Silviculture

Eucalyptus species were introduced in Karnataka as far back as 1790. Sporadic plantings were done during the early 20th century, but larger plantations were raised from the 1930's, mainly for firewood and charcoal production. With increasing use of hardwoods in pulp and paper manufacture, and under the impetus of the National Foresr Policy, 1952 and the report of the National Commission of Agriculture, 1976, large scale cultivation of eucalypts was taken up during the 1960's through to the 1980's. The Karnataka Plantation Corporation was set up in 1971 mainly to raise pulpwood; the Mysore Paper Mills took up captive plantations to feed its expanding capacity; Harihar Polyfibres Ltd. entered through the joint sector Karnataka Pulpwoods Ltd. Eucalypts also became very popular in farm forestry, due to attractive returns and as insurance against drought. Criticism on ecological grounds limited Forest Department plantings to the lower rainfall zones, while adverse social implications gave rise to much controversy on the use of non-cultivated revenue and forest land near villages for industrial plantations. The 1988 Forest Policy has recommended that industry should raise its raw material by entering into agreements with farmers, thereby leaving a question mark on the role of eucalypts in government.
forestry.

Foliage spatial distribution and morphological variation within crowns reflect the adjustment of a tree to acclimatise to different microenvironments within crowns and stands. They play important roles in the light use efficiency, carbon assimilation and photosynthesis capacity of the whole tree. In this study, leaf quantity and size at the tree and crown layer levels, and leaf morphology across crown layers, sectors and zones, from 18 trees were investigated in five-year-old Betula alnoides plantations with six planting densities. The results showed that the vertical distributions of leaf number, leaf area index, cumulative branch cross sectional area and leaf area and their ratios were skewed towards the upper crown layers, especially for high planting densities. There was a tendency for leaf size (leaf length, width, perimeter and area) and leaf dry mass to increase from lower to upper crown layer and also from the inner to outer crown zones. The leaf shape factor was larger, and the ratio of leaf length to width and specific leaf area were much smaller, for leaves in the outer and upper crown positions. Leaves in the southern and eastern sectors were smaller than those in the northern and western sectors, but leaf length to width ratio, leaf shape factor and specific leaf area did not differ significantly among four crown sectors. In addition, planting density had no significant effect on leaf related traits at the individual tree and crown layer levels, and leaf morphology also did not vary regularly with planting density, but the specific leaf area was significantly negatively correlated with planting density. However, the interactions between planting density and crown layer, crown sector and crown zone, and among planting density, crown layer and crown zone, were significant. The findings confirmed the acclimation of leaf distribution and morphology to different microenvironments, and provided baseline information for plantation management of B. alnoides and other valuable hardwood species in southern China and other regions with similar climate conditions.

In the uneven-aged mixed forests, logging operation is generally performed by using selection cutting method. However, logging activities result in serious residual stand damages during felling and skidding operations in these stands. Therefore, the effects of main factors on stand damage should be well understood by the logging managers to plan proper logging operations with minimum damage. In this study, the residual stand damages from a logging operation was studied in an uneven-aged mixed forest to examine the main factors (i.e. logging stages, tree species, and location, size, and type) affecting stand damages. Then, some of the suggestions and practices that can be implemented during logging operations to reduce stand damage were presented.

