Waist to Hip Ratio

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex and multifactorial condition, involving a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors, and its etiology is unknown. PCOS poses a diagnostic challenge in adolescents, and assessing the status of biomarkers in adolescents and middle-aged women will elucidate the aetiology of PCOS. To evaluate the clinical biomarkers - SHBG, testosterone, AMH, insulin, and leptin - in both adolescence and middle-aged groups. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital and involved a total of 200 subjects. The participants were divided into two groups, each having two subgroups. Adolescent females with regular periods made up Group 1(a), whereas those with irregular cycles and ages ranging from 18 to 19 made up Group 1(b). Middle-aged women with PCOS made up Group 2(a), whereas control subjects between the ages of 30 and 38 made up Group 2(b). The data were presented in the form of mean ± SD. To assess the variance in the data among multiple groups, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to identify the least significant difference during group-wise comparisons. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for all statistical analyses, with a significance threshold of P<0.05. The values of SHBG and AMH were significantly different between the four groups, and the value of insulin was significant between controls and oligomenorrhea in the adolescent group. This study reveals the sequential expression of physiological and clinical biochemical variations, suggesting that compensatory hyperinsulinemia may play a role in initiating PCOS pathogenesis.

The present research paper's goal is to examine the most recent, accurate, and useful techniques for measuring human body composition. The techniques to measure Human body composition are continuously being met by emerging data results. Key efforts include the usage of imaging to help explain ectopic fat depots, quantifiable magnetic resonance for entire body water, fat and lean tissue measurement, and multi-divisional and multi-repetitive bioelectrical impedance analysis. Assessments of total body fat, fat-free mass, total body water, bone mineral content, cellular water, visceral, subcutaneous, skeletal muscle, major organs, and abnormal body fat depots are all approved using the relevant methodologies. The need for a method that generates data on biological and metabolic processes is constant. Clinicians and scientists can measure a variety of body elements and, observe changes in health and disease with implications for understanding the effectiveness of nutritional and medical disruptions, assessment, deterrence, and treatment in clinical settings. This is made possible by the wide range of measurable characteristics, analytical techniques, and designated total body composition models. The increased requirement to comprehend health risk precursors starting before conception has left a gap in the proper assessment techniques, with implementation starting during gestation, or foetal development.

From an evolutionary perspective, beauty is regarded as an assessment of fitness value. The fitness value of a social partner can be influenced by both physical and nonphysical traits. It follows that the perceived beauty of a social partner can be influenced by nonphysical traits such as liking, respect, familiarity, and contribution to shared goals in addition to physical traits such as youth, waist-to-hip ratio, and bilateral symmetry. We present three studies involving the evaluation of known social partners showing that judgments of physical attractiveness are strongly influenced by nonphysical factors. Females are more strongly influenced by nonphysical factors than males and there are large individual differences within each sex. In general, research on physical attractiveness based on the evaluation of purely physical traits of strangers might miss some of the most important factors influencing the perception of physical attractiveness among known associates.

Purpose: -The purpose of the study was to find out relationship of body mass index with fat percentage and waist hip ratio of university boys. Methodology: - The subjects for this study were selected from G.G.V, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. A total of 100 university boys were selected. Age of the subjects ranged between 20 to 25 years. Selected Variables were body mass index (BMI), fat percentage (Fat %) and waist hip ratio (WHR). BMI was calculated from body weight and body height (kg/m2), Fat Percentage was measured by OMRON body fat analyzer and WHR was calculated as WC divided by HC. To find out relationship of body mass index with fat percentage and waist hip ratio, descriptive statistics and the Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation was used. Findings: - There exists a significant relationship of BMI with Fat % (r = .903, p &gt; .05) and WHR (r = .611, p &gt; .05).

