Village Studies

The article describes the development of research of the deserted village settlement from the early Middle Ages to the 20th century. It mentiones the most important researched localities and the methods of non-destructive research. The article describes also the currect trends of research in the field of new documentation methods (lidar), use of environmental archeology and finally the research of villages deserted since 1945.

Studi kasus di desa penelitian yang terletak di Kabupaten Lombok Timur ini berfokus kepada advokasi perlindungan perempuan dan anak terkait isu kekerasan dalam rumah tangga. Advokasi ini dilakukan melalui masyarakat desa melalui pembentukan Kelompok Konstituen (KK) Mele Maju, dengan dukungan dari mitra dampingan MAMPU, yaitu Bursa Pengetahuan Kawasan Timur Indonesia (BaKTI). Kelompok ini beranggotakan laki-laki dan perempuan, serta terbentuk untuk mendukung proses advokasi di desa dalam beberapa isu, khususnya bagi perempuan. Salah satunya adalah dengan menanggapi norma sosial yang menyebabkan adanya pemakluman kekerasan yang terjadi terhadap perempuan di desa, baik kekerasan fisik, ekonomi, maupun psikologis. Pemakluman kekerasan menyebabkan kasus kekerasan yang terjadi kerap tidak terlaporkan. Selain itu, norma sosial juga telah membatasi keterlibatan perempuan dalam ruang formal dan informal proses pembuatan keputusan terkait kebutuhan masyarakat.

Özet
Kültürel peyzaj kaynakları, insanın doğal çevreyi sosyal ve kültürel birikimi sonucu şekillendirmesi sonucu oluşur. Böylece yöreye özgü
gelenek ve görenekler, doğaya yansımakta ve bunun sonucunda çevre farklı karakterler kazanmaktadır. Bu kültürel peyzaj değerleri, korunarak
kullanılırsa, ülke kalkınmasına önemli katkılar sağlanacaktır. Bu bağlamda Çanakkale ili, 3000 yıllık geçmişe sahip olması nedeni ile çok zengin
kaynaklara sahiptir. Bu çalışmada temel amaç, Çanakkale merkeze bağlı, tarihi nitelikleri olan 15 kırsal yerleşimin kültürel peyzaj değerlerini
belirlemektir. Bu amaçla çalışmada merkez köyler alan çalışmaları ile yerinde incelenmiştir. Aynı zamanda bilgi formları kullanılarak yerel
halk ve yöneticilerden bilgiler edinilmiştir. Yerleşimlerde tarihi-arkeolojik yapı ve alanlar, alan kullanımları, folklor, tarımsal faaliyetler ve
yöresel nitelikler belirlenmiştir. Son aşamada elde edilen bu veriler tablo haline getirilerek yorumlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak kırsal yerleşmelerin
kültürel peyzaj değerleri bölge haritası üzerine işlenmiş ve görsel açıdan önemli bölgeler belirlenmiştir.
Abstract
Cultural landscaping resources are formed in the result of shaping the human’s natural environment as a result of social and cultural accumulation.
Thus, local customs and traditions are reflected in nature and as a result, the environment gains different characters. If these cultural landscaping
values are used by way of protection, significant contributions will be made to the development of the country. In this context, Çanakkale
province has very rich resources because of its 3000 year history. The main purpose of this study is to determine the cultural landscape values
of 15 rural settlements with historical characteristics connected to Çanakkale center. For this purpose, central villagers were investigated on site
in their work. At the same time, information was obtained from local people and managers using information forms. Historical-archaeological
structures and areas, area uses, folklore, agricultural activities and regional characteristics were determined in the settlements. As a result, the
cultural landscapes of the rural settlements are processed on the regional map and the important regions visually determined.

Greenery areas represent an organic component of the rural space. For urban needs we base on the survey of their condition. Within the revitalisation of public green spaces in central parts of these communities we work on their qualitative conversion to an attractive public space using principles of contemporary trends in rural space design. The main attributes of the proposals are: return to the traditions, application of domestic tree species and stands, use of natural materials as well as characteristic rural compositional principles. Our activities herewith provide for rural municipalities´ governments some concrete proposals to improve the quality of local peoples´ lives by tools of landscape architecture.