The primary aim of using treeshelters is offering protection for young trees against browsing and fraying. However treeshelters also significantly modify growth of protected trees. Even though there are many investigations on the behavior of broadleaved tree species in treeshelters, conifer species and particularly Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (MIRB.) FRANCO] have not been subject yet to comprehensive studies with different types of treeshelters. This is even more surprising as large-scale damage caused by storms as well as devastations caused by climate change (and subsequent conversion) may most probably lead to further rising use of treeshelters and also more planting activities of Douglas-fir. Additionally silvicultural measures for compensating an expected short-coming of conifer timber from highly productive species on the roundwood marked together with an unbalanced situation of deer stock and natural regeneration may further intensify such trends.  Thus, the aim of the study was to analyse growth and mortality of Douglas-fir in three different types of treeshelters including one control without protection considering two site categories of water supply (above-/ below average paired sites), additional fencing (yes/ no, for trees without treeshelter) and weeding/ tending measures conducted every year (yes/ no). The experimental design is distributed across 10 locations on public forest estates within southwest Germany/ State of Baden-Württemberg. Monitoring took place over three vegetation periods (2012-2014) on three year old plants, planted bare-rooted. Growth of height (H) and stem diameter (at branch collar, WHD), measures of stability (H/WHD-ratio) as well as cumulative mortality have been recorded and compared across types of treeshelters and combined effects of water supply, fencing and mechanical weeding/ tending using tests on mean values in mixed models. There were significant effects of the type of treeshelters on growth and mortality along the three years. Starting at the same size seedlings grown in sheltertype Ventex repectively Plantagard-shelter and Plantagard-mesh, when comparing to seedlings grown without protection, had a mean tree height higher by 27.4 cm respectively 18.2 cm and 13.7 cm (sign.), a mean WHD thinner by 1.5 mm, respectively 3.0 mm and 1.2 mm (partly sign.) and a higher mean H/WHD-ratio by 26 respectively 31 and 15 (sign.). The cumulative mortality was lower with a value of 12.7 % respectively 15.8 % and 18.1 % in comparison to trees without protection (28.2 %, sign.). Despite of several significant differences in height and diameter growth, measures of stability and mortality when compared to seedlings without protection, differences range still within values of trees grown up without protection as known from literature. Unprotected and planted Douglas-fir trees exhibit height development fast enough to overgrow shelters of a height of 90 cm after 2 years. Mean H/WHD-ratio of Douglas-fir three years after plantation represents sufficient stability, nevertheless it reaches published values from trees under long-term experiments of canopy closure. When analysing effects of treatments jointly with specific combinations of water supply, fencing and mechanical weeding/ tending only rarely large differences in growth and mortality were found compared to seedlings grown in different sheltertypes. Additionally, when considering full costs of tree shelters as well as the potential to improve local game management, we do not recommend the use of tree shelters in the case of Douglas-fir.
Keywords: damage caused by game, single-tree protection, fencing, Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (MIRB.) FRANCO], height growth, tree stability, tree mortality.

Big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) is an economically important timber species in the Neotropics. For over three centuries, it has been selectively extracted from tropical forests, threatening its populations. We investigate the actual and potential distribution of big-leaf mahogany and assess its abundance on the Yucatan Peninsula based on the National Forest and Soils Inventory database. Furthermore, we evaluate environmental factors associated with its distribution, abundance, and tree size. The actual and potential distribution models show the presence of mahogany in a wide geographic area covering the southern and eastern portions of the Yucatan Peninsula. Abundance of mahogany in the landscape varies and in general is low. The spatial potential distribution model was best explained by the environmental variables of vegetation cover (medium-and high-stature semievergreen tropical forest) and elevation (upland areas). Results also indicate that mahogany remains relatively abundant and contain larger size classes in localities where the species has been harvested and managed for decades under community forest management. Furthermore, statistical analyses show greater tree density of mahogany mostly associated with low-stature semievergreen tropical forest having deep soils (gleysols and vertisols), while larger tree size (diameter at breast height) was associated with medium-stature semievergreen tropical forests in upland areas with moderately deep or shallow soils (mostly rendzinas or leptosols). Despite deforestation, land-use change and forestry activities on the Yucatan Peninsula, particularly in the past 20 years, the distribution and abundance of mahogany do not appear to be as drastically reduced as described in other neotropical regions.

Annapurna conservation area has an exceptionally rich biodiversity, including many endangered, rare and vulnerable wildlife species. In order to gain a better understanding of indigenous wildlife species baseline study is almost important to get information on these species for promoting sound wildlife management. Lack of information can be a cause, which may hamper the attainment of an objective. If the population of different species is to be restored and maintained information on the past trend in their population, critical habitats etc is necessary. Such

This paper examines how a regenerative agricultural landscape of 30 hectares would look like and how it would affect the social context in the surroundings. The project area is 2 km south of Køge, Denmark, where a volunteer permaculture association is working on a social and ecological growing project. This paper suggests how a mediumscale agricultural landscape would look like in relation to this project, using principles from natural farming, agroecology and permaculture.

