Transilvania

Karl Kurt Klein (6.5.1897 – 10.01.1971), the only polymath of the Germans of Romania (Siebenbürger Sachsen), had a special relationship to the "Deutsche Burse" in Marburg an der Lahn and its leader Johann Wilhelm Mannhardt (1883-1969). On the basis of their correspondence  the essay gives an insight into the populist (völkisch) and ultranationalistic positions adopted by Mannhardt and Klein in the realm of "Volksdeutschtum" and their confrontation with the organization of the SS which started to patronize the whole policy of "Volksadeutsche" starting with 1937..

The study attempts to present the economic strategies of a settlement, in which employment in state companies built upon a specific environmental resource (natural gas extraction) as well as the success of an independent enterprise has signifi cantly transformed the livelihood strategies based on agriculture, resulting in a change in lifestyle as well. The studied settlement represents the opposite model of the villages re-peasantised after the regime change, described in the Transylvanian scholarly literature. The study analyses the economic behaviour modes, as well as the changes in the livelihood strategies observed in a settlement along the Kis-Küküllő (Târnava Mică) River, aiming to present the stratifi cation of the rural society based on economic strategies. The author outlines the way in which in this multiethnic (inhabited by Hungarians, Romanians and Romani) small settlement, the bakery which used to function as a cooperative during socialism became a well-established company employing a significant part of the village’s population, being present in important segments of the national markets, connecting the previously isolated small settlement with new regional and national networks. He also presents
the significance of the natural gas extraction activities from the point of view of livelihood strategies, after which he presents the economic strategies built upon agricultural activities.

The article outlines the biographical path of Bishop Vasile Flueraş, from the years of his childhood and studies, to those of his service in the Church. Both at the Orthodox cathedral in the metropolis of Transylvania, where he was ecclesiarch, as well as at the Nicula monastery and the Calvaria church, Father Vasile Flueraş found himself under the same blessed protection of the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, all these holy places being dedicated to the Dormition of the Theotokos, Father Vasile having a special veneration and affinity towards the Mother of God, sharing three of her virtues that particularly characterized him too: humility, gentleness and tenderness of soul. In 1998, at the proposal of Archbishop Bartolomeu Anania, he was appointed vicar bishop of the Archdiocese of Vad, Feleac and Cluj, for his qualities of “monk and father confessor of great dignity and influence, whose spiritual zeal was doubled by an indisputable missionary vocation.” The reason for the call to the hierarchy of Father Vasile Flueraş was the dynamization of the missionary-pastoral and social-philanthropic activity of the Archdiocese of Vad, Feleac and Cluj. He was like an embodiment of the image of gentleness, of warm smile, of humility and tenderness and of a discreet and selfless philanthropist. Bishop Vasile Flueraş Someşanul was and will remain in the memory and in the hearts of those who knew him the
man of God, the good shepherd, the father in the most authentic sense of the word.

Această ediție aniversară, pe care o supunem atenției dumneavoastră critice, reprezintă a doua carte de aur dedicată Marii Uniri. Prima carte de aur – datată 1929 – aparține patrimoniului cultural național mobil și este un manuscris pe pergament, realizat manual pentru serbarea primilor 10 ani de la înfăptuirea Marii Uniri. Ineditul exemplar – publicat pentru prima dată integral în ultimul capitol al acestui volum – a fost ornamentat, asemenea incunabulelor medievale, prin pictare tradițională, în stilul Art Nouveau, de către pictorița Cecilia Cuţescu-Storck, la comanda principesei Alexandrina Gr. Cantacuzino. Volumul de față înglobează, continuă și dezvoltă prima carte de aur și a fost realizat pentru celebrarea Centenarului Marii Uniri. Pentru comemorarea primilor 100 de ani de la momentul 1918, am ilustrat parcursul istoric anevoios, marcat de atâtea jertfe și sacrificii, care avea să conducă, în cele din urmă, la unirea Basarabiei, Bucovinei, Transilvaniei, Banatului, Crișanei, Sătmarului și Maramureșului cu Vechiul Regat și formarea României Mari. În vreme ce prima carte de aur este mai degrabă o carte de onoare destinată semnăturilor personalităților care au participat la festivitățile de la Alba Iulia din 1929, această a doua carte de aur este un volum aniversar care conține o selecție științifică din documentele olografe și imaginile de epocă ale Marii Uniri. Pentru ambele cazuri, parafrazând subtitlul, oarecum emfatic, al ediției din 1929, putem admite, și de această dată, că, într-adevăr, cartea de aur este cinstirea acelora care, în marile clipe istorice, au înfăptuit visul milenar al tuturor românilor: întregirea României. Și chiar dacă visul unirii tuturor românilor într-un singur stat național unitar nu a fost unul milenar (ideea a prins contur de abia către jumătatea secolului al XIX-lea) și nici nu a ținut prea mult (România Mare se prăbușește teritorial în 1940, după numai 22 de ani de la Marea Unire), imaginea anului 1918 rămâne, indiscutabil, momentul astral din întreaga istorie a românilor. Această a doua carte de aur reprezintă, așadar, un modest omagiu adus memoriei celor care au făcut posibilă nașterea României Mari.

