Urban Drainage

This paper outlines the national approach to stormwater management in Malaysia, and evolving implementation practices by State and Local government authorities. The process of departing from the traditional, monodisciplinary approach is currently going on in Malaysia. Goals of stormwater management have already shifted from the traditional storm drainage and "end of pipe" approaches towards sustainable ecological solutions more in peace with nature. The new approach is based on a deeper understanding of the cyclicity of material and energy flows in nature. The research focused on new concepts for the urban stormwater runoff and the water quality management based on integrated stormwater solutions. The USM Engineering campus is a pilot project for urban stormwater management strategy as an example of an ecologically sustainable development based approach to urban stormwater management. The concept is based on integrating stormwater best management practices into urban plann...

In the design of a stormwater detention tank is important to guarantee a sufficient retention time for the sedimentation of suspended solids, the biological uptake of nutrients and the die-off of bacteria carried in rainwaters. Long retention times increase the capacity of pollutant removal, but also the possibility of spills in downstream receivers and the risk of environmental pollution. In this paper, an analytical probabilistic approach, to estimate the probability distribution function of the average retention time and the efficiency in pollutant removal of stormwater tanks has been proposed. The possibility of water mixing from consecutive runoff events and storage carryover due to successive rainfall events has been considered. The method has been applied to a case study in Milano, Italy.

Flood control detention facilities are widely used for stormwater control in urban areas. Standard design procedures are in most cases based on the design storm approach: a single flood event at a time is considered, at the beginning of which the facility is assumed completely empty. The possibility of pre-filling from previous events is then neglected and underestimation of storage volume may occur. In this paper an analytical probabilistic approach to estimate the probability of pre-filling is presented and its effects, due to outflow rate and storage volume, are investigated. Two different strategies for the outlet control are analysed. Results are validated on a case study.

Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) can be considered the joint product of water engineering and urban planning and design since these systems must comply with hydraulic, hydrologic, and social-ecological functions. To enhance this joint collaboration, a conceptual model of mesoscale SuDS is introduced based on the observed rainfall-runoff responses from two catchments with SuDS and a pipe-bound catchment. The model shows that in contrast to pipe systems, SuDS disaggregates the catchment into a group of discrete mini catchments that have no instant connection to the outlet. These mini catchments start to connect to each other (and perhaps to the outlet) as the rainfall depth increases. It is shown that the sequence of stormwater control measures (SCMs as individual components of SuDS) affects the system’s overall performance depending on the volumetric magnitude of the rainfall. The concept is useful in the design and implementation of mesoscale SuDS retrofits, which include several...

Floods always occur in some cities located in coastal areas of Indonesia, including in Kemijen area of Semarang city. This study aimed to analyze the technical, institutional and community participation aspects in the
management of drainage system and the influence of BPP SIMA (the first water board in Indonesia) in handling of tidal flood. Primary data in this study were obtained through observation and interviews, while secondary data obtained through the study of documents and literature review. Research results showed that technical aspects of
drainage management in Kemijen Semarang, still in refinement. Some of the complementary buildings of primary drainage management in Kemijen Semarang, still in refinement. Some of the complementary buildings of primary drainage network are still in development. In the institutional aspect, drainage management is still less than optimal because it is handled by department with a number of personnel were very inadequate. Community participation in flood management is still in the form of measures which have not been fully coordinated with the region, such as raising floor of house, access roads and pumping water elevation. BPP SIMA as water board that is responsible for providing information, training and socialization to the community in the management of drainage, is still not providing information, training and socialization to the community in the management of drainage, is still not optimal in forming a caring community environment.

This article reviews various anomalies of speleothems formation in underground rivers and drains in Moscow. Travertine speleothems form on the inner walls of collectors, which is similar to the same forms of subrelief in karst caves. Density of travertine speleothems vary from 5–6 per m2 to 30–40 cm of flowstone rind and 50–200 m long. Moscow city has 57 zones of speleothems formation, which totals about 1,5% of studied drainage system of the city. Relevant map of these zones is included in this paper.
The distribution and volume of these underground formations exceed leaching from concrete construction by 100–1000 times. These zones have sharp borders, which don’t depend on shape, inclination and construction material of drains, relief and specific types of industrial waste from the surface. Speleothems formation in drainage systems has natural origin.
Major morphologic types of speleothems are reviewed in the current study. Among them: stalactites, flowstones, moonmilk, stalagmites, rimstone dams, calcite straws, ribbon stalactites, baldacchino canopies and others. Average age of speleothems in Moscow doesn’t exceed 120 years. The largest speleothems structures are comparable to humans by volume; the longest stalactites are about 1 m long.