Objective: Several studies have shown that hostility, as measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-derived Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (Ho), is positively associated with several cardiovascular risk factors, possibly accounting for the relationship between Ho scores and cardiovascular mortality. This study was undertaken to examine associations between hostility and cardiovascular risk factors representing the metabolic syndrome in 1081 older men who participated in the Normative Aging Study. Methods: Subjects included men who completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in 1986 and who participated in a subsequent laboratory examination within 1 to 4 years. Total and subscale Ho scores were computed, and associations with anthropometric data, cigarette smoking, dietary information, serum lipids, blood pressure, and fasting glucose and insulin levels were examined. Results: The total Ho score was positively associated with waist/hip ratio, body mass index, total caloric intake, fasting insulin level, and serum triglycerides. The Ho score was inversely related to education and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. Path analysis also suggested that the effects of hostility on insulin, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were mediated by its effects on body mass index and waist/hip ratio, which, in turn, exerted their effects on lipids and blood pressure through insulin. Conclusions: The results are consistent with those of prior research and also suggest that, in older men, hostility may be associated with a pattern of obesity, central adiposity, and insulin resistance, which can exert effects on blood pressure and serum lipids. Furthermore, effects of hostility on the metabolic syndrome appear to be mediated by body mass index and waist/hip ratio.

Background:It is crucial to monitor blood lipid levels accurately in older adults to assess cardiovascular risk. Although several portable strip-based devices are commercially available, their accuracy has not been well established. Objective: To evaluate the agreement of the Mission Cholesterol device and standard laboratory method results, using samples from older adults. Methods: Forty-nine patients (42 females) with an average age of 70 ± 8 years were included. The participants were instructed to fast for 12 hours before undergoing venous and capillary blood sampling for lipid analysis (total cholesterol [TC], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], and triglyceride [TG] levels). The agreement between the Mission Cholesterol device and laboratory test results was assessed using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and Bland-Altman plots. The accuracy levels were assessed based on the percentage bias recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Results: The TC measurement had a better accuracy level (bias = 10.91%; CCC = 0.89) than other lipid measurements. However, none of them met the NCEP's acceptable standards for bias and concordance (CCC ≥ 0.90). Furthermore, the device demonstrated modest overall agreement in classifying lipid risk according to clinical reference values (agreement rates: TC, 67.3%; HDL-C, 65.3%; LDL-C, 49.0%; and TG, 61.2%). Conclusion: The Mission Cholesterol device exhibited insufficient agreement levels for effective lipid profile monitoring and screening in older adults.

Determinar si el sindrome metabolico constituye un factor asociado a psoriasis en adultos. Material y metodos: estudio analitico, observacional, de casos y controles que incluyo a 24 pacientes con diagnostico clinico nuevo de psoriasis y 48 controles atendidos en el Servicio de Dermatologia del Hospital Regional Docente de Trujillo entre febrero 2010 y enero 2011. El diagnostico de sindrome metabolico se realizo tomando en cuenta los criterios del Programa Nacional de Educacion del Colesterol de los Estados Unidos. Para determinar la asociacion entre las variables se empleo la prueba de chi cuadrado o la prueba exacta de Fisher segun correspondiera, con un nivel de significancia del 0.05; igualmente se calculo la fuerza de asociacion mediante el odds ratio (OR) con intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC 95%). Resultados: el sindrome metabolico fue identificado en el 45.8% de los casos frente a 29.2% de los controles, diferencia que no fue estadisticamente significativa (OR: 2.05, IC 95%...

ResultsMean Waist circumference (Male= 84.76, 7.646 SD; Female= 79.37, 9.343 SD) and waist hip ratio( male=0.880,0.055SD; Female=0.819, 0.067) were below cut off line. Calorie intake as per Indian standard was poor (Male=2098.5. 503.78SD; Female=1759.2, 362.90SD). Females were having increased risk and substantial increased risk of metabolic disorders as per waist circumference measurement (P&gt;0.001, P&gt;0.001). Males were more at risk as per waist hip ratio (P&gt;0.001). At the BMI of pre-obese category, the female waist circumference was higher than cut off value (86.37 cm). Sensitivity found to be highest for waist hip ratio (28%).

Descriptive, explorative and transversal study with the purpose of evaluating the anthropometric parameters of hypertensive men accompanied by a health program for men. Data collection took place between october to December 2013, through interviews with application of a structured instrument. Data were processed and analyzed using SPSS 18.0 for Windows. The results were analyzed in absolute numbers, percentages, means and standard deviations and presented in tables. Interviews were performed on 75 men, with average ages of 58,98 (±9,08) years. Predominance was for self-declared color brown (68,0%), married/common-law marriage (70,7%), elementary schooling (43,3%), active labor situation (52,0%) and family income of between 1 and 2 minimum wages (52,0%). It was verified that 84,0% of the men presented increased circumference of the waist; 89,3% were classified as moderate to very high risk for the standard of waist-hip girth ratio and 72% of the men were overweight. It is possible to...