Lucrarea de faţă, deşi nu este dedicată în mod special mitropolitului Andrei Şaguna, poartă în întregul ei cuprins, într-o mai mică sau mai mare măsură, pecetea faptelor şi a gândurilor acestuia. Autorul ne surprinde, în mod fericit, nu numai prin capitolele dedicate istoriografiei Bisericii Ortodoxe din Transilvania în epoca modernă şi biografiei culturale a mitropolitului, cât, mai ales, prin cele axate asupra relaţiilor ierarhului român cu mediul social-politic săsesc concitadin şi cu liderii de seamă ai Bisericii Evanghelice săseşti din Transilvania, capitole ce ilustrează în chip plenar înălţimea vocaţiei sacerdotale, marea capacitate de dialog, ascuţitul spirit diplomatic, înalta statură politică şi ampla viziune culturală, pe scurt, orizontul creştin, european, imperial şi ecumenic al Sfântului Ierarh Andrei Şaguna. Suntem impresionaţi cum într-o societate ostilă, printre naţiuni şi confesiuni cu aspiraţii de stăpânire şi manifestări politice şi religioase intolerante şi discriminatorii faţă de românii ortodocşi, pe care adeseori i-au numit în mod ostentativ şi batjocoritor "valahi schismatici", marele nostru arhiereu a reuşit să obţină rezultate politice, sociale, naţionale şi bisericeşti, la care predecesorii săi nu putuseră nici măcar să viseze. Aşadar, ne încredinţăm, că într-adevăr el a fost nu un "chemat", ci un "trimis" al providenţei dumnezeieşti în Transilvania, un "Moise al românilor", cum aveau să-l perceapă şi să-l numească contemporanii şi primii săi biografi. † Dr. Laurenţiu Streza, Arhiepiscopul Sibiului şi Mitropolitul Ardealului

During the Angevin Age the membership to the social category of the nobility was at last established in Transylvania: all those who possessed an estate with noble right, that is free of any duty, and without any objection being raised, were considered to be nobles by the noble community, as was stated by the participants to a noble assembly in 1408. Although not consistent with the royal desiderates, this definition of the nobleman mirrors the reality in the voivodeship of Transylvania.
In order to study the nobility in Transylvania in the Angevin Age (1301-1382) we have foremost made use of an inductive approach. The basis for this research consists in the case studies of the noble families, which we have identified, where this was possible, in the medieval meaning of clans, which shared a common ancestor and jointly possessed the feudal estate, at least at the beginning of the Angevin Age.
The history of these noble families includes information about their descent and the moment of their arrival in Transylvania, the formation of their estate and its evolution over time, comprising the severance of joint tenancy, the marriage alliances, the duties held inside the community and the career path of their outstanding members. To be sure, these details could not be cumulated for all the families, because of the inherent scarcity of the sources.
The quality and quantity of the information allowed us to chart the genealogy only for some of the families. In the case of those family trees with a limited number of generations or branches we have opted to insert them directly into the text, while those for which more abundant data survives are provided in the volume’s appendix.
Because we do not have for Transylvania written records of the feudal estates, as there are, for example, for the county of Ung at the end of the 14th century, we have retraced the land properties of a family through the various references about donations, sales, purchases, pawnings or conflicts of property. This reconstruction of the estate is only indicative, as the numbers we have arrived at do not have a definitive character, but still allow for an estimate of the estate’s extension in order to assess the position of the family inside the hierarchical structure of the nobility. And this is especially noteworthy since in that era, for the same settlement, the scribe used both the word estate (possessio), as well as village (villa), although there are many instances when, after decades, we come to find out that an estate comprised in fact of more villages.
These histories of the noble families are to be found in the second part of the present book. Upon them, employing the inductive approach, we have analysed the origin of the nobility in Transylvania and its structure in the Angevin Age, chapters that are to be found in the first part of this book.

