Surface treatment

Enforcing environmental aspects into all areas of human life causes the customer to start preference for products that meet demanding quality, hygienic criteria on all sites.
In the woodworking industry, manufacturers are forced to adapt to market requirements. Surface treatments finalize wood products and provide the product with the required appearance, durability and other qualitative characteristics. In order to optimize and correctly choose surface treatments, it is necessary to analyze a large number of factors determining the final quality of the wood products determining the suitability of their use and the resulting product price. The aim of the paper is to analyze the factors determining wood surface treatment and to propose evaluation criteria in the optimization of surface treatment processes with regard to the qualitative, ecological and economic aspects of the production process of the finalization of wood products.
Key words: Surface treatment, manufacturing process, optimization, quality, wood

Presadzovanie ekologických aspektov do všetkých oblastí ľudského života spôsobuje, že zákazník začína uprednostňovať také výrobky, ktoré po všetkých stránkach spĺňajú náročné kvalitatívne, hygienické kritériá. V drevospracujúcom priemysle sú výrobcovia nútení prispôsobiť sa požiadavkám trhu. Procesy povrchových úprav finalizujú výrobky z dreva a dodávajú výrobkom požadované vzhľadové, odolnostné aj ostatné kvalitatívne charakteristiky. Pre optimalizáciu a správnu voľbu povrchových úprav je potrebné analyzovať veľké množstvo faktorov podmieňujúcich výslednú kvalitu drevárskych výrobkov určujúcich vhodnosť ich použitia a výslednú cenu produktov. Cieľom príspevku je analýza faktorov podmieňujúcich povrchovú úpravu dreva a zároveň návrh hodnotiacich kritérií v optimalizácie procesov povrchových úprav s ohľadom
na kvalitatívne, ekologické a ekonomické aspekty výrobného procesu finalizácie drevárskych výrobkov.                                                     
Kľúčové slová: povrchová úprava, výrobný proces, optimalizácia, kvalita, drevo

The aim of the study was to assess, compare and evaluate the adhesive strength and compressive strength of different brands of glass ionomer cements to a ceramometal alloy. (A) Glass ionomer cements: GC Fuji II (GC Corporation, Tokyo), Chem Flex (Dentsply DeTrey, Germany), Glass ionomer FX (Shofu-11, Japan), MR dental (MR dental suppliers Pvt Ltd, England). (B) Ceramometal alloy (Ni–Cr: Wiron 99; Bego, Bremen, Germany). (C) Cold cure acrylic resin. (E) Temperature cum humidity control chamber. (F) Instron Universal Testing Machine. Four different types of Glass ionomer cements were used in the study. From each type of the Glass ionomer cements, 15 specimens for each were made to evaluate the compressive strength and adhesive strength, respectively. The 15 specimens were further divided into three subgroups of five specimens. For compressive strength, specimens were tested at 2, 4 and 12 h by using Instron Universal Testing Machine. To evaluate the adhesive strength, specimens were surface treated with diamond bur, silicone carbide bur and sandblasting and tested under Instron Universal Testing Machine. It was concluded from the study that the compressive strength as well as the adhesive bond strength of MR dental glass ionomer cement with a ceramometal alloy was found to be maximum compare to other glass ionomer cements. Sandblasting surface treatment of ceramometal alloy was found to be comparatively more effective for adhesive bond strength between alloy and glass ionomer cement.

"A target of Fe-40 at.-%Al intermetallic alloy with ordered B2 structure was subjected to laser melting processing by a high energy XeCI excimer pulse (wavelength 308 nm, pulse length 120  ns) in low pressure air. The total thickness of the laser affected zone (LAZ) was ∼ 150 nm. The modified surface showed an increased roughness and the presence of cracking. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements revealed a strong enrichment in the aluminium concentration within the LAZ, as well as relatively high contents of oxygen and nitrogen incorporated in the near surface region. Both angle resolved and depth profile XPS analyses suggested that oxides, nitrides, and oxynitrides were mainly present within the LAZ as discrete particles in the metallic matrix rather than as surface layers. Significant surface hardness reduction was observed after laser treatment, which has been interpreted to be due to partial suppression of B2 lattice ordering. Electrochemical measurements  in borate buffer solution showed a reduced anodic activity of the laser processed aluminide in the potential range between the open circuit potential and 0.1 V saturated calomel electrode, whereas at higher anodic overpotentials no substantial differences in behaviour were observed with respect to the untreated Fe–40Al surfaces. Such consequences of the excimer laser treatment may be explained by mechanisms involving aluminium enrichment and nitride formation processes inside the LAZ."