OBJETIVO: Trata-se do primeiro estudo brasileiro com o objetivo de avaliar as proporções corporais de pacientes com síndrome de Turner (ST) não tratadas com hormônio de crescimento. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de 50 pacientes com ST (5 a 43 anos), avaliando-se idade, cariótipo, desenvolvimento puberal e medidas de estatura em pé e sentada, envergadura, peso, IMC, perímetro cefálico, mão e pé, perna, relação entre cintura e quadril, diâmetros biacromial e bi-ilíaco. Transformação dos dados em escore z de desvio-padrão. Realizada análise descritiva e aplicados o teste de Mann-Whitney e a análise de variância. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças das variáveis em relação aos cariótipos: 22 eram impúberes e 28 púberes, e todas as variáveis em valores absolutos foram significativamente maiores na puberdade. Não foram observadas diferenças em relação aos escores z das variáveis analisadas em relação à puberdade. Todas as variáveis apresentaram escores z médios acima de -2, com exce...

Obesity, attributable to the interaction of genetic makeup, lifestyle and environment Factors are a multifactorial disease. However, not all people with similar genetics or same environmental setup become obese. Currently, extensive research is being conducted regarding increases in the prevalence of obesity, apparent in many societies, studying their eating habits and physical activity. Although, people with obesity have the equal distribution of body fat, yet they do not suffer from the same medical ailments. The recent identification of obesity-risk FTO variants rs9939609 associated with body mass index (BMI) and risk of obesity in multiple populations has led to the major success in the field of obesity genetics, making FTO the first locus unequivocally associated with adiposity. The role of FTO gene as a risk factor of obesity has also been identified by the Genome wide association which is entirely a new approach. The function of FTO gene was unknown, but recent investigation ...

Com o objetivo de analisar a possível associação do polimorfismo de inserção/deleção (I/D) do gene da enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA) e a presença de complicações micro-e macroangiopáticas foram avaliados 224 pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2 (DM2) quanto à presença de nefropatia (excreção urinária de albumina, imunoturbidimetria, >20 µg/min), retinopatia proliferativa (oftalmoscopia por oftalmologista) e cardiopatia isquêmica (questionário cardiovascular, eletrocardiograma e cintilografia miocárdica após dipiridamol). O polimorfismo do gene da ECA foi avaliado através da técnica do PCR. Os pacientes foram classificados conforme a presença dos alelos D (ID ou DD) e I (II). Pacientes com alelo D não diferem dos pacientes com alelo II em relação à idade (60,1±8,7 vs. 58,9±10,1 anos), proporção de sexo (homens: 84% vs. 80%), tempo conhecido de DM2 (14,4±8,5 vs. 15,0±8,2 anos), índice de massa corporal (28,2±4,9 vs. 28,8±7,0 kg/m 2) ou presença de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (68% vs. 67%). Não houve diferença em relação à glicemia de jejum (177,8±69,0 vs. 173,8±71,9 mg/dl), HbA 1c (6,8±1,8 vs. 7,2±1,6%), colesterol total (221,5±47,2 vs. 216,8±45,7 mg/dl), HDL colesterol (43,8±11,5 vs. 46,3±13,9 mg/dl) e triglicerídeos (193 vs. 190 mg/dl). A proporção de pacientes com nefropatia (36% vs. 33%), retinopatia (41% vs. 50%) e cardiopatia isquêmica (55% vs. 58%) também foi a mesma nos dois grupos. Em conclusão, a presença do alelo D do gene da ECA não está associada às complicações crônicas micro-macrovasculares nesta amostra de pacientes DM2.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the hypothesis of an increased sensitivity to GH in obesity (OB) and Cushing&#39;s syndrome (CS). DESIGN: We studied the effects of short-term administration of low-dose rhGH on circulating IGF-I levels in patients with simple OB or CS and in normal subjects (NS). METHODS: Nineteen women with abdominal OB aged (mean +/- s.e.m.) 38.2+/-3.1 years, body mass index 40.7+/-2.5 kg/m(2), waist to hip ratio 0.86+/-0.02, ten with CS (50.4+/-4.2 years, 29.7 +/- 3.3 kg/m(2)) and 11 NS (35.0+/-3.6 years, 20.5+/-0.5 kg/m(2)) underwent s.c. administration of 5 microg/kg per day rhGH at 2200 h for four days. Serum IGF-I, IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), GH-binding protein (GHBP), insulin and glucose levels were determined at baseline and 12 h after the first and the last rhGH administration. RESULTS: Basal IGF-I levels in NS (239.3+/-22.9 microg/l) were similar to those in OB (181.5+/-13.7 microg/l) and CS (229.0+/-29.1 microg/l). Basal IGFBP-3, GHBP and glucose levels in NS, ...

