cuáles son las estrategias para el cuidado en salud de enfermos crónicos y agudos desarrolladas por los hogares en el Uruguay actual. El interés por conocer las estrategias de cuidado en salud se basa en los puntos de vista teóricos que sostienen que la división del trabajo necesario para sostener la producción mercantil y la vida de las personas (reproducción social) reproduce dinámicas que generan limitantes para el ejercicio de los derechos y la ciudadanía de las mujeres.
Así, el trabajo intenta definir qué se entiende por cuidados en salud y dentro de ellos diferenciar los reumenerados y no remuenrados. Además, se plantea porqué este tema es central para los estudios de la vejez y el envejecimiento desde una perspectiva de género.
Se pone de manifiesto a partir del análisis principalmente de la Encuesta Nacional de Cuidados No Remunerados en Salud (2013), llevada a cabo por el Grupo de Sociología de Género (DS-FCS-UDELAR), que la mayoría de las estrategias son llevadas a cabo por mujeres como trabajo no remunerado en el marco de las familias.
La encuesta permite mostrar que solo el 10% de los hogares cuenta con el Estado o el mercado para el cuidado de personas enfermas, lo cual indica que una posible redistribución del trabajo de cuidados entre el Estado, el mercado, la familia y la comunidad está lejos de ser una realidad extendida en Uruguay. Sumado a esto, se observa una fuerte segmentación económica en cuanto a los hogares que desarrollan estrategias en donde al menos el sector que aporta no es solo la familia.
A partir de los datos de la ENCNRS se ha desarrollado una tipología de estrategias según la participación del mercado, estado y comunidad y familias. Se ha observado que el 80,2% de las estrategias son exclusivas y 19,8% combinadas. En los sectores altos hay una utilización más frecuente de estrategias combinadas: representados en mayor medida (-13,4%). Y existe una leve tendencia a una mayor proporción de estrategias combinadas cunado los principales cuidadores son los varones.
Del tiempo total de cuidados, el 87% es aportado por la familia, el 8% por la comunidad y el 5% por el Estado o el mercado.
Dentro de las familias, el 74% de las personas cuidadoras son mujeres, observándose una importante brecha entre las mujeres de niveles económicos altos y bajos ya que del total de las cuidadoras, (30% son mujeres del primer quintil de ingresos, 13%son del quinto quintil). Los varones participan más del cuidado de enfermos agudos, que de crónicos, aunque en el segundo grupo disminuyen la brecha de tiempo dedicado al cuidado (19 horas agudos a 8 horas crónicos).
También se ha detectado la existencia de una división sexual del trabajo cualitativa en las tareas a las que se dedican varones y mujeres. Las brechas en la tasa de participación de mujeres y varones en los cuidados indican que ellas realizan más cuidados específicos (32%) seguida del acompañamiento (27%), cuidados de apoyo (25%) y de gestiones con el sistema sanitario ( 17%, brecha de tiempo negativa -1 horas)

Finalmente, una valorización del Trabajo No Remunerado de Cuidados en Salud, permitió estimar que el mismo equivaldría a un 1,8% del PIB nacional para 2013 y un 32,2%sobre el agregado del sector salud.
Así, se ha identificado un familismo soportado, en donde las estrategias son fundamentalmente exclusivas y familistas. El mismo está basado en una provisión estatal de seguros y servicios como “ayudas” para quienes no pueden comprarlos en el mercado, a la vez que hay subsidios y políticas estatales vinculadas a la condición de asalariados de bajos ingresos, con aportes de mínimas prestaciones sociales. Se coloca como un “Estado” paternalista, sin poder desmarcarse de la lógica dependiente/autónomo.
Como elementos para la discusión, se enuncian algunos de los supuestos que están por detrás de la política pública, según muestran los datos y la discusión teórica: se asume por parte de la política que las familias están "dispuestas" a dar cuidados, y que en las mismas hay cuidadores disponibles (no es verdad, y no debería ser un supuesto de base);  se asume que las mujeres de las familias resolverán cuidados muy similares a los profesionales de manera "natural", lo cual implica un riesgo para las personas cuidadas y una carga impuesta de conocimiento y manejo de los cuidados a las mujeres de las familias infundada;  en la esfera doméstica es difícil controlar los riesgos en cuanto a la infraestructura para el cuidado en salud de las personas enfermas  y que el éxito o no en la curación brindada y administrada por el sistema sanitario depende del papel de las mujeres cuidadoras no remuneradas, lo cual pone en riesgo a las personas cuidadas y genera grandes costos en la vida de las mismas, costos que no impactan principalmente en la vida de los varones

