Turkish Corpus Linguistics

In this short paper, I have made a humble attempt to address in brief the method of making a general monolingual reference dictionary. I have addressed some of the theoretical as well as practical issues, which are directly linked with the compilation of a general dictionary. I have tried to address the concept of 'lexicographic word', a technical term, which is believed to be a theoretical construct against our traditional notion of 'linguistic word'. I show how those linguistic items, which are not usually treated as words, can be included in a dictionary with equal attention and treatment. I address the question of identifying headwords for a dictionary with special reference to inflected words used in a language. I discuss the problems related to the spelling variation of headwords, representation of the pronunciation of headwords, and supplying etymological information of headwords in a dictionary. In the next few sections, I have discussed the relevance of grammar and morphology in understanding the form and function of headwords, the nature and load of semantic information to be presented with headwords in a dictionary, and the referential value of illustrative examples and citations in understanding the usage and lexicographic profile of the headwords included in a dictionary.

The aim of this study is to analyze the meaning of the word “over” through syntactic and semantic analysis based on its structure. Moreover, this study also evaluates the features of the word “over” based on the structure whether they are used as an adverb, an adjective, a preposition, or a phrasal verb. This research employs qualitative descriptive research where the data are taken from the novel “One Hundred Years of Solitude” by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. As a result of data analysis, the researchers found that word over not only functions as a pure preposition, but also as an adverb, an adjective, and a phrasal verb. It can be seen from the position and function of the word “over” in a sentence. In semantic analysis, the particle “over” is analyzed as a pure preposition, an adverb, an adjective, and a phrasal verb based on the definition of “over” from two well-known dictionaries. Hopefully, the study result can be beneficial theoretically and practically for teachers or future res...

Во оваа статија го претставуваме Македонскиот корпус на англискиот меѓујазик (МКАМ). Тој претставува електронска база на текстови пишувани од изучувачи на англискиот јазик во Република Македонија. Создаден е во рамките на проектот Анализа на англискиот меѓујазик од македонски говорители на А1, А2 и Б1 ниво од Заедничката европска референтна рамка за јазиците (ЗЕРР) со посебен осврт на меѓујазичнoто влијание. Целите на проектот се да се опишат карактеристиките на англискиот меѓујазик од македонски говорители. Електронската база е создадена како основа за емпириските истражувања. Во статијата се опишува врз кои принципи се базира електронскиот корпус и какви можности нуди за истражувачите и за наставниците по англиски јазик. Притоа ќе бидат прикажани и некои методи за истражување на меѓујазикот користени во досегашните студии врз материјалот од корпусот. На крајот се разгледуваат можностите за понатамошно дополнување, развивање и усовршување на корпусот. Клучни зборови: електронски ко...

Лексикографскиот концепт на словенските етимолошки речници (дијахрониски и синхрониски аспекти) Впрочем, за секој речник, а особено за етимолошкиот важи правилото, речниците се како часовници и најлошиот е подобар од никаквиот, но и од најдобриот не може да се очекува дека е сосема точен. Меѓутоа, и покрај тоа што нема понеблагодарна работа од составување речник, сепак речници, па и етимолошки постојано ќе има. Етимолошките речници спаѓаат во основните инструменти за работа во науката за јазикот. Тие се од големо значење и служат како извори на сознание за неопходната историја (во потеклото на зборовите во кои се гледаат етноисториските и културно-историските односи). Најголемиот дел од европските јазици, меѓу кои и словенските, како и балканските, располагаат со по неколку дела од овој вид. Денес по правило етимолошките речници се работат тимски. Впрочем, треба да се нагласи и тоа дека не сите зборови во етимолошките речници, по азбучен ред се преземаат и се анализираат (онака како што се предадени во толковните речници), ами оние кои се поспецифични за словенскиот ареал, (а во поновите етимолошки речници, се земаат зборови и од туѓата лексика, која длабоко навлегла во јазикот).

In India, traditional lexicography for under-resourced languages is typically spearheaded by a single linguist, most often someone not from the community. This linguist makes the major decisions for the end product including decisions on how words are collected, recorded, and transcribed, which words to include, what grammatical information is provided, how to organize and format information in a dictionary entry, which dialect varieties to list and in what order, and which orthographic conventions to follow (Central Institute of Indian Languages, 2016).

During our outreach activities for the Computational Resource for South Asian Languages Archive (CoRSAL), we have discovered dictionary projects that are initiated and implemented by individual community members or community groups. Many of these community language documenters, involved in what Anderson (2020) refers to as revitalization lexicography, have come to CoRSAL for linguistic advice and software training. In this paper, I review the lessons we have learned in the process of working with those creating dictionaries for languages in the framework of revitalization lexicography.  The goal is to provide a better picture of the social and linguistic factors that come into play in the revitalization context. 