In this paper a software product is presented. We created it in order to help the researchers in their activity of extracting valuable information regarding spatial distribution of a population. The software, named SPATIAL, offers a wide range of instruments that should be used in describing spatial pattern of the individuals of a population.

Scholars studying the globalization of Australian trees have previously emphasized the rapid natural propagation of Australian trees outside of their native habitats, believing their success to be a reversal of ‘‘ecological imperialism’’ from the ‘‘new world’’ to the ‘‘old world.’’ This article argues that the expansion of Australian trees should not be viewed as a biological phenomenon, but as the result of a long-term attempt by powerful states and state-sponsored scientists to select and breed Australian species that could grow in a variety of climates and ecological conditions. Five non- biological factors largely determined the success of these attempts to grow Australian trees: the abundance or paucity of natural forests, state power, the amount of scientific research directed to planting Australian trees, the cost of labor, and the ability to utilize hardwood timbers and bark. This paper compares the use of Australian trees in Australia, India, and South Africa to demonstrate that biology was not the determining factor in the long-term success of many Australian genera and species.

Though there are many forestry textbooks available in the market which provide a more balanced account of subjects, the topics and structure of this book "Forestry: Principles and Applications" (ISBN-Hard Bound: 9788172338107 & ISBN-Paper Back: 9788172338114) is highly meritorious and unique in many aspects. In fact, the book collates valuable knowledge on forestry and natural resources which will be useful to students for their regular semester exams, University entrance examinations for admission to M.Sc. & Ph.D. programmes, preparation of competitive exams, forest service exams, etc.  This compilation will be most useful for the people in Universities and Colleges, Research Institutions dealing with biological sciences, agricultural sciences and forestry sciences and Forest Departments. The general subject matters available in the book will be beneficial to persons from forestry, agriculture and natural resources field in many countries. This book is the first in the forestry book series to synthesize information on relevant processes, factors and causes of carbon turnover in forest ecosystem and the technical and economic potential of carbon sequestration. Accordingly the book is able to fill an important gap between the needs of global forest and environmental policies and local forest management. In fact, the book makes a valuable contribution to the knowledge of students, academicians, research scientists, modern foresters and policy makers, which will, in turn, guide efforts to manage the remaining forests and new forests in the millennia to come. Book information is available in the websites:

https://www.scientificpubonline.com/bookdetail/forestry-principles-applications/9788172338114/0

https://www.scientificpubonline.com/bookdetail/forestry-principles-applications/9788172338107/0

https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Forestry_Principles_And_Applications/-b04DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1

In this study, in Kastamonu - Taskopru Forest Nursery, "Root Collar Diameter (RCD)" and "seedling height (SH)" were measured on bare-rooted seedling of Daday originated Scots pine and Anatolian Black Pine for the purpose of determining the morphological characteristics of the seedlings of these species and examining the relations among those morphological characteristics through the application of leonardite on 1+0 aged pre-planting and pre-sowing on seedbeds with three replications in 400 m2 as per the "Completely Randomized Design" .In addition, "number of lateral branches (NLB)", "number of buds on terminal shoot (NBTS)", "fresh stem weight (SFW)", "fresh root weight (FRW)", "dry stem weight (DSW)" and "dry root weight (DRW)" measurements were performed. Afterwards, by utilizing these measured values, the proportional values of SH:RCD and DSW:DRW were determined for each seedling separately. The data obtained on sapling morphological characteristics were subjected to variance analysis through SPSS Statistical Package, and the effects on 1+0 aged pre-planting and pre-sowing Scots pine and Anatolian Black Pine were tried to be determined. Duncan test was applied in order to manifest the obtained differences. According to this, it was demonstrated that several different doses of leonardite affect seedling characteristics positively.

