Sizing

Screening is the simplest method for sizing particles in minerals processing. It is used to separate particles of a material according to size and shape. Screening usually follows after comminution. The aim of this experiment was to screen and sieve haematite ore and to study its particle size distribution. The screening was done using an industrial screen and the sieving was done using laboratory Tyler sieves. The initial mass of the ore manually fed to the screen was 11.965 kg. However, the total mass of the respective launders (particles <8mm, <10mm, <22mm, and >22mm) after screening was 11.64 kg. The losses are mainly due to blinding, type and condition of panels, and the effects of the 3.03 t/h feed rate. . The industrial screen had a wide particle size distribution (PSD). In addition to the feed rate, the phenomena of stratification and probability may be cause of the relatively low screen efficiency of 91%. Typically, the industry standard is a screen efficiency of at least 95%. As it turns out, the feed rate was too high and formed a thick material bed. It should be lowered in future screening so that the fine material is able to 'see' the apertures.

Automotive radiator is key component of engine cooling system. Radiator thermal analysis consist sizing and rating of heat exchanger. Radiator size mainly depends on heat rejection requirement. Heat transfer calculations are important fundamentals to optimize radiator size. Automotive manufacturers use 1-D simulation software to decide radiator size. This paper focuses on thermal analysis of radiator theoretically using ε-NTU method and its validation by simulation approach.

Combining Solar Photovoltaic systems with batteries can guarantee high supply reliability, but in cloudy weather (weak irradiation) this strategy requires large storage capacity and is expensive. It is cheaper to supply peaks of demand and the demand during this period, with either an additional wind generator. Under this objective different types of (photovoltaic/wind) hybrid systems for supplying electricity have been demonstrated in a large number of pilot and demonstrated projects. In this context, the design of hybrid systems is a relevant issue. An ideal system has to supply, at any given time in the year, an instantaneous energy that equals the consumed energy by all system loads. A sub-sized system obviously doesn't satisfy the demand on electric power and on the other hand, an over-sized system can be completely prohibitive due to economical and financial indicators. This work presents the different methods of sizing a small PV-Wind hybrid system and the chose of the method that gives the optimal technico-economic configuration.

The filament yarns have much more smoother surface and stronger as compare to staple yarn. The low twist multi-filament yarns create problems: if a single filament breaks during weaving. It will make fuzz ball, float or skip that will ultimately cause the loom to stop. It order to avoid these kinds of situations, it is necessary to size the yarn.

This paper presents a design for a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system to provide the required electricity for a single residential household in rural area in Jordan. The complete design steps for the suggested household loads are carried out. Site radiation data and the electrical load data of a typical household in the considered site are taken into account during the design steps. The reliability of the system is quantified by the loss of load probability. A computer program is developed to simulate the PV system behavior and to numerically find an optimal combination of PV array and battery bank for the design of stand-alone photovoltaic systems in terms of reliability and costs. The program calculates life cycle cost and annualized unit electrical cost. Simulations results showed that a value of loss of load probability LLP can be met by several combinations of PV array and battery storage. The method developed here uniquely determines the optimum configuration that meets the load demand with the minimum cost. The difference between the costs of these combinations is very large. The optimal unit electrical cost of 1 kWh for LLP = 0.049 is $0.293; while for LLP 0.0027 it is $0.402. The results of the study encouraged the use of the PV systems to electrify the remote sites in Jordan.

— This paper aims to design size and implement a Photo Voltaic system (PV system) for powering a living room. The required load to be powered by the PV system is completely determined. A comparison between using normal and power saving loads is carried out. The power saving loads is chosen to reduce the overall cost of the required system. The proposed PV system for powering the predetermined load is introduced. Each part of the system is designed and sized based on the load requirement. Finally, the practical implementation for the overall PV system for powering the required load is done. The implemented system works in an efficient way.