В статье дан обзор аномального травертиногенеза, наблюдаемого в подземных реках и ливнестоках Москвы. На внутренних стенках коллекторов в обилии формируются травертиновые наросты (аналогичные наложенному субрельефу карстовых пещер). В обнаруженных аномальных случаях наросты локализуются с плотностью от 5-6 шт. на 1 кв. м до сплошного чехла-коры мощностью до 30-40 см в виде зон длиной порядка 50-200 метров. Всего в Москве выявлено 57 таких зон, которые составляют вместе 1,5% исследованной дренажной сети города. Составлена карта аномалий.Размеры и обилие наростов при этом заведомо превышают возможные объемы выщелачивания из обделки на 2-3 порядка. Границы зон довольно резкие не зависят от изменения формы сечения или материала обделки, уклона коллектора, рельефа местности, наличия каких-либо специфичных производств на поверхности.В статье показаны основные морфотипы наростов, встречающихся в подземных реках и ливнестоках. Возраст описанных для Москвы форм не превышает 120 лет. Крупнейшие отдельные наросты сопоставимы по объему с человеком; самые длинные сталактиты достигают 1 м.

Urban flood incidents induced by heavy rainfall in many cases entail flooding of combined
sewer systems. These flood waters are likely to be contaminated and may pose potential
health risks to citizens exposed to pathogens in these waters. The purpose of this study
was to evaluate the microbial risk associated with sewer flooding incidents. Concentrations
of Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci and Campylobacter were measured in samples
from 3 sewer flooding incidents. The results indicate faecal contamination: faecal indicator
organism concentrations were similar to those found in crude sewage under high-flow
conditions and Campylobacter was detected in all samples. Due to infrequent occurrence of
such incidents only a small number of samples could be collected; additional data were
collected from controlled flooding experiments and analyses of samples from combined
sewers. The results were used for a screening-level quantitative microbial risk assessment
(QMRA). Calculated annual risks values vary from 5  106 for Cryptosporidium assuming
a low exposure scenario to 0.03 for Giardia assuming a high exposure scenario. The results
of this screening-level risk assessment justify further research and data collection to allow
more reliable quantitative assessment of health risks related to contaminated urban flood
waters.

O trabalho apresenta metodologia para elaboração de Plano de Drenagem Urbana como componente de Plano Municipal de Saneamento Ambiental e alguns dos seus elementos mais significativos, buscando permitir uma melhor percepção de sua aplicação. A metodologia proposta é desenvolvida e apoiada nos Indicadores de Fragilidade do Sistema. Um dos pontos relevantes da proposta está estabelecido em seus princípios
básicos que permitem uma abordagem ambiental adequada para o problema. O diagnóstico é estabelecido a partir da definição dos Fatores Intervenientes e de Indicadores de Fragilidade do Sistema (IFS). Uma primeira análise é efetuada com abordagem mais geral levando em conta estes conceitos. O aprofundamento é feito a partir da análise dos Pontos de Estudo, sendo estes os locais onde se manifestam o mau
funcionamento do Sistema. Em cada Ponto de Estudo são analisadas as manifestações dos IFS, sendo estabelecido um
sistema de pontuação destas manifestações de acordo com a relevância das mesmas. Cada Ponto de Estudo recebe um indicador que caracteriza o somatório das relevâncias dos IFS.
Este somatório é designado por Índice Geral de Fragilidade (IGF). Este sistema de pontuação permite estabelecer a hierarquização dos principais problemas a serem atacados
pelo Plano. Uma vez que os IFS são divididos em classes de acordo com a natureza dos problemas, é possível que a hierarquização possa contemplar políticas que privilegiem questões ambientais, tecnológicas ou institucional. A montagem do prognóstico é elaborada a partir da definição dos Pontos de Estudo e do levantamento dos serviços demandados em cada ponto. A partir deste levantamento, os serviços são agrupados em ações e programas, onde são levadas em conta as prioridades de intervenção definidas pelos IGF, na fase de diagnóstico. A metodologia desenvolvida a partir dos IFS mostrou-se adequada para os objetivos do Plano de Saneamento Ambiental para Vitória da Conquista (Ba), elaborado num processo de parceria entre o Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento da Universidade Federal da Bahia e a Prefeitura Municipal de Vitória da Conquista, atualmente em implementação, no seu componente Drenagem Urbana, possibilitando a adequada abordagem ambiental do tema, o estabelecimento de critérios de hierarquização das ações propostas, clareza na definição das ações identificando toda a gama de serviços demandados e facilidade de montagem dos programas propostos. Observa-se também que a metodologia proposta possui grande possibilidade de se adaptar a áreas com características as mais diversas, uma vez que esta caracterização poderá ser ajustada a partir da correta escolha dos IFS selecionados. Isto possibilita ainda a adaptação
da metodologia a outras aplicações, tais como em Planos Diretores de Recursos Hídricos e em Planos Diretores de Desenvolvimento Urbano.