El silvopastoreo como una alternativa en el manejo de pasturas ha demostrado un comportamiento efectivo con respecto al mantener o mejorar la fertilidad del suelo, a medida que aumenta el tiempo de explotación de este, sobre todo con especies arbóreas leguminosas por el aporte de materia orgánica en forma de hojarasca y por su capacidad de fijar nitrógeno (Alonso, Sampaio, Febles, & Achang, 2007). Además de la aceptabilidad por parte de ganado vacuno, ovino y caprino de especies como Morus alba, Leucaena leucocephala,  Azadirachta indica, con altos contenidos proteico que además podrían funcionar en estos sistemas (García, y otros, 2008) Las condiciones creadas en agroecosistemas de pastos con especies arbóreas mejoran le fertilidad del suelo y disponibilidad de nutrientes para los pastos por lo tanto una mayor productividad del ganado (Alonso, Sampaio, Febles, & Achang, 2007). 
En el presente trabajo se establecen un ordenamiento de finca para la implementación de un sistema silvopastoril en granja productora de leche

Titlu: Tabele de Cubaj Pentru Lemn Rotund
Copertă color, extrem de vizibilă, flexibilă, broșată
Volum exprimat în metri cubi [mc], cu 3 zecimale
Lungimi între 0,5 – 8,1 metri, din 10 în 10 cm
Diametre între 6 – 100 cm, cu pas 1 cm
Găsirea diametrului în funcție de circumferință
Claritate excelentă a formatului tabelelor, simplu, intuitiv și rapid
în utilizare
Număr de pagini: 122
Tabele cu date practice pentru activitatea din exploatări și
valorificare
Ediția a III-a

Ce cuprinde acest volum

- Metoda pentru calculul volumului bușteanului;
- Ghid pentru utilizarea tabelelor;
- Denumirile populare și științifice ale speciilor și abrevieri pentru acesteai: denumire populară / denumire stințiifică;
- Perioadele de recoltare și colectare a lemnului;
- Durata maximă de recoltare și colectare a lemnului;
- Perioadele pentru exploatarea masei lemnoase din paduri;
- Categoriile de material lemnos; densități/masa specifica;
- Puterea calorifică (orientativă) / specii forestiere;
- Valoarea factorului "k" pe specii sau grupe de specii, pentru diverse categorii de diametre; - Materiale construcție din lemn – tipuri, denumiri, dimensiuni – informativ;
- Cupon de gratuitate la înscrierea în site-ul pepiniere.ro.

La implementación de la Ley Forestal 1700, su Reglamento y sus Normas Técnicas han facilitado el desarrollo de un paquete de prácticas de manejo que sirven ahora como plataforma para la aplicación de algunos tratamientos silviculturales. Se presentan las principales prácticas de manejo y silviculturales empleadas en la Amazonía del país, con base en una revisión bibliográfica sobre la aplicación de prácticas silviculturales, una visita en el pasado a la región y entrevistas a los responsables de manejo de cuatro concesiones forestales (tres certificadas y una en proceso) y una iniciativa de manejo comunitario en Pando; de estas cinco operaciones se tuvo acceso a datos operativos, lo que permitió contar con información de primera mano del plan de manejo. Similarmente, se presentan las principales prácticas silviculturales de dos concesiones forestales de Agrupaciones Sociales del Lugar y una comunidad indígena en Ixiamas, al norte del departamento de La Paz, y de otra comunidad indígena en Guarayos, fuera de la Amazonía, pero de interés silvicultural.

Del universo de tratamientos silviculturales, son dos los tratamientos más comunes en la región (y el resto del país): Corta de lianas en árboles aprovechables y semilleros, y marcado de árboles de futura cosecha. En menor escala y de manera excepcional se aplican la escarificación de suelos y las plantaciones de enriquecimiento. No existen evidencias de aplicación de prácticas silviculturales en castaña (Bertholletia excelsa), excepto en las concesiones forestales. Las empresas certificadas son las que más aplican prácticas de manejo y silviculturales. En el estudio se identifican las barreras o limitaciones a las prácticas silviculturales y se proponen medidas para superarlas.

Son seis las regiones productoras del país: Amazonía, Chiquitanía, Guarayos, Preandino amazónico, Bajo Paraguá y Choré. La región amazónica boliviana, con unas 10 millones de hectáreas (ha) de superficie, resulta en el ecosistema más diverso en especies forestales comerciales y potencial volumétrico. Estos bosques se encuentran relativamente en buen estado de conservación, debido a su baja densidad poblacional, las distancias y dificultades de conexión caminera con las grandes ciudades, y esencialmente porque su desarrollo económico se ha basado en los productos forestales, inicialmente la goma (Hevea brasiliensis), la castaña (Bertholletia excelsa) y la madera. La castaña es muy importante para la población e industria local, cuyos beneficios superan a los de la madera.