In this article, I share seven perspectives from dictionary creators for their community. I also provide examples of shared challenges related to linguistic structure and orthography. I conclude with the main lessons learned about collaboration and the advantages of streamlined workflow to coordinate expertise and activities between archivists, linguists, community documenters, and elder-knowledge holders.  In other words, revitalization lexicography lends itself to dictionary creation in stakeholder collaboration.

Organizing and producing a dictionary is a challenge for the lexicographer in any language. For monolingual sign language dictionaries, this challenge is even more complex. For the object of study, this paper approaches the assumptions of lexical semantics applied to the monolingual Lexicography of the Brazilian Sign Language - Libras. Taking the main entry and alphabetical organization of dictionaries, these macrostructure and microstructure are followed by Libras-Portuguese Bilingual dictionaries and semi-bilingual too (Tuxi, 2017). By reflecting upon these components, we aim to answer two questions: What are the more adequate strategies to index the ambiguous signs in a Libras monolingual dictionary? What are the lexical semantics resources the sign language lexicographers can use to systematize the lexical relations among the units of the same language, the Libras? Based on these questions, this paper’s objective is to present a proposal for a formal representation of dictionaries’ entries and the systematization of lexical ambiguity in a monolingual Libras dictionary. Hence, this research has crossed a bibliography methodological path upon the theory of Lexical Semantics by Cruse (1986) and Polguère (2018). We present some studies about the ambiguous lexicon in sign language, identify the characteristics of a monolingual lexicographic work through the contract of other bilingual works, and suggest some processes of registering ambiguous lexicon in monolingual sign language dictionaries. For the results, we propose macro and microstructural parameters for information gathering, which are recognized as important for the user. Thus, we thought about organizing the keys for searching, lexical entries, and linguistic information about the ambiguous signs in Libras, which could also be applied to other sign languages sign that present two or more meanings for their signs.

Multi-word Unit (MWU) extraction in Turkish has its own challenges due to the agglutinative nature of the language and the lack of reliable tools and reference datasets. The aim of this study is to share the hands-on experience on MWU extraction in the ongoing projects using Turkish National Corpus (TNC) as the data source. Since Turkish still does not have a reference MWU set, the primary purpose of these projects is to form a reference MWU dictionary of Turkish which will serve as a resource to evaluate the performance of any extraction tool or technique. In this paper we will discuss methodological considerations for clarifying appropriate processes for Turkish MWU extraction. Techniques or suggestions compiled in this paper form an overall proposal for further Turkish-specific computational or statistical work. The linguistic perspective underlying the choices of a valid methodology is described in the first part of the study. In the second part, important methodological conside...

Twenty-four soybean plots (var. Elf) were established near Ames, Iowa. Each measured 40 ft by 4 rows (30-in centers) and was bordered by 2 rows. Five treatments (Table 1) and a check were arranged in a randomized completeblock design, with 4 blocks. Granular insecticides were applied in-furrow at planting on May 23 with a 2-row John Deere 71 flex planter. Plants emerged on May 31. Stand counts were taken on June 14. Each plot was examined for phytotoxic symptoms and assigned a value from 0 (no symptoms) to 5 (severe curling and discoloration of leaves and growing tip). Seedcorn maggot damage was evaluated by counting the number of plants with snakeheads (maggot-eaten growing tip) and/or cotyledonary scarring in 4 1-m row sections/plot. Plots were sampled (10-sq ft/plot) for potato leafhopper nymphs and adults with a D-Vac vacuum insect net (1-sq ft sampling cone). Post-emergence samples (20, 30, 45, and 60 days post-emergence) were taken on July 19 (3-trifoliate stage), June 29 (5-t...

This paper describes an automatic discourse relation alignment experiment as an empirical justification of the planned annotation projection approach to enlarge the 3600-word multilingual corpus of TED Multilingual Discourse Bank (TED-MDB). The experiment is carried out on a single language pair (English-Turkish) included in TED-MDB. The paper first describes the creation of a large corpus of English-Turkish bi-sentences, then it presents a sense-based experiment that automatically aligns the relations in the English sentences of TED-MDB with the Turkish sentences. The results are very close to the results obtained from an earlier semi-automatic post-annotation alignment experiment validated by human annotators and are encouraging for future annotation projection tasks.