RESUMEN: La Calle Muntaner es una de las calles más importantes de Barcelona y en el tramo entre la Vía Augusta y la Calle Herzegovina no presenta imbornales de captación lo que puede afectar la seguridad de la circulación peatonal y vehicular en casos de avenidas. Analizando el comportamiento de la calle durante un suceso de lluvia de periodo de retorno T = 10 años se ha calculado el numero de imbornales y sus espaciamientos para que se cumplan unos criterios de riesgo asociados a la escorrentía en viales urbanos. El comportamiento de la calle ha sido comprobado también para un periodo de retorno de 100 años. Como modelo de calculo se utilizó la aproximación de la onda cinemática a través del programa de calculo Hecmod (versión modificada del Hec-1 para cuencas urbanas) y se tuvieron en cuenta las aportaciones de escorrentías provenientes por las calles laterales.

A moderate rainfall event can lead to harsh flash floods in most of the compact cities. Present urbanization happening in these cities creates an imbalance between generated urban runoff volume and effective drainage capacity. For the survival of these, it is vital in enhancing the efficiency of an urban drainage system. However, it is a complicated task due to the accumulation of solid waste in drainage channels. These drainage systems are super sensitive to some external factors caused by their immediate surroundings. This study found out the impact of the urban form, population agglomeration, floating population, imminent prone areas of urban sprawl and waste disposing patterns of settlers can be highly influenced to the efficiency of a storm drainage system. Hence, Geographical Information System based computational techniques and weighted fussy sets are being used to track the attention need areas of the system. These particular zones to be treated through the design of "S...

This study is carried out to evaluate the efficiency of the management and maintenance of the drainage system at Taman Damai Jaya, Skudai. A total of 100 residents are randomly selected from the total population to be the respondents of the study.  A set of questionnaire will be design to gain primary data from the respondents about their perception about the management and maintenance work that has been carried out by the local authority for that area. This research is focusing on the management and maintenance aspect for the drainage system. The expected result is to identify the important maintenance work criteria for the drainage system and also determine the efficiency level of the management and maintenance of the drainage system.

This project attempts to design an efficient, economic easy -to-maintain drainage system for Haruk estate with a total area of 24,435 m2 on which 9 rectangular channel layouts was designed to solve the problem of surface ponding and other related problems.  Various natural and man-made facilities were considered. The approach used to design was the Lloyd Davies rational method.  Rainfall Intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) model (5 years return period) for Port Harcourt was used in the determination of rainfall intensities. Catchment areas were calculated from detailed map of the area. A land survey was also done to establish the existing levels and slopes which were used in the design of the channels. The discharge Q, for each feature was computed and used to calculate the dimensions of the channels using manning’s equation. The results obtained shows that the biggest drain (5-6) with a capacity of 0.85m3/s has a dimension of 1100mm width by 550mm depth while the smallest drain (1-2) with a capacity of 0.36m3/s has a dimension of 750mm width by 400mm depth.

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a viable runoff reduction mechanism and an important player in the hydrologic cycle of vegetated green stormwater infrastructure (GSI). As a dynamic process, ET is dependent on both meteorological factors (e.g., rainfall characteristics, relative humidity, and air temperature) and GSI properties (e.g., soil media type). This paper investigates the role of ET in runoff volume reduction of green roofs and rain gardens through a comprehensive literature review. Evapotranspiration is mostly unaccounted in the design and crediting of GSI systems because of the complex interaction of soil, plants, and climate that makes its quantifica-tion difficult. To improve vegetated GSI design for runoff volume reduction, design methods should consider ET and infiltration processes concurrently. Two methods, complex and simple, are reviewed and discussed herein. The simple method requires minimal input information compared to the more complex continuous simulation method; however continuous simulation yields volume reduction values more similar to field observations. It is demonstrated that modifying the drainage structure and using fine-grained in-situ soils can potentially increase ET in vegetated GSI systems. None of the available ET predictive equations, mostly derived from agricultural sciences, are found to precisely match observed GSI ET data. Until further research is conducted on GSI ET estimation methods, the 1985 Hargreaves method is recommended when performing continuous simulations. The 1985 Hargreaves method is simple, requires limited input data that are readily available, and generates reasonable results. Technical recommendations and directions for future research are provided.