Se presenta un paquete de recomendaciones para promover la aplicación de las prácticas silviculturales, entre ellas: ajustar las normas técnicas e incluir la obligatoriedad de aplicación de algunos tratamientos; promover la certificación forestal; reforzar los esfuerzos de asistencia técnica, capacitación e investigación de centros de investigación, universidades y ONGs dedicadas al apoyo a iniciativas de manejo forestal; reforzar la seguridad jurídica de las operaciones de manejo forestal para incentivar la aplicación de prácticas silviculturales; desarrollar incentivos que reconozcan los esfuerzos de quienes aplican estas prácticas; y promover la aplicación de prácticas post-aprovechamiento que a la fecha son virtualmente inexistentes.

This book is a result of the project ‘Second generation of planted hardwood forests in the EU — Woodnat’, financed by the European Commission, carried out by a companies’ temporal consortium integrating Seistag Innovacion SL (Spain), Industrial Plants OOD (Bulgaria), ECM Ingenieria Ambiental SL (Spain), WAF Estructuras Digitales SL (Spain), Losan Romania SRL (Romania), Asimov Efficiency SL (Spain), Bosques Naturales SA(Spain), Consiglio per la ricerca In agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (Italy) and Wale SAS (France).
The objective of this guide is to be a silvicultural manual analyzing the considered as the better practices to be applied for hybrid walnut (Juglans x intermedia) plantation management oriented to timber production, taking into account scientific literature and the experience in the sector of the companies who compound the Woodnat consortium.
This guide tentatively answers the questions any forest manager would have about walnut planted forests. Applied with common sense, combined with new information as available and modified when needed, these guidelines should be useful tools for the management of walnut planted forests under different cultivation systems and circumstances.

Barriers to successful adoption of novel silvicultural practices are rarely just technical in nature. Simply put, why do some forest users practice better silviculture than others? Diverse perspectives in the social sciences have been brought to bear on this question, but most efforts suffer from theoretical or methodological biases which undermine their utility for answering questions of interest to forest managers and policy-makers. We argue that research on silviculture practice can better serve the needs of policy-makers if it is approached more holistically and with the intention of answering clear questions about why particular users have, or have not adopted desired practices in particular situations. To illustrate this approach, we present three case studies of research on tropical silviculture practice from each of Philippines, Brazilian Amazon and Mexico. Findings from these studies indicate that a variety of factors may influence whether or not silvicultural practices are adopted. These range from characteristics of the local environment and individual users (knowledge, motivation, etc.) to wider geographical, economic and political influences. Forest researchers and policy-makers will better identify key constraints and opportunities for the adoption of silvicultural practices in particular contexts if they approach research with clear questions and an interdisciplinary approach. #

Silvicultural systems

The processes by which the crops that constitute a forest are tended, removed and replaced by new crops, resulting in the production of woods of a distinctive form.
Name of a system is based on:
number of age classes (e.g. even-aged, uneven-aged), or
regeneration method (e.g. shelterwood, selection)

Many spatial vegetative physiological and environmental impact studies demand consistent as well as fine resolution daily meteorological data, which is often unavailable. This problem is evident when studies and applications focus at the regional and local scale. Meteorological stations cannot provide the needed data due to their irregular locations and several associated shortcomings such as missing data. Climate data from global sources like the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and WorldClim are provided at a coarse resolution which makes them inappropriate to use directly at regional and local scales. In order to circumvent this problem, we downscaled daily WorldClim and NCEP global climate grids to produce weather data sets using a delta method to 0.0083 (approximately 1 × 1 km) spatial resolution for the Amhara region of northwestern Ethiopia. The downscaled data set includes daily precipitation, and minimum and maximum temperature from 1979 to 2010. The drizzle effect in the downscaled data set was first eliminated by using a rain threshold that removed values of <1 mm per day. We compared the downscaled values with our calibration data from 56 meteorological stations in the Amhara region. The comparison between the downscaled and the calibrated data from weather stations showed biases in the downscaled values. A delta-change bias correction technique on a 10-day average basis was used to correct the biases associated with the downscaled data. Simple additive and multiplicative bias correction methods were used for temperature and precipitation, respectively. We then validated the corrected downscaled daily weather data using ten independent weather stations from the region. We found that the downscaling and the bias correction methods have improved the NCEP values. The validation exhibited no bias. The full data set can be accessed freely under the following link: ftp://palantir.boku.ac.at/Public/ClimateDataEthiopia/.