A well-positioned villa with unobstructed views over a beautiful swimming cove at Binibèquer (also known as Binibeca), Menorca. Shops, restaurants and the beach are all within a 5-15 minute walk. There are no buildings-nothing-between the villa and the sea, so the views are superb and you can hear the gentle lap of the sea from the villa. Owned by our family for over 20 years and upgraded regularly to increasingly high standards,Sewa Villa Di Puncak has three bedrooms, a lovely open-plan living area and kitchen and space outside for sunbathing and eating al fresco. Our family has enjoyed holidaying here for many years and we can say that Menorca now offers more than it has ever done, with a wonderful balance of tradition and modern comforts. Please browse our site to find out more about what Menorca and our villa by the sea can offer you.

Panchayati Raj is a system of governance in which gram (village) panchayats are the basic units of administration. It has three levels: village, block and district. Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayati Raj, a decentralized form of Government, where each village is responsible for its own affairs, as the foundation of India’s political system.
India's oldest available Granth “Rigveda" also refers to such local committees and gatherings as autonomous, democratic institutions. Historically, despite periodic political upheaval and changes in power centres on various occasions, these autonomous democratic institutions (Panchayats) continued to work in various forms.
In 1994, All gram panchayats of the country were considered as constitutional unit and to establish them as independent institution, to make them similar, to conduct the elections on a fixed time, to empower them financially, 72nd constitutional amendment was presented in Lok Sabha and the same was implemented as the 73rd constitutional amendment in the entire country.
In the case of Uttar Pradesh, the Panchayat Raj Act was signed into law by the Governor General on 7th December 1947, and with this 35000 panchayats representing a population of 5.40 crore came into existence. In addition to this, about 8 thousand panchayat courts were also established. Later on, a provision of the establishment of a comprehensive system of Panchayats was also made in the constitution of India. In 1951-52, the number of panchayats increased to 35943 and the panchayat courts also reached to 8492. In 1952, the Panchayats in rural life planned to start the nation-building work and the first five-year plan also started this year. In 1952-53, the tradition of Zamindari was abolished and the powers of panchayats were further extended. Since then the general election for the panchayats has continued to be held every five years. During the second phase of development of panchayats (1953-54, 1959-60), the name of the panchayat courts changed to Nyay Panchayat. In the continuation of development steps regarding panchayats, the panchayat act was amended in 1961 in the provisions related to the election of Gram panchayats & Nyay panchayats. In addition to this, the District Council Act, 1961 was adopted based on the Shri Balwant Rai Mehta Committee’s recommendations for the decentralization of power.
In 1988, the sixth general election of gram panchayats was held and in the same year, the Panchayati Raj Act 1988 was amended to ensure 30 per cent representation for women. In addition, provision was also introduced to ensure that each gram panchayat provided representation to at least one female SC member. 
In keeping with the Seventy-third Constitutional Amendment 1992, Uttar Pradesh Kshetra Panchayat and Zila Panchayat Adhiniyam, 1961 was amended in 1994 to establish a three-tier Panchayati Raj Institution system of elected bodies. The amended act envisaged decentralization of power to rural self-governing bodies, viz. Gram Panchayat (GP) at the village level, Kshetra Panchayat (KP) at intermediate level and Zila panchayat (ZP) at the district level. The system of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) aimed at increasing the participation of people in local governance and effective implementation of rural development programmes. The overall supervision, coordination, planning and implementation of developmental schemes were vested with the ZP.
The total rural population as per Census 2011 (Provisional) was 15.51 Crore (13.71 Crore as per Census 2001). At the end of March 2011, there were 72 ZPs, 821 KPs and 51, 914 GPs in the state.
The last election to the elected bodies of the aforesaid PRIs was held during October-November 2010, in which 51,914 Gram Pradhans for GPs, 821 Pramukhs for KPs and 72 Adhyakshas for ZPs were elected.
On 28th September 2011, three new districts namely Prabuddha Nagar, Panchsheel Nagar and Bhim Nagar were created. With these new districts, the total number of districts has gone up to 75 in the state. All these 75 districts have District/Zila Panchayats. At subsequent levels, there are 821 Block/Kshetra Panchayats and 51,914-gram panchayats.