The process of making something grow, develop, or become successful again is called Revitalization. Industrial revitalization is one kind of revitalization which refers to bringing something back to life, public attention, or vigorous activity from an industrial area. The new redeveloped area will be more healthy and suitable for living.

Sungai Cikapundung adalah salah satu sungai stategis di Jawa Barat dengan populasi penduduknya tertinggi di Indonesia. Beriringan dengan masalah dalam pembangunan perkotaan, masalah yang terpenting adalah sumberdaya air sebagai sumber baku untuk pasokan utama air minum. Kontribusi airtanah utuk kebutuhan baku nyatanya makin lama semakin menurun kuantitasnya sehingga mendorong migrasi dari penggunaan airtanah ke air permukaan salah satunya air dari Sungai Cikapundung. Aktivitas manusia menjadikan sungai sebagai tempat penggelontoran kotoran dan pembuangan limbah domestik maupun sampah kota menjadikan penelitian ini sangat penting. Nilai alkalinitas dan elemen minor utama pada 9 lokasi penelitian di Sungai Cikapundung, menunjukan kecenderungan meningkat semakin ke hilir dengan variasinya masing-masing. Logam berat yang terdeteksi pada lokasi penelitian yaitu Arsenik (As), Timbal (Pb), dan Kadmium (Cd) dengan nilai yang tinggi menunjukan bahwa kualitas air di Sungai Cikapundung semakin hilir semakin buruk.Kata Kunci : Sungai Cikapundung, Kualitas Air, Logam Berat

Poor drainage contributes immensely to pavement deterioration and subsequently causing increased annual repair expenditure. The investigation is conducted to provide extensive diagnosis to point out the causes of roads problems associated with poor surface drainage and provides possible mitigation measures to overcome the problem in Khartoum state. Some cases of existing roads in different regions in Khartoum state, suffered from severe distresses and damages due to poor drainage were studied. The method used to assess the existing drainage system of the studied roads is field survey. Based on field observations, the drainage structures suffered from blockage with dumping wastes, inadequate inlets and outlet channels, failure of side walls and bed erosion. This critical situation of drainage, leads to severe distresses and damages of the investigated roads. The results revealed that the causes of drainage problem were found mainly linked to poor design, construction, and maintenance of drainage structures as well as negative attitude of residents. Finally, based on the investigation results, some recommendations are provided to design and construct adequate drainage system and apply proper maintenance in order to enhance pavement performance and life time.

A new technology (Capiphon Drainage Belt, or CDB) is applicable to drainage and irrigation tasks.  When compared with existing drainage technologies such as slotted pipe, the technology is expected to provide:
• simpler installation
• less clogging
• lower susceptibility to physical damage
• greater control of the water table, rather than simple overflow or excess water removal.

The CDB is a novel design that consists of multiple keyhole-section channels in a thin plastic belt.  The channels take up water by capillary action, and are not prone to clogging.  Once water is flowing in the tubes, it continues to flow by siphon action even if the belt is not laid on a uniform slope.
This paper is the first of a series that will report on tests into the effectiveness and behaviour of the new technology (CDB).  The simple field drainage trial reported in this paper will consist of a series of plots with conventional (ag pipe) and CDB drainage systems.
The plots will be slowly wet and then irrigated until steady state flow is achieved.  Irrigation or rain water supply and outflows from the various plots will be recorded.  Soil moisture conditions will be monitored by surface measurements and subsurface profiling using dielectric and resistivity methods.  Water samples will be taken for basic analysis of chemical and particulate parameters.  Trial plot testing and completion is underway now (August 2005) and results will be finalised in November 2005.  The plots will be turfed with a standard grass with known properties, allowing an estimate of evapotranspiration. 
It is hoped to achieve a steady state or pseudo steady state condition, allowing water balance modelling of the systems, and consequent indications of flow regimes and response behaviour.
Current results are for installation and costing comparisons, and preliminary static moisture contents and resistivity profiles.  The moisture content results show that the methodology will allow good definition of the profile and drainage systems.
The CDB is more expensive than traditional drainage materials, which was reflected in the costing for the trail plots.  Costing estimates for more typical installations indicate that CDB may not be more expensive than traditional drainage installations, due to the much lower installation costs.  When the behaviour of CDB is better understood, it is anticipated that revised layout and installation methods may further reduce these installation costs.  It is also expected that CDB would become cheaper as production and supplies increase.