Pertumbuhan pohon dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan (edafis dan klimatis), pemuliaan genetik pohon, serta teknik silvikultur.  Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya, pohon tumbuh menjadi besar berkat perkembangan jaringan meristem primer apikal, akar dan meristem sekunder.  Akar sebagai bagian utama dari tumbuhan ternyata menjalankan fungsinya sebagai penopang dan penyedia zat hara dengan sangat menakjubkan.  Inilah yang disebut Jaringan Pengaman Unsur Hara

In the Productivore’s Dilemma three overarching claims are explored in a manuscript of chapters split into two parts: First, that human and more-than-human life is not only threatened by extinction but is more importantly threatened by systemic extermination. Second, utilizing the coast redwood tree (Sequoia sempervirens) as an object for analysis, I seek to show that one of the largest known plant species is not only threatened by extinction, but by negative production of space, a concept theorized throughout the manuscript. The coast redwood tree is a remarkable example of the fact that there are important differences between extinction caused by natural processes and extinction caused by Anthropogenic systems. Third, using the analytical apparatus of systemic extermination helps to clarify a long-unfolding and intensifying species-level crisis, which I identify as the Long Extermination, an historical event – highly stretchable in its temporal coordinates.  At the center of this critical re-framing of the debate about the so-called sixth mass extinction and its epochal designation the Anthropocene, is what I refer to as the Productivore’s Dilemma: born of the realization that the main difference between the human species and all other species on the planet is not merely that we can consume and use for fuel a wide variety of plants, fibers, and animals, due to our omnivorous nature, but that we can consciously produce our habitats and our food. Hence, we are productivores. A dilemma then arises: are humans destroying the planet or are the systems that direct our productive capacities destroying the planet? If it is the latter, then we are witnessing systemic extermination. If it is the former, we are causing a mass extinction. The answer will please nobody, and thus it is a dilemma. That said, there is an answer. In providing an answer, this manuscript, while broad and synthetic in its structure and scope, takes aim at a set of ideas and historical processes that deserve to be critically interrogated. Critiques of the Anthropocene and the sixth mass extinction move freely between the internal and external, leading to one central counterpoint: That we are not witnessing the sixth mass extinction, but the maturation of a long-term extermination event that is systemic much more than it is species oriented.

During geological history, the emergence of plants on earth has led to the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the atmosphere and oceans into innumerable inorganic and organic compounds on land and in water. Forests play an important role in the global carbon cycle. In the recent past, carbon has gained a lot of attention as a greenhouse gas, as it has potential to influence the climate pattern of the world. Since 1850, humans have released approximately 480 Gt of CO 2 into the atmosphere through fossil fuel burning and land use changes. Anthropogenic activities like industrialization, deforestation, forest degradation and burning of fossil fuel, has caused an increase in the level of carbon in the atmosphere and disrupted the global carbon cycle. However, nature has its own mechanism of sequestering and storing the carbon in its "reservoirs" or "sinks''. The carbon sequestered or stored on the forest trees are mostly referred to as the biomass of the tree or forest. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change identified five carbon pools of the terrestrial ecosystem involving biomass, namely the aboveground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter, woody debris and soil organic matter. Among all the carbon pools, the above-ground biomass constitutes the major portion of the carbon pool. Difficulties in collecting field data of belowground biomass, has lead to biomass estimation based on aboveground biomass. Estimations of forest carbon stocks are based upon the estimation of forest biomass. Forest's carbon stocks are generally not measured directly; however, many authors assume the carbon concentration of tree parts to be 50% or 45% of the dry biomass. An attempt was made to review and summarize various methods and studies that were carried out to estimate the above and below ground biomass of the forest.