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible associations between insertion/deletion (ID) polymorphism in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (dbSNP rs 4646994) with the food intake and body composition in the Czech non-obese, obese and extremely obese populations. A total of 453 various-weighted individuals were enrolled in the study and were according to their BMI assigned into following subgroups, such as obese (30 B BMI \ 40), morbidly obese (BMI C40) and nonobese (20 \ BMI \ 30) subjects. Both the obese cases and the non-obese controls underwent the identical subset of standardized examinations (BMI, % body fat, waist-to-hip ratio, skin fold thickness, native dietary composition examined by 7-day food records, etc.). No significant casecontrol differences in genotype distributions or allelic frequencies were observed. There were no differences in genotype frequencies between males and females either. The prevalence of obesity was significantly higher among subjects with the II genotype (42 %) when compared with those with DD (36%) and those with ID (37%) genotypes (P = 0.04). When compared with carbohydrate intake in the whole studied cohort, the odds ratios of carrying the DD allele in the morbidly obese cohort were 0.84 (95% CI 0.34, 2.10, P = 0.17), 0.27 (0.07, 0.98, P = 0.02), and 4.25 (1.44, 12.51, P = 0.005) in those individuals consuming \210, 210-260, and [260 g of carbohydrates/day, respectively. Based on our findings, the ID ACE polymorphism could represent a gene modulator of carbohydrate intake in morbidly obese Czech population; the strong significant effect of DD genotype was observed in the phenotypes of extreme obesity with the highest carbohydrate intake.

Mate preferences are condition dependent (i.e., females in better biological condition might be more demanding with respect to fitnessrelevant male traits). Such traits usually indicate male biological quality or ability to secure resources that could be invested in offspring. Here we study female preferences for male resources, commitment, attractiveness, good sense of humor, and sensuality (when seeking both longterm and short-term partners) in relation to women's morphological traits such as height, weight, waist and hip girth, body mass index (BMI), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). We show that preferences for resources and attractiveness do indeed depend on women's phenotype. Women with relatively lower WHR and BMI more strongly prefer resources in a potential long-term partner than those with higher WHR and BMI. However, when controlling for age, place of residence, and whether they have had children, it is WHR (but not BMI) that influences female preference for resources and attractiveness. Women with higher WHR (those who, according to many studies, are considered as less attractive) are more prone to prefer physical attractiveness in a potential long-term partner. Furthermore, despite commitment having received the highest score in a long-term context, the preference for this trait in a potential partner was not related to women's body morphology. We suggest evolutionary and proximate explanations for such condition-dependent preferences.

Background and objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of six months of aerobic exercise on lipid profile, inflammatory markers, and risk factors of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged obese women. Methods: Fifteen obese woman (age range: 35 to 45 years) with BMI of ≥30 Kg/m 2 were enrolled via purposeful and convenience sampling. The participants were randomly divided into training (n=10) and control (n=5) groups. Blood samples (7 ml) were taken from all participants before the first training session and after the last training session. The women performed 60 minutes of aerobic exercise at 55-65% of heart rate reserve, three sessions a week, for six months. Data was analyzed using independent and paired t-tests and Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests at significance of 0.05. Results: After the six-month aerobic exercise, C-reactive protein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein/total cholesterol decreased sig...