The effectiveness of concrete surface treatment materials such as silanes, siloxanes, etc., in preventing concrete deterioration due to sulfate attack, carbonation, and chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion was investigated. The effectiveness of these materials in decreasing the sulfate ...

The effect of surface treatment on silica agglomerate dispersibility was investigated. Precipitated silica powders were treated with a commercially available coupling agent Bis-(triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulphane (TESPT) in a blender. Spherical agglomerates of known density were prepared and dispersed in styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) under controlled flow conditions. The erosion kinetics was monitored by measuring the reduction in size of parent agglomerate with time. Silica dispersibility was greatly enhanced upon surface treatment. The coupling agent used in surface treatment is known to reduce filler—filler interactions and therefore affects the intrinsic cohesivity of the powder. However powder surface treatment can also induce changes in agglomerate morphology and filler-liquid interactions. The work presented in this paper evidences such changes.

Rainwater harvesting is being promoted to solve water problems for agricultural and domestic uses in the semiarid loess regions of China. In recent years, however, the current rainwater harvesting practices are still confined to rural family units to supply household water needs and for very limited supplemental irrigation purposes due to low runoff efficiencies of the limited catchment types and consequently low amount of collected water. The current runoff catchments mainly include rooftops, courtyards, earth and asphalt-paved roads. It is necessary to test artificial catchment treatments to select optimum treatments for large-scale use in the region. This study evaluated runoff characteristics of six surface treatments relative to rainfall amount and intensity and antecedent rainfall during naturally occurring rainfall events in the semi-arid loess regions of northwest China. The surface treatments included two basic types, i.e., earthen (natural loess slope and cleared loess slope) and barrier-type surface treatments (concrete, asphalt--fiberglass, plastic film, and gravel covered plastic film).The results of the study indicated that runoff and runoff efficiency of the earthen surface treatments were closely related to the rain intensity, while runoff from the asphalt fiberglass, plastic film, gravel-covered plastic film, and concrete surface treatments was more governed by the amount of the rainfall. Asphalt fiberglass had the highest average annual runoff efficiency of 74–81%, followed in decreasing order by the plastic film (57–76%), gravel-covered plastic film (56–77%), concrete (46–69%), cleared loess slope (12–13%), and natural loess slope (9–11%). Antecedent rainfall had an obvious effect on the runoff yield for the cleared loess slope, natural loess slope, and concrete. The threshold rainfall was 8.5, 8.0, and 1.5 mm for the natural loess slope, cleared loess slope, and concrete treatments, respectively, without antecedent rainfall effects and 6.0, 5.0, and 1.2 mm, respectively, with antecedent rainfall effects. Due to the impermeable surface, antecedent rainfall had little effect on the runoff yield for the asphalt fiberglass, plastic film, and gravel-covered plastic film treatments, which had a threshold rainfall of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.9 mm respectively.

Bulk characteristics and deposition of gold nanoparticles on mica modified by (PAH) was studied byUV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM),dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The size of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)was 15 nm as determined by TEM and AFM. The electrophoretic mobilities and electrokinetic chargeof particles were quantitatively evaluated for a broad range of pH and ionic strength. Using Henry’smodel, it was calculated that the zeta potential of particles varied between − 50 mV and − 80 mV forpH 2 and pH 11, respectively (at 10−2M of NaCl). Measurements of nanoparticle deposition kineticswere performed under diffusion-controlled transport conditions using AFM and SEM imaging of particlemonolayers. The influence of the bulk suspension concentration was systematically studied. Additionally,the maximum coverage of particle monolayers, which monotonically increased with ionic strength, wasdetermined by SEM. The obtained data were in agreement with theoretical predictions derived from therandom sequential adsorption (RSA) model. It was also confirmed that by varying the bulk suspensionconcentration and ionic strength one can prepare homogeneous gold particle monolayers of controlledcoverage.