Hospitality in central highland Sardinia is a key cultural idiom that structures community life and accompanies daily interactions among all social actors. Its meaning varies according to the relationship between the parties involved in the exchange, with social distance a primary variable. Based on field work conducted over a period of thirteen months in 2002 and 2003, this paper examines practices of hospitality in the village of Orgosolo in light of some characteristics that Eric Wolf (1957, 1986) attributes to the “closed corporate community.” A reworking of Wolf's classic formulation permits insight into how practices of hospitality maintain the exclusiveness of the moral community vis-à-vis the outside world, and incorporate outsiders into a special category which neutralizes the danger they initially present, thus exempting them from local standards of interaction that are driven by an egalitarian and competitive ethos.

Since the mid-2000s, India has been beset by widespread farmer protests against land dispossession. Dispossession Without Development demonstrates that beneath these conflicts lay a profound shift in regimes of dispossession. While the postcolonial Indian state dispossessed land mostly for public-sector industry and infrastructure, since the 1990s state governments have become land brokers for private real estate capital. Using the case of a village in Rajasthan that was dispossessed for a private Special Economic Zone, the book ethnographically illustrates the exclusionary trajectory of capitalism driving dispossession in contemporary India. Taking us into the lives of diverse villagers in "Rajpura," the book meticulously documents the destruction of agricultural livelihoods, the marginalization of rural labor, the spatial uneveness of infrastructure provision, and the dramatic consequences of real estate speculation for social inequality and village politics. Illuminating the structural underpinnings of land struggles in contemporary India, this book will resonate in any place where "land grabs" have fueled conflict in recent years.

A study aimed to understanding the implementation of village fiscal decentralization. Translation is done by qualitative approach of literature study. In the literature study of this research, researchers also used a textual approach to the implementation of regulations before and after Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Applicable Villages in force. The results of the study indicate a change in the paradigm of village financial management after the regulation is implemented. Researchers also found the positive and negative impact of the enactment of the regulation. The positive impact that arises in the course of the village becomes more independent and self-reliant, while the negative side of the village tendency to be expanded. In general the national fiscal decentralization get the momentum after the enactment of the Law on Villages

Abstrak Gratifikasi rentan terhadap celah masuk tindak pidana suap dan pemerasan. Pemberian gratifikasi acap ditunggangi kepentingan di luar aspek hubungan emosional pribadi dan sosial kemasyarakatan. Merupakan masalah ketika gratifikasi menjadi sebuah pola hubungan kekuasaan. Sehingga pemahaman sekretaris desa dan aparat penyelenggara pemerintahan desa lainnya mengenai gratifikasi sangat penting dalam rangka memberikan edukasi kepada masyarakat desa terkait gratifikasi. Untuk mengukur tingkat pemahaman sekretaris desa dilakukan survei dan dianalisis dengan metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil survei menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas responden belum memahami hal ihwal gratifikasi. Abstract Gratuity is vulnerable from bribery and coercion infiltration. The provision of gratuity is constantly ridden by interest beyond the aspect of a personal emotional connection and social community. It's become more complicated when gratuity transforms into a pattern of power affairs. Therefore, sekretaris desa's and other village's officer understanding about gratuity is very important in order to provide education to the peasant concerned gratuity. To measure their level of understanding, sekretaris desa has been surveyed and analyzed with the quantitative-descriptive methods. The survey shows that the majority of respondents do not understand about gratuity subject.