The relationship of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) and health outcomes has been rarely assessed in middle-income countries. We determined the ideal CVH metrics and association with all-cause and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality in the Thai population. We used baseline data from two rounds of the National Health Examination survey (15,219 participants in 2009 and 14,499 in 2014), and assessed all-cause and CVD deaths until 2020. The prevalence of 5-7 ideal CVH metrics in 2009 was 10.4% versus 9.5% in 2014. During a median follow-up of 7.1 years, the all-cause and CVD mortality rates were 19.4 and 4.6 per 1000 person-years for 0-1 ideal CVH metrics, and 13.0 and 2.1, 9.6 and 1.5, 6.0 and 1.0, and 2.9 and 0.4 per 1000 person-years for 2, 3, 4, and 5-7 ideal CVH metrics, respectively. Participants with 2, 3, 4, or 5-7 ideal metrics had a significantly lower risk of mortality than those with 0-1 ideal CVH metrics (adjusted hazard ratios: 0.75, 0.70, 0.60, and 0.47 for all-cause, and 0.54, 0.52, 0.50, and 0.31 for CVD, respectively). Individuals with a higher number of the modified ideal CVH metrics have a lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) cause 41 million deaths each year worldwide and account for 71% of total deaths. The majority (80%) of this burden occurs in low-and middle-income countries, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death 1. The World Health Organization set a global NCD monitoring framework for NCDs in each country with the main target of a 25% reduction in mortality for NCD outcomes in 2030 2. The American Heart Association (AHA)'s Life Simple 7 (LS7) was introduced to assess the extent of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) at the population level 3. Several studies have shown that the metabolic and behavioral factors in the LS7, which comprises blood pressure, weight (body mass index [BMI]), smoking, diet, physical activity, blood sugar, and the total cholesterol concentration, are associated with all-cause and CVD mortality 4. These metrics have been applied and assessed in the US population, Europe, and some other countries, such as China and Korea, but these countries have different CVH metrics and estimates 5,6. Additionally, these metrics have been rarely assessed in the southeast Asian and low-and middle-income country populations, where the population characteristics and the availability of metrics to be measured might be different. Some metrics were based on local studies with varied strengths of associations. A systematic review reported that the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) had a better discriminatory power than BMI to predict cardiometabolic health outcome and mortality 7. Studies in the Thai population showed that central obesity, especially the WHtR, was

The current paper summarizes the health status correlated
with physical fitness of students from the University of Medicine,
Pharmacy, Science and technology “George Emil Palade” from Targu
Mures. A total of 301 university students aged between 18-24 years
old voluntarily participated in the research. Health status and physical
fitness level were investigated based on (1) anthropometric
measurements (height, waist girth and hip girth); (2) bioelectrical
impedance (body mass index, weight and body fat percentage); (3)
fitness level (30m running speed, standing long jump, sit up, trunk
extension). The data were processed with SPSS 22.0 for windows.
Descriptive statistics, Independent Samples T Test and bivariate
correlations were performed. Findings demonstrate normal limits in
terms of BDI for 71.79% and 61.79% normal limits for body fat
percentage according to age. Additionally, it was found associations
between health indicators and physical fitness.

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the short-term tracking of abdominal adiposity in children. Methods: A total of 918 children (477 boys) aged 6-12 years at baseline were followed-up for 2 years. Central obesity was assessed by waist circumference (WaistC), whereas body fat distribution by waist-to-hip ratio. Maturity was assessed by the Khamis-Roche method. Parental fatness and children's cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were also evaluated. Multiple and logistic regressions were employed to identify the predictors of BMI and WaistC. Results: Tracking of body fatness and body fat distribution was high (r ¼ 0.69-0.86, P < 0.01). More boys remained obese than girls (P < 0.05), whereas a greater percentage of boys moved to a higher quartile of WaistC after the 2-year follow-up (22.0 vs 14.1%, P < 0.01). Sex, child's maturity and WaistC at baseline, CRF, and maternal BMI explained 76% of the variability in BMI and WaistC at the follow-up (n ¼ 290). Children with high WaistC at baseline and low CRF presented 1.9-and 4.3-fold increased risk of remaining in the upper quartile of WaistC at the followup (P < 0.01; n ¼ 552). Conclusion: Youth with increased WaistC at baseline and low CRF presented an increased chance of maintaining central obesity at the follow-up. More boys than girls moved into a higher quartile of abdominal obesity during the 2-year follow-up period and this should be taken into account in designing programmes for childhood obesity.