By 1916 over 13 million women or 12.7% of the total U.S. population was considered overweight or
‘‘stout.’’ In the 1920s, the term ‘‘stout.’’ indicated an (often matronly appearance) with generous bust,
back and hip curves that did not fit with fashion s demands of the ideal stylish figure. Research related
to ready-to-wear fashions for plus sized women in the 20th century is almost non-existent. The
purpose of this study was to explore available ready-to-wear fashions for the plus sized woman
during the years 1920-1929. To explore this topic, a historical method approach was utilized using
primary sources that included The New York Times, Vogue, and Good Housekeeping. The results of this
study identified prescriptive and proscriptive advice regarding appropriate clothing styles and
merchandising trends marketed to plus sized women.

In a computer-based design, many thousands of alternative exchanger configurations may be examined. Computer codes for design are organized to vary systematically the exchanger parameters such as, shell diameter, baffle spacing, number of tube-side pass to identify configurations that satisfy the specified heat transfer and pressure drops. A computer-based design model was made for preliminary design of shell-andtube heat exchangers with single-phase fluid flow both on shell and tube side. The program covers segmentally baffled U-tube, and fixed tube sheet heat exchangers one-pass and two-pass for tube-side flow. The program determines the overall dimensions of the shell, the tube bundle, and optimum heat transfer surface area required to meet the specified heat transfer duty by calculating minimum or allowable shell-side pressure drop.

This paper presents a design for a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system to provide the required electricity for a single residential household in rural area in Jordan. The complete design steps for the suggested household loads are carried out. Site radiation data and the electrical load data of a typical household in the considered site are taken into account during the design steps. The reliability of the system is quantified by the loss of load probability. A computer program is developed to simulate the PV system behavior and to numerically find an optimal combination of PV array and battery bank for the design of stand-alone photovoltaic systems in terms of reliability and costs. The program calculates life cycle cost and annualized unit electrical cost. Simulations results showed that a value of loss of load probability LLP can be met by several combinations of PV array and battery storage. The method developed here uniquely determines the optimum configuration that meets the load demand with the minimum cost. The difference between the costs of these combinations is very large. The optimal unit electrical cost of 1 kWh for LLP = 0.049 is $0.293; while for LLP 0.0027 it is $0.402. The results of the study encouraged the use of the PV systems to electrify the remote sites in Jordan.

In a computer-based design, many thousands of alternative exchanger configurations may be examined. Computer codes for design are organized to vary systematically the exchanger parameters such as, shell diameter, baffle spacing, number of tube-side pass to identify configurations that satisfy the specified heat transfer and pressure drops. A computer-based design model was made for preliminary design of shell-andtube heat exchangers with single-phase fluid flow both on shell and tube side. The program covers segmentally baffled U-tube, and fixed tube sheet heat exchangers one-pass and two-pass for tube-side flow. The program determines the overall dimensions of the shell, the tube bundle, and optimum heat transfer surface area required to meet the specified heat transfer duty by calculating minimum or allowable shell-side pressure drop.

Bu çalışmada, tekstil işletmeleri için önemli olan ve dokuma randımanını etkileyen haşıl prosesinin geleneksel uygulamaları, haşıl prosesi maliyeti ve haşıllama işlemi sırasında karşılaşılan sorunlar incelenmiştir. Haşıl makinesi temel olarak besleme kısmı, haşıl teknesi, kurutma bölgesi ve dokuma levendine sarım bölümlerinden oluşmaktadır. Geleneksel haşıllama uygulamalarında nişasta, selüloz türevleri gibi doğal kaynaklı ve polivinilalkol ve akrilat vb sentetik kaynaklı haşıl maddeleri kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmada haşıllamada meydana gelen haşıl maddeleri hataları, ipliğin sebep olduğu hatalar, haşıllama sırasında meydana gelen hatalar, makine ve donanım hataları incelenerek çözüm önerileri getirilmiştir. Haşıllama, Haşıl Makinesi, Haşıl Maddeleri, Haşıllama Problemleri In this study, sizing process, which is important for textile mills and affect the efficiency of weaving, traditional sizing applications, the costs of sizing process and problems in sizing process were investigated. Sizing machine mainly consists of feeder, sizing pool, dryer and warp beam. In traditional sizing applications, natural sizing materials such as starch, cellulose derivates, and synthetics ones such as polyvinyl alcohol and acrylate are used. The problems due to sizing materials, caused by yarn, occurring in sizing process and also the problems due to machinery and equipment were examined and solution suggestions were proposed in this study.