Die für die wirtschaftspolitische Zeitschrift Recherche D geschriebene Rezension zu Werner Bätzing: Das Landleben. Geschichte und Zukunft einer gefährdeten Lebensform (C.H. Beck München 2020) ist dann doch zu einem Artikel aus Anlaß dieses Buches geraten. Die Rezension ist erschienen in Recherche D, Ausgabe 12 | Februar 2021, S. 28-31 sowie als amazon-Rezension: https://www.amazon.de/gp/customer-reviews/R36D86JC8KS2WE?ref=pf_ov_at_pdctrvw_srp.
Der erweiterte Text hier als PdF.

All over the world, the unorganized manufacturing sector is known as Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) while in India this is known as SSI. And here for the purpose of this paper I am using the term village small industries (VSI). Village Small Industries (VSI) sector is a dynamic and vibrant sector of Indian economy. It is an important constituent of Indian economy in general and of total industrial sector in particular. The VSI sector acts as a cradle to cherish not only the grass root of entrepreneurial talent but also to provide employment opportunities as the social objective at the local level to the millions of people across the country. The VSI sector has been contributing significantly to industrial production, exports and India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The sector has been assigned the target of annual growth of 12% and creation of 4.4 million additional jobs during the Tenth Five Year Plan. These enterprises are faced with diversity of problems in India due to numerous domestic and global economic problems, and policy inconsistencies. The contribution of this sector to national income till today remains low. The result is a high poverty rate and low development at backward regions. The main objective of this paper is to review the major policies and programmes concerning VSIs development and its impact on employment in Indian Villages. The development planning arises from the fact

Gandhi and Architecture: A Time for Low-Cost Housing chronicles the emergence of a low-cost, low-rise housing architecture that conforms to M.K. Gandhi’s religious need to establish finite boundaries for everyday actions; finitude in turn defines Gandhi’s conservative, exclusionary conception of religiosity.  Drawing from archival and field materials, the book begins with an exploration of Gandhi’s religiosity of relinquishment and the British Spiritualist, Madeline Slade’s creation of his low-cost hut, Adi Niwas, in the village of Segaon in the 1930s. Adi Niwas inaugurates a low-cost housing architecture of finitude founded on the near-simultaneous but heterogeneous conservative Gandhian ideals of pursuing self-sacrifice, and rendering the pursuit of self-sacrifice legible  as the practice of varnashramadharma.
At a considerable remove from Gandhi's religious conservatism, successive generations in post-colonial India have reimagined a secular necessity for this Gandhian low-cost housing architecture of finitude. In the early 1950s era of mass housing for post-partition refugees from Pakistan, the making of a low-cost housing architecture was premised on the necessity of responding to economic concerns and to an emerging demographic mandate. In the 1970s, during the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries crisis, it was premised on the rise of urban and climatological necessities. More recently, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, its reception has been premised on the emergence of language-based identitarianism in Wardha, Maharashtra. Each of these moments of necessity reveals the enduring present of a Gandhian low-cost housing architecture of finitude and also the need to emancipate Gandhian finitude from Gandhi's own exclusions.
This volume is a critical intervention in the philosophy of architectural history. Drawing eclectically from science and technology studies, political science, housing studies, urban studies, religious studies and anthropology, this richly illustrated volume will be of great interest to students and researchers of architecture and design, housing, history, sociology, economics, Gandhian studies, urban studies and development studies.

Studying the Landscape's roles in Life quality of Iran`s Arid Area`s Villages Under Influence of Modern Development; Case study on “Haj Ali Asgar” Village
Arid area`s villages are good examples for studying the influence of modernization on the form of urbanism in this region. Those are a suitable context for understanding the problems and difficulties. After Islamic Revolution with the attitude of reducing exclusion in country massive formal, economic and social changes happen in the villages. Although those have good influences but those haven`t sufficient effort for making villages attractive for a living. Haj Ali_Asgar Village is chosen for studying because this village shows that when the first aids of society are provided and suitable landscape, place issues and identity issues do not consider, we can’t guaranty the sustainable development of a region. Although the attraction of the cities is not deniable but Iran`s villages suffer from other problems too for example; identity problem and undefined form and landscape. For understanding the village better, Case study method adopted. Interview and observation used for gathering the data. For understanding the common ideas and politics about villages in Iran, Guide plan of it used as the main source. After that, data analyzed with a descriptive-analectic method. In this research, we try to disgust critically about the transformations, which happen after modern development.