In diesem Aufsatz diskutiere ich die Distribution von kohärenten Kontroll-Infinitiven im Deutschen. Es werden die Verbklassen bestimmt, die kohärente Infinitive lizenzieren. Dabei zeigt sich, dass ausschließlich Infinitive 'kohärent' konstruiert werden können, die die Position der Akkusativ NP (bzw. die Position des direkten Objekts) einnehmen. Kontroll-Infinitive in anderen strukturellen Positionen sind zwangsläufig 'inkohärent'. Transparente Infinitive in Sprachen wie dem Polnischen und Spanischen sind in derselben Weise in ihrer Distribution beschränkt. Ich schlage eine einheitliche Analyse der relevanten Daten vor, die weitere distributionelle Generalisierungen bezüglich des Auftretens kohärenter Infinitive korrekt prognostiziert. Für die idiolektale Variation, die unter Sprechern in Bezug auf bestimmte Verben existiert, die kohärente Infinitive lizenzieren, wird eine Erklärung formuliert, die auf der Idee basiert, dass die Bildung dieser Infinitive an die Präsen...

Dictionaries Arabic-Indonesian take pivotal roles in the learning and teaching process for the teacher and the students of Arabic Education Department to comprehend and interpret the meaning of texts. Firstly, popular with the printed version for Arabic Foreign Language (AFL) classrooms in Indonesia, the Arabic-Indonesian dictionaries have rapidly evolved to be electronic dictionaries that are much widely functioned by the Millennial through websites or mobile applications with online and offline modes. This industrial revolution 4.0, consequently, initiates research problems on how the use of Arabic electronic dictionaries in Indonesian context, what kinds of printed and e-dictionaries students employ and how the positive and negative implications of its utility in AFL classrooms. Under quantitative design by distributing online questionnaire with Google Form to 120 respondents comprising the students majoring Arabic education at Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training in Maulana ...

The article deals with the adnominal dative+possessive construction of the type in Bęəbən ir Gətrax (‘the women their costume = the costume of women’) and its different variants in the German dialect of Deutschpilsen, a small Hungarian language island in northern Hungary. It is a medieval settlement, in the past its inhabitants were mainly engaged in mining and probably came from the south and the middle east of the German-speaking area. A mixed dialect was created. The basic dialect of the remote
village has preserved many archaic elements to this day. The dialect is currently threatened with extinction, it has become a language of elderly people and memory. The adnominal dative+possessive construction has a wide range of literature, and the article would like to present new findings in addition. The analysis is carried out on empirically collected linguistic data that was recorded with the help of a questionnaire in Deutschpilsen. The informants were elderly villagers who still speak the dialect as
their mother tongue. Particular attention is paid to the subject of gender and pronominal reference in the dative+possessive construction. The conflict between grammatical and referential gender is shown, as in the example in Hoz iər Gartn (‘the house her garden = the garden of the house’). For this grammatical discrepancy (neutral article, feminine pronominalization), justifications are sought in literature.
The gender congruence between antecedent and possessive is often cancelled in the examined dialect, incongruences between the article and pronoun can arise. Incongruent forms with reference to a masculine or neuter can be observed. The variants with masculine/neutral articles and feminine possessive pronouns are particularly striking: ən Knab iər Štim (‘a boy her voice = the voice of a boy’). I have not found any similar evidence in the dialectological literature. The article documents and describes three types of adnominal dative+possessive construction, illustrated with plenty of example sentences from Deutschpilsen. The relationship between genitive and possessive dative, which is much discussed in the literature, is also shed in a new light.

Attitude or speech reports in English with a non-parenthetical syntax sometimes give rise to interpretations in which the embedded clause, e.g., "John was out of town" in the report "Jill said that John was out of town", seems to convey the main point of the utterance while the attribution predicate, e.g., "Jillsaid that", merely plays an evidential or source-providing role (Urmson, 1952). Simons (2007) posits that parenthetical readings arise from the interaction between the report and the preceding discourse context, rather than from the syntax or semantics of the reports involved. However, no account of these discourse interactions has been developed in formal semantics. Research on parenthetical reports within frameworks of rhetorical structure has yielded hypotheses about the discourse interactions of parenthetical reports, but these hypotheses are not semantically sound. The goal of this paper is to unify and extend work in semantics and discourse...