Sal (Shorea robusta) is one of the most important timber-yielding trees in India, spread over an estimated area of 13 million hectares. Sal occurs gregariously on the southern slopes of the Himalayas and is also distributed on the plains and lower foothills of the Himalayas including the valleys. Regeneration is considered as a key process for the existence of a species in the community as it maintains desired composition and stocking. Presence of ample number of seedlings and saplings in a given population indicates successful regeneration. This study is a comparative assessment of the natural regeneration of Sal under protected and unprotected conditions and consequently aims at identifying the environmental and anthropogenic factors influencing the regeneration of Sal. It is essential to study the influence of protection and conservation on the regeneration potential of Sal for the efficient management and silviculture of these forests. The major factors influencing the regeneration of Sal were identified as soil characteristics, structure and floristic composition of the forest, relationship of Sal with its associate species, canopy density, light conditions, rainfall, temperature, frost, drought, forest fires and other important anthropogenic factors such as grazing, firewood collection, seed collection, lopping and harvesting of non-timber forest products. The degree of disturbances faced by the protected and unprotected forests were sharply contrasting, enabling an efficient comparative study. The study was carried out in two different forest patches, one under complete protection and the other exposed to anthropogenic disturbance. However, as the two patches are in close proximity, climatic conditions are identical. The two sites are located in the Doon Valley region, on the Himalayan foothills in the Uttarakhand State of India and under the management of Kalsi Forest Division. Nearly 80% of the Doon Valley forests are Sal forests. Phytosociological analysis and soil sampling was carried out in the months of January and February 2015. The sampling and data collection was done by dividing the forest structure into three layers, trees, shrubs and herbs. Saplings and seedlings were included in the shrub and herb layers respectively. This data was then quantitatively analysed to calculate the density, frequency, abundance, Importance Value Index, basal area and Whitford Index separately for the three layers. The data was also analysed for α-diversity and estimation of other diversity, similarity, richness, dominance indices and evenness. Sal was the only species found in the tree layer, indicating its complete dominance in this layer. 21 species were found in the shrub layer of the protected site, while 19 species were found in the unprotected site. However, the density of Sal saplings was found to be 340 individuals/ha in the unprotected site, significantly higher than the protected site having 120 individuals/ha. The major species found to be competing extensively with Sal were Clerodendrum viscosum, Mallotus philippensis, Murraya koenigii, Jasminum sp and Lantana camara, thus hindering its regeneration. The most significant results were obtained from the herb layer, as the density of Sal seedlings was found to be only 20 individuals/ha in the unprotected site, while the protected site had 80 individuals/ha, clearly indicating the lack of Sal regeneration under disturbed conditions in the unprotected site. Echinocarpus, Oplismenus compositus and Rungia pectinata were observed to be the species competing with the Sal seedlings in the herb layer. The graphical representation of the density of Sal trees, saplings and seedlings of both the sites clearly indicates the better regeneration of Sal under protected conditions. Although the regeneration of Sal is better in the protected site, it is not as high as expected, due to the high canopy density obstructing the sunlight and rainwater reaching the lower layers and the forest floor and excessive growth of competitive species. This indicates that protection should be coupled with appropriate silvicultural and forest management strategies to maximise the natural regeneration. The correlation analysis of the physico-chemical properties of soil with the floristic composition of the shrub layer shows that pH is the only negatively correlated soil property and acidic soils are necessary for the healthy growth and composition of Sal forests.

In a trial conducted in the Aguaytia river basin (Ucayali Region, Peruvian Amazon), the growth, tree health, and their relationship with soils and other site factors were evaluated in 15 experimental plantings of Calycophyllum spruceanum Benth. The study was carried out to identify the potential places for successful establishment of plantations in the basin. Total height and diameter at breast height (DBH), phytosanitary state and form of the trunk of all trees at 64 months were evaluated. Site index (SI), basal area, and the total volume with bark per hectare were calculated, and soil physical chemical characteristics were evaluated and compared among sites. Three productivity geographical zones (Campo Verde- Nueva Requena, Neshuya-Curimaná, and San Alejandro, were determined. Soil conditions were different among the three zones, but San Alejandro zone presented better characteristics for tree growth. Soil evaluations showed high correlation with the SI and soil pH (0.78), aluminum saturation (−0.75) and magnesium contents (0,74) and calcium contents (0.69). Data analysis showed small correlation among topographical conditions; however plantations developed better on small slopes and with clay contents higher than 30%. The data indicated a better adaptation of the tree species at the higher level of the basin.