""It's quite hard to analyse the history of a village founded around a missing monastery when there are few papers, too late, and is impossible compare the results with any archeological research.
So we have to study and try out different traditional knowledges and local histories, finding anomaly and affinity with others research about cloister's history of the same period.
Who founded it, why the fructuariensis order manage it, is the cloister the first antropic mark in this land?
Sometimes what is missing gives us the anwer to our questions as much as something in plain sight.""

This paper looks at the various views of historical geographers, archaeologists and historians concerning the nature of settlement in early Ireland. It examines the way that the idea of 'tribalism' has shaped views of the past. How far was there nucleation, villages, towns etc.

The COVID-19 that has engulfed the world has presented a bitter challenge to academic intellectual to define knowledge in the absence of academic environment and skills in the presence of local environment. Having been given an order by the government of day that all institutions be closed and all lecturers work from home and that current institutions did not have adequate facilities to accommodate online learning presented a future coupled with uncertainty and academic idleness. What kind of project would one indulge in as a contribution to solving the pandemic to the society and the fact that not all village academicians are scholars of medical research? This situation even presents a difficult concept initiation as movements of persons are limited and the projects for implementation are also limited to those that are directly or indirectly helping in solving the problem. The biggest challenge during this period is the distribution of food to the larger village that depends only on one market. Therefore the best project would be a village retail shop which is home-based.

This paper is about a small south Indian village called ‘Pappankulam’ which has many
temples and interesting stories associated with it. This article includes deep in depth research on the origins of the myths. This artciel will try to answer the following questions:

1) Why was the Indian society divided into four varnas?
2) Were Shudras (working class) denied access to Vedic study? If so, why?
3) Who is a Brahmin?
4) Why did Rama kill Shambuka, a Shudra ascetic?
5) What is Svadharma?
6) What is the essential message of Vedas and Vedanta?

The article has links to many important posts that I have written in the past three years. By going through all of them, you can get the complete picture when it comes to the history of religions.

I examine the bottom-up role of villages in low population density Old Kingdom Egypt, and later ancient Egypt,  against the top-down, planned, and centrally controlled Heit el-Ghurab urban site at Giza, which has been interpreted as infrastructure for pulsing people from provinces, towns, and villages through royal pyramid building works at the emerging core of the Egyptian state.

The State of Indonesia is an agricultural country, so land has a very important meaning for the lives of the people of Indonesia. Once the importance of the position of land for humans is not uncommon to cause disputes about land. Theoretically, dispute resolution can be done in 2 (two) ways, namely through formal justice mechanisms in the court (litigation) and outside the judicial process (non litigation). One form of settlement outside the court is Mediation. Mediation is the settlement of disputes through negotiations with the help of a neutral third party (mediator) in order to find a form of settlement that can be agreed by the parties. Mediation is basically a deliberation and consensus, namely as a way or process other than other ways or processes either through arbitration, negotiation, conciliation, and others. If there is an agreement in mediation, and is stated in a peace deed, this peace deed is actually a legal product and has binding power as the characteristics of the consensual principle according to Article 1338 of the Civil Code. Accordingly, agreements made legally, act as laws for the parties to the dispute. This Articel is a analytical descriptive social legal approach through the qualitative methods.

Development of the countryside consisting of rural settlements and landscapes stands for an integrated transdisciplinary issue. To make rural development efficient, it is important to encourage and support sustainability concerning both, economic and environmental aspects. Regarding environmental sustainability, an important role is played by landscape architecture. Within the urban area, the emphasis should be put especially on public and semi-public space design in order to enhance social interaction and community life. Besides economic productivity of the open agricultural land surrounding rural settlements, the social utilization of these areas should be also considered and improved. Relevant tools for restoration and further smart and sustainable development of rural spaces are provided by landscape architecture. They consist in improving the green infrastructure (GI) of rural spaces. In this paper, we will introduce the approach of GI improvement by the 3-level planning concept as a design tool.