CONTENTS
Section 1 Scope of Application 1
Section 2 Definition of Terms 1
Section 3 Onsite Sanitation 3
Section 4 Offsite Sanitation 7
Section 5 Drainage 13
Section 6 Special Establishments 14
Section 7 Health Care Establishments 16
Section 8 Reuse and Disposal 17
Section 9 Occupational Health and Safety Plans and Programs 19
Section 10 Permits and Clearances 19
Section 11 Roles and Responsibilities 23
Section 12 Inspection and Evaluation 28
Section 13 Penal Provision 31
Section 14 Separability Clause 32
Section 15 Repealing Clause 32
Section 16 Effectivity 32

The annual monsoon blues the city faces is because of the lack in understanding of how the hydrology of the city changes during monsoon. This is perhaps because we have been treating natural systems (dealt primarily in Landscape Design) as a separate entity. Collaborating it with the city planning, keeping in mind the dynamic nature of the city, its people and the natural environment, can substantially reduce the flooding of streets and the wasting of storm water which otherwise could have recharged the depreciating ground water.

Classificazione e funzionamento delle fognature romane 5 Italo Riera Cloacae a Roma e nell'Italia nelle fonti epigrafiche 23 Marcello Spanu Sulle foricae delle terme imperiali di Roma 33 Richard Neudecker LA DOCUMENTAZIONE CARTOGRAFICA E ARCHIVISTICA La riscoperta della rete fognaria romana e la documentazione grafica di fine '800 illustrata dall'ing. cav. Pietro Narducci 43 Roberto Narducci IL SISTEMA DI DRENAGGIO SETTENTRIONALE Il Chiavicone di Schiavonia nel contesto delle trasformazioni del Campo Marzio settentrionale 53

A well organized infrastructure for water supply, rain water drainage and sewers, as well as a municipal
service for the collection and disposal of lavatory waste existed in Athens since the 5th century BC. Drainage and sewerage works were adapted to the topography, the natural network of streams and rivers, the streets and the moat trench of the fortification.
The local drainage basin of ancient Athens is delineated on modern maps and the natural streams are traced and confirmed on the basis of archaeological evidence. It is also documented that these streams were gradually developed into the backbone of an artificial drainage network. Rainwater drainage was of great concern due to the climatic peculiarity of sudden rainstorms which can flood flat areas at once.
The so called Great Drain in the Athenian Agora was the first torrent transformed into a stone built channel in the early 5th century BC, designed mainly to drain rainwater in the flat area of the Agora, the political center of Athens; the channel was covered with stone plates and served as a street too. More or less, all streams of the flat terrain north of the Acropolis within the city walls were gradually incorporated into an integrated drainage network.
Houses and workshops were drained through tile pipes which transferred the sewage into bigger U-shaped pipelines along the streets or directly into stone-built channels arranged along streams. Alternatively, drainage galleries were excavated at shallow depth in the soft basement rock to drain flat or swampy areas. The development of the drainage network all over the city and the application of rather standardized techniques are noted.

Dissertação de mestrado. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o “Programa de Canalização de Córregos,
Implantação de Vias e Recuperação Ambiental e Social de Fundos de Vale”, Procav, iniciado em
1987, cuja segunda fase encontra-se em andamento no município de São Paulo. Esse programa
apóia-se na conjugação histórica de obras de canalização de córregos à construção de avenidas de
fundo de vale, cuja origem remonta ao final do século XIX, mas que se tornou hegemônica no
município a partir da década de 1930 e teve seu ápice nas décadas de 1970 e 1980.
O trabalho procura entender quais foram os fatores históricos e os processos sociais que
moldaram esta prática e a fizeram hegemônica; qual é a situação atual do tratamento da drenagem
urbana, as permanências e mudanças verificadas nesta prática; quais são os problemas
socioambientais decorrentes deste processo; e quais as perspectivas que se abrem para o
planejamento urbano para o tratamento das áreas de fundo de vale, contribuindo, assim para a
construção e legitimação de novas formas de ocupação das margens dos cursos d’água, onde
todas as variáveis sociais, ambientais e urbanas sejam consideradas nos projetos de intervenção.