A construction is any linguistic expression, no matter how concrete or abstract, that is directly associated with a particular meaning or function, and whose form or meaning cannot be compositionally derived. According to the collostructional method, it covers abstract syntactic structures like phrasal categories, argument structures, tense, aspect, mood, etc. Constructional approach viewes both lexicon and grammar as consisting of meaningful units, and hence of linguistic signs. In view of this, this study will analyse Turkish purpose constructions according to the collostruction approach (Strefanowitch and Gries, 2004). The data is derived from TUD (v3.0) and the purpose constructions –mAk icin, -mAsI icin, -mAk uzere are analysed according to the collostruction analyses approach. The analyses show that these contructions form strong correlations with the collexemes they appear with. Thus, their covarying lexemes also point that they have certain semantic tendencies. They display ...

Özet Derlemdibilim, dilbilimin son yıllarda öne çıkan bir dalıdır. Bu çalı! madaderlemdilbilim kuramı ve derlemdilbilimin temel kavramlarına kısaca de" inilmi! tir. Bu çalı! manın temel amacı, internet üzerinden eri! ilebilen, yetkili kullanıcılarcaveritabanına yeni metinler eklenebilen ve çıkartılabilen, ba" lam içinde anahtar kelimegösterebilen, platform ba" ımsız ve Türkçe karakterleri sorunsuz gösterebilen bir derlemolu! turmaktır. Geli! tirilen örnek derlemin kodları çalı! ma içinde verilerek, belirtilen bu temelözelliklere sahip bir derlemi ...

This paper aims at describing the building of the online corpora on Philippine languages as part of the online repository system called Palito. There are five components of the corpora: the top four major Philippine languages which are Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano and Hiligaynon and the Filipino Sign Language (FSL). The four languages are composed of 250,000-word written texts each, whereas the FSL is composed of seven thousand signs in video format. Categories of the written texts include creative writing (such as novels and stories) and religious texts (such as the Bible). Automated tools are provided for language analysis such as word count, collocates, and others. This is part of a bigger corpora building project for Philippine languages that would consider text, speech and video forms, and the corresponding development of automated tools for language analysis of these various forms.

In order to get a clear picture of the notion of label let us consider an example of a lexical entry taken from a well-known English-English dictionary:1 diffuse (difiu.z), v. 1526. [-diffus-, pa. ppl. stem of L. diffundere; see prec.] †1. To pour out as a fluid with wide dispersion; to shed –1734. 2. To pour or send forth as from a centre of dispersion; to spread widely,

Filipino lexicography deals with two problems related to the linguistic features of the language: the lexicon and the grammatical features including orthography. This paper analyzes how the Diksyunaryong Monolingwal sa Filipino (DMF) copes with these issues. With regards to the first, the DMF dealt with the problem of defining the Filipino lexicon by creating a corpus using several types of written texts. Its definition of Filipino, however, is still tied to the old form which was primarily based on Tagalog, an outdated formulation of the national language. Nevertheless, the DMF separates itself from previous dictionaries through its use of a clearly defined mechanism in building a corpus. In its use of the corpus to describe the meaning of the lemma, the DMF displays several faults. This includes definitions which refer to senses and have sexual connotations, direct translation, vague definition of some verbal derivations, and use of technical definition. In the lexicographic descr...

In order to get a clear picture of the notion of label let us consider an example of a lexical entry taken from a well-known English-English dictionary:1 diffuse (difiu.z), v. 1526. [-diffus-, pa. ppl. stem of L. diffundere; see prec.] †1. To pour out as a fluid with wide dispersion; to shed –1734. 2. To pour or send forth as from a centre of dispersion; to spread widely,

As user-generated content is on the rise both in terms of volume and importance, the long established relation between spoken and written communication needs to be re-examined in lexicography. This is the aim of this paper, in which we perform a corpus-based analysis of typical non-canonical words in spoken and computer-mediated communication in Slovene. The results show that the spoken and the Twitter corpus contain a similar proportion of non-standard pronunciation/spelling variants, interaction words and informal lexemes. On the opposite end of the spectrum are news comments which contain a higher proportion of nouns and a smaller proportion of non-canonical words. The presented study brings a language-independent methodology of identifying typical elements of spoken and written informal texts.

We present the Potsdam Commentary Corpus 2.2, a German corpus of news editorials annotated on several different levels. New in the 2.2 version of the corpus are two additional annotation layers for coherence relations following the Penn Discourse TreeBank framework. Specifically, we add relation senses to an already existing layer of discourse connectives and their arguments, and we introduce a new layer with additional coherence relation types, resulting in a German corpus that mirrors the PDTB. The aim of this is to increase usability of the corpus for the task of shallow discourse parsing. In this paper, we provide inter-annotator agreement figures for the new annotations and compare corpus statistics based on the new annotations to the equivalent statistics extracted from the PDTB.