Tulisan ini berupaya mengidentifikasi tantangan desa-desa di Jawa Timur saat implementasi UU No.6/2014 tentang Desa yang berdekatan waktunya dengan dimulainya Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) 2015.  UU Desa yang berupaya mengembalikan marwah desa agar menjadi desa yang berdaya dihadapkan dengan ketidaksiapan kapasitas desa dan rusaknya modalitas sosial, politik, ekonomi dan budaya yang di saat bersamaan juga menghadapi persaingan bebas dalam pasar bersama MEA. Kondisi ekonomi nasional, khususnya Jawa Timur, yang digerakkan oleh sektor informal rentan dilemahkan oleh persaingan bebas dalam MEA. Agenda-agenda MEA berpotensi memunculkan tantangan bagi ketahanan ekonomi desa-desa di Jatim dan kegagapan tata kepemerintahan (governance) dalam harmonisasi kebijakan di level regional, nasional, dan lokal

In this technical session 9 papers by the postgraduate students (M.Sc. 4th Semester) of the Department of Anthropology, Vidyasagar University were presented which were based on their recent fieldwork experiences among the Mundas in two villages of Satjelia Island of the Sunderbans area of South 24 Parganas of West Bengal. The papers deal with the (i) demographic, (ii) socio-economic, (iii) educational, (iv) religious, (v) developmental and (vi) recreational aspects of the Mundas in Sunderbans. The introductory paper, which will also be presented by a student would give a brief overview of the glimpses of the field area which began with the journey of the students from outside Sunderbans right into the Munda villages and the world’s largest biodiversity park. There is also a paper on the methodological issues arising out of the fieldwork experiences of the students in the Munda villages.
Dr.Abhijit Guha pointed out that this kind of technical session on the INCAA platform is unique and first of its kind because of the following reasons: 1. All the papers in the session are presented by students who have not yet earned their M.Sc. degrees in Anthropology 2. All the papers in the session dealt with a single village and on a single community, viz. Mundas. The two most important commentators of this session were Professor Jagannath Dash of the Department of Anthropology, Utkal University and Professor Vinayak Srivastava, of Delhi University. Prof. Dash pointed out the various loose areas of the papers which he suggested should be tightened up for further improvement. Prof. Srivastava highly admired the effort of the students and their teacher for carrying out a team ethnography which is becoming popular now-a-days.