The aim of this paper study the impact of class-based storage policy based on the optimal configuration of U-flow single command warehouses using a on an ABC product classification. For that purpose, the authors propose a non linear optimization model to minimize the expected travel distance of the warehouse and use analytical methods to solve it. The most important contribution is to provide a mathematical proof that regardless of the storage policy (It does not matter the specifics of the turnover pattern of the products), the optimal warehouse has a width that is the double of its length, and the pick and deposit point should be located in the middle of the width of the warehouse. In addition, authors perform a sensitivity analysis that indicates that the optimal solution is robust, meaning that a certain deviation from the optimum layout does not impose a significant penalty on the expected travel distance of the warehouse.

The sizing process is an important one for textile mills and affects the efficiency of the loom machine. In this study, the optimisation of multiple performance characteristics based on the grey relations analysis method, which is a new approach for optimisation of the sizing process was researched using the Taguchi L18 (mixed 3-6 level) experimental plan. The process parameters selected: warp yarn count, the viscosity of the sizing solution and the dispatch speed of the warp yarn passing from the sizing machine, were optimised. In the experimental design of Taguchi L18 (mixed 3-6 level), the warp yarn count factor was chosen as 3 levels (12, 10 and 8 tex), the viscosity of the sizing solution factor as 3 levels (14, 20, & 24 Ns/m 2), and the dispatch speed of the warp yarn passing from the sizing machine factor was selected as 6 levels (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, & 90 m/min). Quality characteristics were determined as the warp yarn strength, and the efficiency of the loom machine. A grey relational grade obtained from the grey relational analysis is used to solve the sizing process with multiple performance characteristics. Optimum levels for the sizing process parameters were determined using the grey relation grade.

During opetarion, telescoping boom aerial platform's slewing rings are quasi-statically loaded with axial, radial stresses and bending moments. The external loads are expressed depending on the position in space of aerial platfome charged by workers and their necessary tools and materials. The telescopic boom aerial paltform rolling bearings sizing takes into account stability conditions described as permanent contact between the soil the chassis. The design have to deliver a 3:1 safety factor, and the ability to withstand greater wind loads and greater nozzle reactions.

In a computer-based design, many thousands of alternative exchanger configurations may be examined. Computer codes for design are organized to vary systematically the exchanger parameters such as, shell diameter, baffle spacing, number of tube-side pass to identify configurations that satisfy the specified heat transfer and pressure drops. A computer-based design model was made for preliminary design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers with single-phase fluid flow both on shell and tube side. The program covers segmentally baffled U-tube, and fixed tube sheet heat exchangers one-pass and two-pass for tube-side flow. The program determines the overall dimensions of the shell, the tube bundle, and optimum heat transfer surface area required to meet the specified heat transfer duty by calculating minimum or allowable shell-side pressure drop.

This paper presents a design for a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system to provide the required electricity for a single residential household in rural area in Jordan. The complete design steps for the suggested household loads are carried out. Site radiation data and the electrical load data of a typical household in the considered site are taken into account during the design steps. The reliability of the system is quantified by the loss of load probability. A computer program is developed to simulate the PV system behavior and to numerically find an optimal combination of PV array and battery bank for the design of stand-alone photovoltaic systems in terms of reliability and costs. The program calculates life cycle cost and annualized unit electrical cost. Simulations results showed that a value of loss of load probability LLP can be met by several combinations of PV array and battery storage. The method developed here uniquely determines the optimum configuration that meets the load demand with the minimum cost. The difference between the costs of these combinations is very large. The optimal unit electrical cost of 1 kWh for LLP = 0.049 is $0.293; while for LLP 0.0027 it is $0.402. The results of the study encouraged the use of the PV systems to electrify the remote sites in Jordan.