Prezentul studiu urmărește să identifice modul în care românii din Transilvania aparținând confesional Bisericii ortodoxe și practicând ritualurile propuse de aceasta se raportează la fenomenul morții în prezent. Ritualurile ce însoțesc moartea unei persoane apropiate și obiceiurile care se practică într-un asemenea context, dar și modul în care este trăită perioada de doliu au fost în centrul atenției noastre, pentru a creiona pe baza lor o radiografie a societății contemporane, scoțând în evidență atât reperele sale fixe, cât și elementele aflate în schimbare.

Explicaţia acestei lucrari este una minimala: aceea de a stabili modul în care oraşul medieval transilvanean s-a definitivat şi apoi s-a transformat în oraşul baroc şi modern. De aici derivă nuanţele reţinute de titlul lucrării, dar şi alte câteva nuanţe aduse de realitatea istoriografică şi conceptuală a studierii oraşelor din România.

Absztrakt:
A jelen tanulmány azt vizsgálja, hogy milyen különbségek vannak az egynyelvű és kétnyelvű személyek között az aktív és passzív szókincs, a tanulmányi teljesítmény és szótanulási képesség tekintetében, a szocio-kulturális háttér és a nyelvismeret függvényében. A felmérésben összesen 113 VIII. osztályos tanuló vett részt. Az iskolatípus (egytannyelvű és kéttannyelvű) illetve lakóhely (a település százalékos felosztását illetően többségi és kisebbségi magyar lakosság) mentén kialakított, eltérő nyelvi tapasztalatokkal rendelkező csoportok nyelvi készségeinek szintjén megmutatkozó különbségek arra engednek következtetni, hogy a kétnyelvűség pozitív hatással van egy harmadik nyelvtanulási helyzetben. Ezentúl a kétnyelvű környezetben élő személyek egyértelmű előnnyel rendelkeznek az idegen nyelvű szavak előhívását illetően, az egynyelvű környezetben, de kéttannyelvű iskolában tanulókkal való összehasonlításban. 

Kulcsszavak:
kétnyelvűség, kognitív kompetencia, szókincs, tanulmányi eredmények, figyelem

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Bilingual Environment: Blessing or Curse?
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Comparison of Cognitive Competences Among Monolingual and Bilingual Students


The current study examines the differences between monolingual and bilingual people considering their active and passive vocabulary, their learning performances and word learning abilities, relating to their socio-cultural background and command of language. In this survey the participants where 113 students from the 8-th grade. The differences derived from the type of school (monolingual or bilingual) respectively the inhabitance (considering the percental division of the settlement, Hungarian inhabitants in minority or majority) and the differing linguistic abilities of the test groups led us to the conclusion that biligualism has a positive effect on the  learning of a third language. Hence the students living in a bilingual environment have the advantage regarding the evocation of foreign terms, compared to the students from a monolingual environment studying in bilingual schools.

Keywords: bilingualism, cognitive competence, vocabulary, learning performance, attention


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Mediu bilingv: binecuvântare sau blestem
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Comparația competențelor cognitive între elevi monolingvi și bilingvi


Abstract: Studiul prezent examinează diferențele între persoanele monolingvi și bilingvi considerând cunoștințele lexicale active și pasive, performanța de studiu și abilitatea de îvățare a unei limbi, în contextul situației socio-culturale și cunoștinței de limbi. În această evaluare au participat 113 de elevi de clasa a 8-a. Diferențele bazate pe tipul de școală (monolingv sau bilingv), respectiv domiciliu (considerând diviziunea procentuală, populația maghiară în minoritate și în majoritate) și diferențele pe baza de abilitate lingvistică a experiențelor lingvistice a diferitelor grupuri, având cunoștințe de limbi diferite, arată concluzia că bilingvismul are un efect pozitiv în condiția de a învăța o a treia limbă. De aici înainte persoanele care trăiesc într-un mediu bilingv au un avantaj de a evoca termeni de limbă străină în comparație cu cei trăind într-un mediu monolingv dar dintr-o școală bilingvă.