Secara Historis, Desa Wisata Tinalah (Dewi Tinalah) merupakan desa wisata yang mempunyai sejarah perjuangan berdiri tegaknya Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI) hingga saat ini. Sekretariat Dewi Tinalah berada di Jl. Persandian Km. 5, Kalurahan (Desa) Purwoharjo, Kapanewon (Kecamatan) Samigaluh, Kabupaten Kulon Progo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Di kawasan Dewi Tinalah terdapat situs sejarah yaitu Rumah Sandi yang digunakan oleh para sandiman untuk mengirim berita ke mata dunia bahwa NKRI masih berdiri dan berdaulat hingga sampai PBB saat masa Agresi Militer Belanda II. Dewi Tinalah resmi berdiri pada tanggal 1 Oktober 2013 dari hasil musyawarah yang telah dilaksanakan sejak tahun 2012. Dewi Tinalah mengusung konsep pengembangan desa wisata dengan pesona alam dan budaya berbasis masyarakat. Proses Terbentuknya kawasan Desa Wisata Tinalah (Dewi Tinalah) Terbentuknya Dewi Tinalah tidak terlepas dari peran serta masyarakat dan pemerintah untuk mengembangkan desa dengan program nasional pemberdayaan masyarakat (PNPM) mandiri pariwisata melalui desa wisata (Menteri, 2010). Dengan adanya program ini, masyarakat bersama pemerintah desa melakukan musyawarah untuk melakukan pengembangan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat desa dengan membentuk suatu desa wisata di Purwoharjo. Desa wisata merupakan suatu daerah tujuan wisata atau disebut pula destinasi pariwisata, yang mengintegrasikan daya tarik wisata, fasilitas umum, fasilitas pariwisata, aksesibilitas, yang disajikan dalam suatu struktur kehidupan masyarakat yang menyatu dengan tata cara dan tradisi yang berlaku (UU No. 10, 2009). Program pengembangan desa wisata juga berdasarkan dari perubahan trend cara berwisata. Wisatawan dengan berbagai motivasi melakukan perjalanan wisata ke desa wisata untuk bisa menikmati kehidupan masyarakat, berinteraksi secara aktif dalam berbagai aktivitas di lokasi desa wisata dan juga belajar kebudayaan lokal setempat (Dinpar DIY, 2004: 6). Perubahan trend ini menjadi penting dalam pengembangan desa wisata sebab target wisatawan sudah terbentuk dan ada marketnya sehingga lebih mudah untuk membuat pasar baru pariwisata. Karakter perubahan trend ini karena pariwisata merupakan industri yang sangat makro dan dinamis, wisatawan tidak hanya tertarik pada keindahan alam dan kelengkapan fasilitas, tetapi juga keleluasaan dan intensitas interksi dengan lingkungan dan masyarakat (Permadi, 2018: 34).

The paper analyses the desertion trend of several villages in Lombardy during the XIVth century, starting the way in which desertion phenomena are classified by sources. Desertions are numerous, even before the Black Death, but with a different geographical distribution. Abandonments are more widespread in the less populated lowland areas, like the countries of Brescia and Vercelli. They are mentioned less frequently in the most populous areas, like the Pre-Alpine mountains,
and the urban centers like Milan.

Eastern Slovakia is one of the last islands of the traditional buildings with a timber skeleton structure, once common in the wider European area. The paper presents the research history,  evolution, technology and rich residential and farm typologies of the noteworthy buildings.

The objective of this research is to study the birth and characteristics of Thai anthropology and Thai Studies by focusing on the early decades of Cold War, 1950s to 1970s. Research question is when and how, according to Thai state and anthropologists the Thai rural village becomes unit of analysis and unit of social development. Through deep analysis of archival sources from both Thai and U.S., the Thai rural village had strategically been invented and established in two related levels; as a physical unit by various state development schemes; and as a basic unit of social science knowledge by Thai and American sociologists and anthropologists in 1950s and 1960s. In short, to know and to control the Thai rural village was vital to the U.S. counter-insurgency strategy in the Cold War Southeast Asia.