Los estudios relacionados con el drenaje urbano se han centrado en general en los problemas asociados a la cantidad de agua caída sobre una cuenca urbana. Pero en los últimos años se ha empezado a observar un segundo problema: el de la calidad de esa agua de escorrentía producida sobre un medio urbano, con una carga contaminante no despreciable y los problemas de su vertido a un medio natural. Es sobre las características de esta agua de escorrentía y algunas de sus consecuencias sobre lo que se centra el presente articulo. La contaminación en zona urbana, puede tener varios orígenes desde el aporte de la precipitación, los arrastres de la escorrentía superficial, los sedimentos existentes en la red de alcantarillado, una fracción de agua residual (en caso de red unitaria). Otro problema reciente, se debe a un suceso de lluvia que realiza un primer lavado de la acumulación de suciedad desde la última limpieza o lluvia. Este lavado de la superficie de la ciudad tiene una mayor carga contaminante en los primeros minutos de escorrentía. Las mediciones fundamentalmente fueron realizadas en la parte céntrica de la ciudad que cuenta con canales pluviales existentes, con diferentes usos en su mayoría comerciales, los análisis realizados se refieren a la calidad del agua en sus componentes físicas, químicas y bacteriológicas. Los cuales nos permiten concluir la alta carga contaminante al que esta sometida la red de drenaje pluvial de la ciudad de Juliaca.
Los valores correspondientes a los parámetros físicos son como sigue: las temperaturas varían de 11.4 para canales cubiertos a 20.3°C para los canales abiertos, en los cuales el incremento de la temperatura se debe a la temperatura ambiental. La conductividad varía de 0.11 a 1.46 mS/cm, los sólidos totales disueltos de 0.06 a 0.67 NTU y los sólidos suspendidos fluctúan entre 0.011 y 0.76 g/l. La cantidad de coliformes totales varía de 44 a 930 NMP/100 ml y la cantidad de coliformes fecales de 44 a 750 NMP/100 ml, eso significa que las aguas se encuentran dentro de los parámetros permisibles para diferentes usos, mas no para abastecimiento domestico con simple desinfección. Las mediciones se han realizado en las diferentes zonas de la ciudad, en su mayoría en la parte céntrica de la ciudad, en la red de canales existentes. Los datos recolectados fundamentalmente se refieren a la calidad del agua, en sus componentes físicas, químicas y biológicas.
Lo que aún falta es tomar datos de caudal y precipitación para desarrollar la relación precipitación-escorrentía a la vez. Estas mediciones no se han hecho por falta de presupuesto y se está planeando para la ejecución del proyecto. Como parte de la mitigación del problema, se debe integrar el planeamiento sectorial de drenaje urbano, alcantarillado sanitario y residuos sólidos.

This concept paper describes the behavior of a clogged drain in an event of a heavy rainfall. Solid waste accumulates in drainage systems, heavy rainfall, increased runoff volume and stagnation of runoff flow could collectively lead to sudden flash floods in compact cities. Events leading up to a flash flood attack in a city show a marked similarity to the cascade of events leading to a heart attack. Accumulation of fat in coronary arteries restricts the blood flow to the cardiac tissue. When the arterial occlusion is beyond a critical level, myocardial
death occurs. This condition is commonly known as a “heart attack.” The clinical solution for this is known as coronary artery bypass grafting. As such, this paper urged for a novel technical solution which, could be introduced to reroute stagnated water flow in a clogged drain with the objective of treating the socioeconomic impact of “Blocked Drains Syndrome.”

Initial studies showed that Capiphon drainage technology out performs slotted pipe with sock (Drain Coil) in soil.  It also had a higher flow-rate in free water at low hydraulic head.  In soil when flooded, Capiphon commenced flow before, and continued to drain long after Drain Coil had ceased.  Its capillary and syphonic action resulted in drawing water upwards, pulling the water table down to at least 45 mm below the outlet.  There is some evidence that Capiphon drains to a point just below saturation but this has not been quantified.  Drain Coil stopped flowing when there was still 20 mm free water above the bottom of the pipe. 
Over a 47 day period of natural rain events Capiphon consistently started flowing earlier, flowed longer and delivered a greater volume of water than Drain Coil.  A case study mirrored the flow characteristics found in the tank tests.

In response to the needs for paradigm shift the way the stormwater is managed, the Malaysian government has launched the new Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia (DID, 2001) incorporating the latest development in stormwater management that is known as "control-at-source" approach. The source-control approach is a relatively new concept in stormwater management practices in Malaysia that refers to "Source Control Systems" indicating any processes which modifies the runoff from an area of land where that modification is close to the source of the flow. The new concept of Stormwater Management in Malaysia is focused on the integration of urban planning and utilization best management practices to achieve the objectives of sustainable drainage systems for urban areas. This new approach utilizes detention/retention, infiltration, conveyance, purification processes as well as delayed flow as suggested in the Manual. As a result, the quality and quantity of the runoff from developing area can be maintained to be the same as predevelopment conditions. This paper studies the current status of stormwater management practices in Malaysia and to develop an informational for Malaysian Government to update the existing Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia. The purpose of the project was to provide a comprehensive and assessments of MSMA guidance and its use in Malaysia, based on information provided by key stakeholder. The main findings of the study can be used to develop information, tools, and guidelines for developing effective local stormwater management programs; and to provide up-to-date technical information to engineers, planners, and developers for implementing practical and effective local best management practices and related policies and programs.