Pengusahaan hutan telah dilakukan sejak lama, bahkan sejak pemerintahan Kolonial Hindia Belanda melalui pendirian panglong didaerah Sumatera Timur dan Kalimantan Tengah, dan berkembang lebih lanjut pada pemerintahan Orde Lama setelah diterbitkannya PP no 64 tahun 1957 Tentang Desentralisasi. Namun pengembangan Usaha Pemanfaatan Hutan dalam Unit Usaha yang berazaskan kelestarian diluar P. Jawa baru dikembangkan pada pemerintahan Orde Baru setelah keluarnya UU no 5 Tahun 1967 yang diikuti dengan PP no 22 Tahun 1968 Tentang Iuran Hak Pengusahaan Hutan (IHPH) dan Iuran Hasil Hutan (IHH), PP no 21 Tahun 1970 Tentang  Hak Pengusahaan Hutan (HPH) dan Hak Pemungutan Hasil Hutan ( HPHH), serta PP no 33Tahun 1970 Tentang Perencanaan Hutan.

This book described the endangered species of Taxus sumatrana growing in Indonesia in detail and comprehensive discussion, started from their active compound content of Taxol derivatives , ecology, silvicultural and also conservation strategy.

Se aplicó el método directo dasometrico para conocer el estado actual de las plantaciones y su relación con las variables edáficas y de precipitación para identificar los potenciales sitios de establecimiento para  plantaciones exitosas de Calycophyllum spruceanum Benth. en la zona. 
En las parcelas evaluadas se encontró diferencias notables en índice de sitio, el área basal  y el volumen maderable.  El índice de sitio presento una alta correlación  con el área basal y el volumen maderable total. A partir de los datos se determino tres (3) zonas geográficas de productividad (Campo verde-Nueva Requena, Neshuya – Curimaná y San Alejandro).  Las condiciones edáficas indicaron cambios significativos entre las tres zonas siendo la zona de San Alejandro la que presenta mejores características para el crecimiento de la especie.
El estudio permite generar una clasificación sobre la base del índice de sitio, esta clasificación coincide con la agrupación por bloques y la altura de la cuenca en la mayoría de casos.  El crecimiento en el mejor bloque dio como resultado un incremento volumétrico de hasta 11.998 m3ha-1año-1.
Peru

Dry tropical forests provide a wide range of forest products that directly support the livelihoods of people. These forests are the most threatened and least protected forests due to expansion of agriculture and pasture lands, unregulated grazing, forest fire, unregulated collection of wood and other forest products. Dry forests of Ethiopia are heavily affected by such human induced factors. The iconic Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst is a dominant tree species of this forest and the principal source of the globally traded frank-incense. The species lacks regeneration in all forests evaluated so far. Frankincense forests in relatively wetter dry land areas with little or no human related disturbance are not evaluated so far. Here we quantified the regeneration status of the frankincense tree in such areas and evaluated these forests in comparison to non-regenerating frankincense forests elsewhere. We surveyed two-ha plots in each of five districts in Benishangul Gumuz Region, Western Ethiopia. The frankincense tree populations showed two different regeneration patterns: inverse J-shaped and bell-shaped pattern. The presence of regenerating populations in three of our study areas is in sharp contrast to all earlier studies on this species. The healthy regeneration might be related with the availability of more favourable conditions such as better precipitation, lower levels of anthropogenic disturbances and younger ages of the three woodlands. These unique, regenerating frankincense tree populations need recognition and should be delineated as priority areas for conservation, which includes their role as source of genetic material. Better attention of conservation practitioners, policy makers and frankincense companies may help this species to survive and therewith its emblematic frankincense.