Cuvinte-cheie: bilingvism, competență cognitivă, cunoștință lexicală, rezultate de studiu, atenție

„That’s all we have.” Religion and Churches in the post-socialist Transylvania
In the book I present the religiosity, the religious life and the organizational framework of religion in the case of the Hungarian minority from Romania, in other words the religious field of the Hungarian community from Transilvania. On the one hand, the book is a cross sectional presentation of the current situation, but on the other hand it was inevitable the discussion of the
processes that led to the presented circumstantes. The analyzes that make up this volume have been divided into six chapters. In the first two I present the changes in the institutional embeddedness of religion after the collapse of the communist regime. Thus, this is a systemic analysis focusing on large historical churches, in which I examine the changes in the systemic presence
of religion as a subsystem, and the systemic functions and role of Hungarian minority churches in social organization. In the third chapter I analyze the
characteristics and processes of individual-level religiosity with the help of sociological surveys representative for the Hungarian population of Transylvania. The fourth and fifth chapters presents less-known, „marginal” actors of that religious field, the evangelical churches and the internal religious movements of the historical churches. In the last chapter the territorial distribuition of eight Romanian churches are shown.

The Beginning of the Romanian Theater in Transylvania. The Second Half of the 18th Century Through our conference we will try to sketch a social, political and cultural context in which the first forms of Romanian theater made their presence felt. These are The Bishop's Judgment, Comedia ambulatoria alumnorum and "A școlasticilor de la Blaj facere", the first Romanian plays, written to be staged by students from schools in Transylvania. At the same time, we will show that these 'theatrical attempts' , even if they cannot be called fully dramatic, show some features of the classical theater.

For several decades the author has been conducting a research on the lexicology of a Sekler village from Csík (Ciuc) region in Romania (Sâncrăieni/Csíkszentkirály) accumulating a database containing more than 4000 lexemes and phrases. The present publication, which contains the regional words and proverbial phrases referring to the human body and bodily sensations, is part of this larger research work.

This is an excerpt from "Weitere in den "Südostdeutschen Vierteljahresblättern" gefeierte ehemalige NS-Größen der deutschen Minderheit in Rumänien" in the volume "Vom NS-Volkstum- zum Vertriebenenfunktionär. Die Gründungsmitglieder des  Südostdeutschen Kulturwerks München und der Landsmannschaften der Deutschen aus Rumänien, Ungarn und Jugoslawien", by Dr. Johann Böhm and Klaus popa, Peter Lang Edition, Frankfurt am Main, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Warszawa, Wien 2014., 

This chapter presents the propagandistic activity of Heinrich Zillich, a notorious writer of the Third Reich after the Secon World War and the way in which he promoted former leading nazi journalists and literates  stemming from the German minority of interwar Romania.

Sibiul a fost un oraș al Evului Mediu european. De la nașterea sa, la dezvoltarea sa, la fortificarea sa și la transformarea sa în orașul de astăzi, povestea Sibiului este o poveste a unui oraș tipic pentru Evul Mediu Occidental.

Sibiu was a typical European Medieval town. From its birth through its life until its fortification and its development into the present city, the story of Sibiu is the story of any other Medieval city.

Kniha byla vydána v Užhorodě / Satu Mare v roce 2015 / The book was published in Uzhgorod / Satu Mare in 2015.

Poznámka:

Knihu pana prof. V. Kotigoroška zveřejnujeme na našem profilu s důvodu jejího významu pro poznání období pozdního laténu vrchního Potisí. Jedná se o vhodnou  pomůckou jak studentům archeologie tak badatelům věnujícím se danému období.

Prosíme Vás proto o respektování veškerých autorských práv rodiny pana profesora a vydavatele a využítí knihy jen pro studijní ůčely s řádným dodržováním citačních podmínek.

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