Lebih kurang 14 tahun terakhir terjadi perubahan besar pada tatanan hukum, politik dan sosial paska berakhirnya rezim Orde Baru. Perubahan hukum dimulai sejak amandemen UUD 1945 yang terjadi dalam empat (4) putaran perubahan, yaitu; (1) perubahan pertama pada tahun 1999 berhubungan dengan pembatasan kewenangan Presiden dan memperkuat kekuasaan DPR RI sebagai lembaga legislatif, (2) perubahan kedua pada tahun 2000 berhubungan dengan masalah wilayah Negara, Pembagian kekuasaan Pemerintah Daerah, penyempurnaan perubahan pertama dalam hal memperkuat kedudukan DPR RI, dan ketentuan terperinci tentang Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM), (3) perubahan ketiga pada tahun 2001 berhubungan dengan Asas-asas landasan bernegara, kelembagaan Negara, dan hubungan antar lembaga Negara, serta ketentuan tentang Pemilihan Umum, terakhir; (4) perubahan keempat pada tahun 2002 berhubungan dengan kelembagaan Negara dan hubungan antar lembaga Negara, penghapusan DPA, tentang pendidikan dan kebudayaan, tentang perekonomian dan kesejahteraan sosial, serta aturan peralihan dan tambahan, Asshiddiqie (2009). Perubahan UUD 1945 tersebut adalah bagian dari Pembaruan Hukum di Indonesia yang diiringi dengan perubahan perundang-undangannya, baik pada level nasional sampai dengan daerah. Sayangnya, pada konteks pembaruan hukum sumber daya alam dan pengakuan hak-hak masyarakat adat ternyata belum bergerak seperti yang kita inginkan. Perubahan konstitusi yang mengakui dan menghormati hak-hak masyarakat adat 2 dalam pengelolaan sumber daya alam ternyata dihambat oleh rezim perundang-undangannya yang sektoral dan pengakuan setengah hati hak masyarakat adat serta sentralisme pengelolaan sumber daya alam. Disisi lain, Perubahan sistem politik sentralistik ke desentralisasi mempengaruhi pengakuan hak masyarakat adat dalam pengelolaan sumber daya alam. Desentralisasi adalah kritik terhadap sentralisasi yang mematikan potensi-potensi daerah dan kesatuan-kesatuan masyarakat adat dalam pengelolaan 1 Makalah disampaikan pada Musyawarah Adat : -Aplikasi Manajemen Suku dan Pemberdayaan Hukum Adat dalam Hukum Nasional,‖ di Kota Solok, 17-18 Maret 2012. Musyawarah Adat ini yang dilaksanakan oleh Organisasi Perantau Solok Saiyo Sekato atas dukungan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Solok dan Pemerintah Kabupaten Solok Selatan, dan organisasi kemasyarakatan lain. 2 Pasal signifikan dalam amandemen UUD 1945 terhadap hak-hak masyarakat adat terlihat di Pasal 18 B ayat (2)-hasil Perubahan UUD 1945 yang kedua, tahun 2000-yang menjelaskan penghormatan terhadap hak-hak tradisional masyarakat adat dan pasal 28 I ayat (3) yang menjelaskan Hak Asasi Manusia atas masyarakat adat. Walaupun terdapat persyaratan-persyaratan dalam pasal ini terhadap hak masyarakat adat, paling tidak ada hak-hak konstitusional masyarakat adat. Untuk lebih jelas lihat Kurniawarman (2007) Kajian Hukum Peluang dan sumber daya alam. Celakanya, aras perubahan desentralisasi terhadap pengelolaan sumber daya alam belum signifikan. Berbagai sektor seperti kehutanan, pertambangan, dan sumber daya alam lainnya masih dalam dominasi sektor-sektor di pemerintahan pusat (departemen-departemen). Hal tersebut melahirkan jurang pemisah (gap) antara masyarakat adat dan pemerintah daerah dengan pemerintah, seperti terlihat dalam hal ; pertama; gap antara penguatan hak masyarakat adat melalui kebijakan daerah (Perda) terbentur dengan kebijakan-kebijakan nasional, misalnya pengakuan hak ulayat oleh Perda Propinsi Sumatera Barat no.6/2008 tentang Tanah Ulayat dan Pemanfaatannya (kemudian disebut ; Perda Tanah Ulayat) di kawasan hutan tidak efektif dilaksanakan. Kedua, mahalnya biaya dan sumber daya masyarakat adat untuk mengakses sumber daya alam di kawasan hutan melalui skema-skema kebijakan kehutanan, seperti hutan desa, hutan kemasyarakatan dan lain-lain. Propinsi Sumatera Barat mengambil momentum desentralisasi dengan melahirkan dua kebijakan penting tentang keberadaan nagari yang mempunyai hak-hak tradisional (hak ulayat). Yaitu; Perda Propinsi Sumatera Barat no.2 tahun 2007 tentang Pokok-pokok Pemerintahan Nagari (Kemudian disebut ; Perda Nagari) dan Perda Tanah Ulayat. Dua perda ini mencoba mengintegrasikan sistem pemerintahan adat dengan sistem pemerintahan modern 3 dan mencoba memulihkan kembali hak-hak tradisionalnya, termasuk hak ulayat.