The sizing process is an important one for textile mills and affects the efficiency of the loom machine. In this study, the optimisation of multiple performance characteristics based on the grey relations analysis method, which is a new approach for optimisation of the sizing process was researched using the Taguchi L18 (mixed 3-6 level) experimental plan. The process parameters selected: warp yarn count, the viscosity of the sizing solution and the dispatch speed of the warp yarn passing from the sizing machine, were optimised. In the experimental design of Taguchi L18 (mixed 3-6 level), the warp yarn count factor was chosen as 3 levels (12, 10 and 8 tex), the viscosity of the sizing solution factor as 3 levels (14, 20, & 24 Ns/m 2), and the dispatch speed of the warp yarn passing from the sizing machine factor was selected as 6 levels (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, & 90 m/min). Quality characteristics were determined as the warp yarn strength, and the efficiency of the loom machine. A grey ...

Utilization of rice straw for energy use in grain drying has attracted considerable interest in many rice producing countries. However, performance of rice straw as fuel in grain drying is uncertain without information on the fundamental properties of the raw material. Rice straw has low quality feedstock primarily determined by a high ash content (10- 17%) as compared to wheat straw (around 3%) and high silica content in ash in rice (SO2 is 75%) and in wheat 55%. On the contrary rice straw feedstock has relatively low total alkali content (Na2O and K2O comprise &lt; 15 % of total ash) whereas wheat straws have &lt; 25 alkali content in ash. Based on its slagging index, Rs 0.04, fouling index, RF 0.24. Rice straw is not expected to have significant operating problems or different emission compared with wheat straw and Rice husk under similar operating condition. The purpose of this paper is to reveal some of those properties from literature and how they could be improved by pretreat...

This paper presents mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulations to obtain optimal sizing for a battery energy storage system (BESS) and solar generation system in an extreme fast charging station (XFCS) to reduce the annualized total cost. The proposed model characterizes a typical year with eight representative scenarios and obtains the optimal energy management for the station and BESS operation to exploit the energy arbitrage for each scenario. Contrasting extant literature, this paper proposes a constant power constant voltage (CPCV) based improved probabilistic approach to model the XFCS charging demand for weekdays and weekends. This paper also accounts for the monthly and annual demand charges based on realistic utility tariffs. Furthermore, BESS life degradation is considered in the model to ensure no replacement is needed during the considered planning horizon. Different from the literature, this paper offers pragmatic MILP formulations to tally BESS charge/discharge cycles using the cumulative charge/discharge energy concept. McCormick relaxations and the Big-M method are utilized to relax the bi-linear terms in the BESS operational constraints. Finally, a robust optimization-based MILP model is proposed and leveraged to account for uncertainties in electricity price, solar generation, and XFCS demand. Case studies were performed to signify the efficacy of the proposed formulations.

There are various applications of organosilicon compounds in papermaking. Additionally, organosilicons have been applied to improve the water resistance of some lignocellulosic materials. The performance, however, of such compounds for the hydrophobation of paperboard is unclear. In this study, an organosilicon solution was internally and externally applied to old corrugated container (OCC) paperboard at ambient temperature. Examination of the infrared spectra of treated paperboard confirmed the presence of CH2 groups and hydrophobic organic chains of organosilicon in the treated paperboard. Both internal and external treatment of the paperboard helped its resistance to water, though external treatment was more successful in the late reduction of the contact angle of water droplets and also in reducing water uptake.

In this paper, a study was conducted on the sustainable development of solar and wind energy sources. The approach adopted is to exploit the two renewable resources by arriving to determine optimal configurations of photovoltaic and / or wind energy system with storage to provide electricity to a self-contained residential apartment located in the city of Tlemcen , in Algeria. The Tlemcen site showed a more favourable trend to use the photovoltaic system alone on the hybrid PV / wind system because of the low wind speeds of this site. The calculation method used is based on the monthly averages for ten consecutive years, data collected by the Tlemcen Zenâta weather station in order to have a better reliability analysis of an electric power generation system. In addition, the methods used in this study can be used to determine the optimal size of the most economical hybrid system that corresponds to any site in the world and for any requested load.