Surface damage & morphology Surface treatments Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal a b s t r a c t This paper studied the surface quality (damage, morphology, and phase transformation) of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) in CAD/CAM milling, and subsequent polishing, sintering and sandblasting processes applied in dental restorations. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to scan all processed surfaces to determine phase transformations and analyse surface damage morphology, respectively. The average surface roughness (R a) and maximum roughness (R z) for all processed surfaces were measured using desk-top SEM-assisted morphology analytical software. X-ray diffraction patterns prove the sintering-induced monoclinic-tetragonal phase transformation while the sandblasting-induced phase transformation was not detected. The CAD/CAM milling of pre-sintered Y-TZP produced very rough surfaces with extensive fractures and cracks. Simply polishing or sintering of milled pre-sintered surfaces did not significantly improve their surface roughness (ANOVA, p40.05). Neither sintering-polishing of the milled surfaces could effectively improve the surface roughness (ANOVA, p40.05). The best surface morphology was produced in the milling-polishing-sintering process, achieving R a ¼0.2170.03 mm and R z ¼1.7370.04 mm, which meets the threshold for bacterial retention. Sandblasting of intaglios with smaller abrasives was recommended as larger abrasive produced visible surface defects. This study provides technical insights into process selection for Y-TZP to achieve the improved restorative quality. (L. Yin). j o u r n a l o f t h e m e c h a n i c a l b e h a v i o r o f b i o m e d i c a l m a t e r i a l s 6 5 (2 0 1 7) 1 0 2 – 1 1 6

Hot rolled steel (HRS) is used extensively in the automotive, agricultural and appliance industries. The corrosive response of HRS was investigated after it had been exposed to various surface treatments, prior to powder coating. The behaviour of three conversion coatings: zinc phosphate (ZnP), iron phosphate (FeP) and zirconium (Zr)-based nano-scaled, on HRS was studied. HRS is naturally covered with iron oxide scale and this was removed from the surface by mechanical and chemical processes, prior to the application of surface treatment and organic coatings. The following tests on differently treated panels were conducted to evaluate corrosion performance: adhesion tests such as, crosshatch, pull-off, and conical bending, SEM, XPS, salt spray and electro-chemical impedance studies were also performed. Good correlations were recorded showing that zinc phosphate conversion coating gave the best performance, and zirconium-based nano-structured conversion coating, was superior to that of iron phosphate conversion coatings on HRS.

Thermoplastics are highly attractive substrate materials for microfluidic systems, with important benefits in the development of low cost disposable devices for a host of bioanalytical applications. While significant research activity has been directed towards the formation of microfluidic components in a wide range of thermoplastics, sealing of these components is required for the formation of enclosed microchannels and other microfluidic

An overview is represented of the cryogenic technologies implementation in the heat treatment and deformation of metals. The areas are determined of most effective application of the cryogenic liquids and gases in the steel rolling production and heavy machines building with the aim of product quality improving, equipment and tools durability and reducing ecology impact on environment and working personnel.

Often the development of the structural materials and the connected technologies is based on empirical experiences more than theoretical considerations. In the near future it will be possible to specify the structure of the material with the technological parameters to reach the desired properties without expensive and tedious experiments. In the first part of this book the theoretical background of the (laser) surface treatment is introduced and the experimental results of the laser surface treatment are analysed from the physical metallurgy point of view; the modelling of the same laser treatment is carried out and the results are compared. The mathematical base of the laser surface treatment is also introduced. Finally, in the last chapter an example is shown to proof the advantage and efficiency of the modelling in all phase of the laser surface treatment technology to reduce the cost, improve the properties of the product and avoid the expensive and numerous experiments.

A szerkezeti anyagok és az anyagtechnológiák fejlesztése a legutóbbi időkben is az eddigi elméleti és gyakorlati ismeretekre alapozva, de jobbára próbálkozással történt. A nem túl távoli jövő feladata olyan eljárások (szimulációs technikák) kidolgozása, amelyekkel képesek leszünk valamely anyag szerkezetét (ezáltal a kívánt tulajdonságát is) egy technológiai eljárás paramétereinek beállításával (pl. lézeres felületkezelésnél) meghatározni, anélkül hogy nagy volumenű és költséges kísérleteket végeznénk. Jelen kötet, amely a korszerű lézeres felületkezelési technológia elméleti és gyakorlati oldalát s ennek szimulációs technikáját, komplex matematikáját mutatja be, ehhez kíván hozzájárulni.