This paper outlines the national approach to stormwater management in Malaysia, and evolving implementation practices
by State and Local government authorities. The research focused on new concepts for the urban stormwater runoff and the water
quality  management  based  on  integrated  stormwater  solutions.  The  USM  Engineering  campus  is  a  pilot  project  for  urban
stormwater management strategy as an example of an ecologically sustainable development based approach to urban stormwater
management.The concept is based on open and natural drainage systems integrated into multipurpose open space/environmental
corridors or greenways, is the most promising approach in newly developing or urbanizing areas. This paper aims to introduce such
an  alternative  -  the  "Principle  of  Control-at-Source".  With  respect  to  its  technical  implementation  the  term  "Bio-Ecological
Drainage  Systems”),  further  in  this  text  referred  to  BIOECODS)  has  prevailed.  With  this  new  approach,  the  main  bulk  of
stormwater is stored at its source and then gradually released downstream to reduce impact on river capacity.

BIOECODS  is  implemented  at  USM's  Engineering  Campus  with  multi-function  adopted  the  guideline  in  the  new
Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia. The main function is to promote stormwater infiltration from impermeable areas
(e.g. roof tops, car parks) by using bio-ecological swales. The second function is to  release gradually the stormwater through the
use  of  bio-ecological  swales,  on-line  underground  bio-ecological  detention  storages  and  bio-ecological  dry  ponds.  Finally,  the
function  of  BIOECODS  is  to  enhance  treatment  of  stormwater  quality  using  treatment  train  concept  by  utilising  bio-ecological
swales and bio-ecological ponds (e.g. wet pond, wetland) as the storm water moves downstream.

Presently,  this  project  is  an  example  for  the  development  of  new  urban  areas  by  implementing  several  components  of
BIOECODS  at  once  that  can  meet  the  new  concept  of    Urban  Stormwater  Management  Manual  for  Malaysia  (USWMMM)  to
manage and control stormwater quantitatively and qualitatively at its source. Therefore, the flash flood and water quality problems
can be reduced immediately and in the long term it can save the huge cost for flood mitigation project in Malaysia. This paper first
introduces the basic principles of the concept followed by a description of technical details. Through the research some engineering
problems are identified, the importance of which should not be underestimated to avoid  failures.

Le immagini di proprietà dello Stato italiano provenienti dal territorio regionale sono state pubblicate su concessione del MiBACT -Dipartimento per i Beni Culturali e Paesaggistici -Direzione Regionale per i Beni Culturali e Paesaggistici del Friuli Venezia Giulia -Soprintendenza archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio del Friuli Venezia Giulia e del MiBAC -Polo Museale del Friuli Venezia Giulia. L'autorizzazione alla pubblicazione delle altre immagini è stata concessa dagli aventi diritto. È vietata ogni l'ulteriore riproduzione e duplicazione con ogni mezzo senza l'autorizzazione degli aventi diritto.