Objectives. The primary objective of this study was to determine the relationship between waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), cardiovascular (CV) events, and mortality in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. A secondary objective was to investigate the association between abdominal obesity and systemic inflammatory markers. Methods. This is a prospective study of 22 prevalent PD patients. WHR was measured at baseline. C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured. Main outcomes were first CV event and death from all causes. Survival analysis was used to examine the relationship between anthropomorphic measures and clinical outcomes. Results. Mean follow-up period was 3.1 years. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, survival was lower in those with higher WHR (P = .002). In Cox regression, WHR independently predicted mortality and first CV event after adjustment for known ischemic heart disease (hazard ratio [HR] 1.17, confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.30 for death; HR 1.13, CI 1.01-1.26 for CV event). WHR correlated with serum TNF-α (r = 0.45; P = .05). Conclusion. The results of this study suggest WHR may be a risk factor for increased CV events and mortality in PD patients. Abdominal obesity is also associated with inflammatory markers. Larger studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

Objectives. The primary objective of this study was to determine the relationship between waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), cardiovascular (CV) events, and mortality in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. A secondary objective was to investigate the association between abdominal obesity and systemic inflammatory markers.Methods. This is a prospective study of 22 prevalent PD patients. WHR was measured at baseline. C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured. Main outcomes were first CV event and death from all causes. Survival analysis was used to examine the relationship between anthropomorphic measures and clinical outcomes.Results. Mean follow-up period was 3.1 years. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, survival was lower in those with higher WHR (P=.002). In Cox regression, WHR independently predicted mortality and first CV event after adjustment for known ischemic heart disease (hazard ratio [HR] 1.17, confidence interval [CI] 1.05–1.30 for de...

is general well written and well structured. However, I have some minor queries for the methods and results and I would prefer a shorter title. The manuscript aimed to study diurnal variation of cortisol and explore its association with abdominal obesity in a large unselected population gender stratified. The topic is relevant and within the scope of the journal. The question posed by the authors is well defined. Methods are appropriate and well described. The manuscript is general well written and well structured. However, I have some minor queries for the methods and results. Discretionary revision: I would prefer a shorter title. We have shortened the title to "Salivary cortisol differs with age and sex and shows inverse associations with WHR in Swedish women: a crosssectional study Minor Essential Revisions: Methods Did you use cotton, polyester or cortisol Salivette®? Please include. We used cotton, which has now been added on row 7 under "procedures" in the methods section.

We used body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) as fat indicators to assess whether perinatal and early adulthood factors are associated with adiposity in early adulthood. We hypothesized that risk factors differ between men and women and are also different when WC is used for measuring adiposity as opposed to BMI. We conducted a longitudinal study based on a sample of 2,063 adults from the 1978/1979 Ribeirão Preto birth cohort. Adjustment was performed using four sequential multiple linear regression models stratified by sex. Both perinatal and early adulthood variables influenced adulthood BMI and WC. The associations differed between men and women and depending on the measure of abdominal adiposity (BMI or WC). Living with a partner, for both men and women, and high fat and alcohol intake in men were factors that were consistently associated with higher adulthood BMI and WC levels. The differences observed between sexes may point to different lifestyles of men and wome...

A fundamental assumption of adaptive explanations of female attractiveness is that bodily features that males judge as attractive reliably signal youthfulness, healthiness, and fertility or female mate value. One of the bodily features, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), is a reliable indicator of a female&#39;s reproductive age, sex hormone profile, parity and risk for various diseases. Systematic variation in the size of WHR also systematically affects the judgment of female attractiveness, healthiness, and youthfulness. This article summarizes recent findings about the relationship between female&#39;s WHR and various factors affecting reproductive capability and risk for diseases. Research on the relationship between attractiveness and WHR is discussed in light of some methodological objections to previous research. Finally, cross-cultural and historical data are presented that suggest that the relationship between WHR and female attractiveness is not culture-specific and not inculcated ...