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Od usługi do troski -o wielości pojęcia opieki w pracy socjalnej Wstęp Opieka społeczna jest pojęciem, która na przestrzeni ostatniego ćwierćwiecza skutecznie rugowano ze słownika pojęć pracy socjalnej. Przyczyn tego stanu rzeczy jest kilka. Po pierwsze w polskim porządku prawnym po 1989 roku funkcjonuje pojęcie pomocy społecznej, które uprawomocniła ustawa z 1990 roku, a następnie do dzisiaj obowiązująca ustawa o pomocy społecznej z 2004 roku. Ostatni z wymienionych aktów prawnych nie tylko w samym tytule unika słowa opieka, ale też w samej treści konstruuje pojęcie usług opiekuńczych bądź specjalistycznych usług opiekuńczych, które zdaniem ustawodawcy lepiej oddają istotę tego typu działań pomocowych. Po drugie, sami pracownicy socjalni oraz pokrewne profesje społeczne stoją na straży puryzmu językowego często piętnując tych, którzy na ośrodek pomocy społecznej lub jego pracownika stosują zbiorcze określenie opieka społeczna. Nie jest to jedynie dbałość o językową poprawność, ale rzeczywiste przekonanie pracownika socjalnego, iż ma on pełnić rolę aktywizującą lub, jak definiuje ją Tomasz Kaźmierczak, promocyjno-rozwojową 1 . Po trzecie, opieka społeczna jest pojęciem, które nie współgra z promowanym obecnie paradygmatem aktywnej polityki społecznej, której fundamentem jest aktywizacja społeczna i zawodowa oraz pobudzanie podmiotowości poprzez usługi reintegracji. Mimo, że instytucjonalizacja tego paradygmatu na polskim gruncie napotyka wiele przeszkód, to jest on swoistą ideą fix samorządowych polityk publicznych 2 .

This thesis investigates the employment of personal assistants (PAs) by disabled individuals in the UK. Personal assistance is considered to be one of the most essential services necessary for disabled people to achieve ‘independent living’, and as such the right to directly employ PAs and to receive the funding needed to do so has been a central campaign objective of the Disabled People’s Movement (DPM) in the UK and elsewhere. However, both the employment of PAs and the concept of ‘independent living’ contain contradictions. Waged employment has been identified as a source of disabled people’s oppression, but in the personal assistance relationship it is treated as a means to their emancipation. The concept of ‘independence’ within the DPM framing of ‘independent living’ can be equated to autonomy, but the autonomy of disabled people is arguably achieved at the expense of that of PAs as workers. Semi-structured qualitative interviews with both PAs and disabled employers of PAs were used to attempt to gain new insight into these contradictions. Topics covered in these interviews included the relationships between PAs and employers, their interaction with other social relationships, the occupational status of PAs and possible ways to improve it, and barriers to the implementation of personal assistance as it was envisaged by the DPM. Both PAs and their employers are severely impacted by the political economics of austerity and the cultural devaluation of ‘dependence’ and the labour associated with it. Potential exists for organising personal assistance in ways other than direct employment of PAs by individuals, such as through co-operatives or informal collective models. However, all of these have advantages and disadvantages compared with direct employment. The thesis concludes with recommendations for policy, for further research and for action priorities within the DPM on personal assistance.