Perubahan iklim merupakan isu yang sedang dihadapi oleh masyarakat global, yang dipengaruhi oleh variabilitas curah hujan dan suhu udara. Penelitian ini di lakukan di wilayah sungai Nasal-Padang Guci, dengan menganalisis trendline curah hujan dan suhu udara, selama kurun waktu 1910-2010, sehingga diketahui pengaruhnya terhadap neraca air. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Mann Kendall Test untuk mengetahui kecendrungan trendline nya, serta metode Neraca Surplus Defisit untuk menganalisis neraca airnya. Dari hasil analisis didapatkan bahwa suhu rata-rata bulanan naik sebesar 0,80C selama 54 tahun, sedangkan kenaikan curah hujan pada tahun 1910-1978 sebesar 20 mm/69 tahun, dan meningkat selama tahun 1979-2010 sebesar 125 mm/30 tahun. Kenaikan curah hujan dan suhu udara mempengaruhi ketersediaan dan kebutuhan air di WS Nasal-Padang Guci, dalam hal ini ketersediaan air dipengaruhi oleh curah hujan dan evapotranspirasi yang merupakan fungsi dari suhu, sedangkan kebutuhan airnya dipengaruhi oleh tataguna lahan dan jumlah penduduk. Dari perhitungan neraca air diketahui bahwa ketersediaan air sungai pada tahun 2030 lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan 2010, hal ini disebabkan karena pengaruh peningkatan suhu udara, sehingga nilai evaporasinya semakin besar. Ketersediaan air pada tahun 2010 sebesar 3358,4 juta m3/tahun, sedangkan kebutuhan air untuk irigasi 669 juta m3/tahun (20%), RKI (rumah tangga, perkotaan dan industri) sebesar 87,2 juta m3/tahun (3%), dan sisanya 2602,2 juta m3/tahun (77%), tidak dapat dimanfaatkan. Ketersediaan air pada tahun 2030 menurun dibandingkan dengan 2010  yaitu sebesar 2498,9 juta m3/tahun, untuk irigasi sebesar 1133,7 juta m3/tahun (45%), RKI sebesar 136,5 juta m3/tahun (4%), sedangkan sisanya 1228,8 juta m3/tahun (51%) tidak dapat dimanfaatkan. Pada tahun 2010 air masih bisa mencukupi kebutuhannya dan terjadi defisit pada tahun 2030, yaitu pada bulan Agustus dan September, sehingga diperlukan bantuan waduk untuk menyimpan air pada saat surplus, yang nantinya bisa digunakan kembali pada saat defisit Kata kunci: Mann Kendall Trend Test, Neraca Air, Perubahan Iklim, Wilayah Sungai Nasal-Padang Guci.

Abstrak. Kawasan di sekitar kolam retensi Siti Khadijah Palembang, terutama jalan Demang Lebar Daun sering mengalami genangan banjir akibat luapan air dari kolam retensi, sehingga menyebabkan kemacetan lalu-lintas yang cukup panjang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik genangan banjir di kawasan tersebut pada kondisi eksisting dan dengan skenario pengendalian menggunakan sistem pompa dan peningkatan luasan ruang terbuka hijau (RTH). Penelusuran banjir di kolam retensi dilakukan dengan bantuan program HEC-HMS, sedangkan visualisasi genangan banjir dilakukan dengan bantuan program Global Mapper. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas kolam retensi saat ini sudah tidak mencukupi untuk menampung volume limpasan, dimana debit puncak banjir periode ulang 5 tahun sebesar 22,2 m 3 /s berpotensi menggenangi kawasan sekitar kolam dengan luasan mencapai 11,09 Ha. Pengendalian banjir menggunakan pompa berkapasitas total 4 m 3 /s mampu mereduksi luasan genangan sebesar 58,79%, sedangkan pengendalian banjir dengan peningkatan RTH sebesar 30% hanya mampu mereduksi luasan genangan sebesar 15,33%. Kombinasi pengendalian banjir menggunakan pompa banjir dan peningkatan RTH mampu mereduksi luasan genangan banjir sebesar 75,92%. Dengan metode pengendalian tersebut dihasilkan kedalaman genangan maksimum kurang dari 0,5 m dengan potensi lama genangan hanya selama 20 menit, dimana jalan Demang Lebar Daun tidak lagi tergenang. Untuk mitigasi banjir jangka pendek diperlukan pembangunan stasiun pompa banjir di kolam retensi Siti Khadijah, sedangkan untuk jangka panjang diperlukan penyediaan RTH yang dilakukan secara bertahap dan berkelanjutan. Kata kunci. kolam retensi, HEC-HMS, penelusuran banjir, pengendalian banjir.

Abstract. The area near the Siti Khadijah Palembang retention pond, especially Demang Lebar Daun street, is frequently inundated because of the overflowing of the retention pond, causing long traffic jams. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of flood inundation within the area for the existing situation and for a scenario of flood control using a pump system and an increase in open space. The flood routing within the retention pond was done using HEC-HMS software, while visualization of flood inundation was carried out using Global Mapper software. The results show that the capacity of the retention pond at this time is insufficient to accommodate runoff volume, whereas the flood peak discharge of 22.2 m 3 /s for a 5-year return

Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is used in this study for simulating rainfall driven flow in a sewer system that can cause overflow in sewer networks. The simulation is carried out in a residential area located in the Bhagyanagar, Belagavi city. The study reveals that severe rainfall events cause sewer overflow and surface inundation in the area. A number of measures have been proposed including capacity improvement of sewer system, reduction of discharge peak to solve the flood problem. It is expected that the study will help in operational management of the sewerage system and mitigate the flooding problem. The main objectives of the project are to control the runoff from small rain events and provide safe path or storage runoff from the major storms. Management of storm water by suitable design of drainage system which controls unforeseen disaster. Storm management controls flood by diverting the excess water. It aims for sustainability development using storm water management techniques.