Introduction: Leptin is secreted in concentrations proportional to body fat mass. The anthropometric parameter among Sagittal Abdominal Diameter (SAD), Body Mass Index (BMI), Hip Circumference (HC), Waist Circumference (WC), Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), and Waist-Height Ratio (WHtR) that correlates maximally with serum leptin levels could be used preferably to assess adiposity. Aim: The present study aims to correlate serum leptin levels with SAD, BMI, HC, WC, WHR and WHtR in young and healthy North Indian adults. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted jointly in the Department of Physiology and Biochemistry at the King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India from September 2015 to August 2016 and it included apparently healthy individuals, aged 18-25 years, native to North India, after obtaining an informed consent. A convenient sample size of 100 was taken. One investigator took all anthropometric measurements. (SAD, BMI, HC, WC, WHR and WHtR) RayBio human leptin ELISA kit was used for the estimation of leptin level. For statistical analysis, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The study involved 55 males and 45 aged 21.4±1.5 years with BMI 22.7±2.7 kg/m2 , HC 91.5±6.9 cm, WC 81.9±7.9 cm, WHR 0.9±0.1, WHtR 0.50±0.04, SAD 20.8±3.1 cm and serum leptin level 389.6±102.7 pg. Serum leptin level correlated significantly with HC (r=0.23, p=0.02), WC (r=0.29, p=0.003), WHtR (r=0.36, p<0.001), and SAD (r=0.56, p<0.001). A non significant correlation was obtained with BMI (r=0.15, p=0.12) and WHR (r=0.11, p=0.26). Conclusion: SAD is a better predictor of body fat and hence, cardiometabolic health than other anthropometric parameters in the present study, as it correlated most strongly with serum leptin levels.

Background: A bioactive fraction of Cinnamomum burmanii and Lagerstroemia speciosa, DLBS3233, has recently
been used for type-2-diabetes treatment due to its favorable effect on insulin sensitivity. The insulin resistance leading
to metabolic syndrome is closely linked to hyperandrogenemia in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study
evaluated the metabolic and reproductive efficacy and safety of DLBS3233 in insulin-resistant PCOS women.
Materials and Methods: This was a 2-arm, randomized, double-blind, controlled, noninferiority clinical study over
a 6-month therapy with DLBS3233 100-mg daily in comparison to metformin-XR 750 mg twice daily, involving 124
PCOS women with insulin resistance. The primary efficacy endpoint was the improvement of Homeostasis Model
Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Secondary endpoints were improvements in other metabolic and reproductive
parameters. Safety endpoints were based on blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram findings, liver and
renal function, and adverse events.
Results: After 6 months, HOMA-IR improvement in DLBS3233-treated group (-1.03 ± 0.50) and metformin-XR (-1.19
± 0.50) were comparable, with a between-group difference fell within the pre-set non-inferiority margin (0.16; 95% confidence
interval (CI): -1.24, 1.56; P=0.3168). The HOMA-IR in both groups were significantly improved from baseline.
On all secondary endpoints, both groups showed comparable effects. Markedly fewer adverse events occurred in the
DLBS3233 treated group than in the Metformin-XR-treated group and most were mild clinically and had been resolved
by the end of the study.
Conclusion: Treatment with DLBS3233 100-mg daily in PCOS women demonstrated comparable efficacy to metformin-
XR 750-mg twice daily in improving insulin resistance. However, the non-inferiority of DLBS3233 to metformin-
XR remains inconclusive. DLBS3233 was more tolerable than metformin-XR (registration number: NCT01733459).

Aim: Bilirubin is a final product of heme metabolism  and also has antioxidant properties. But there is no  information on the effect of bilirubin in the  pathogenesis of in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome  (PCOS). The goal of the present study was to  investigate the relationship between bilirubin levels,  PCOS and heart rate recovery (HRR).   Material and Methods: Subjects were included in  this study from our center’s Department of  Gynecology & Obstetrics between March 2012 and  May 2013. Serum bilirubin levels and other blood  parameters in at least 12-hour fasting states were  determined. Exercise stress test was performed on all  patients and control participants Results: Thirty four patients with a diagnosis of  PCOS aged younger than 40 year and twenty seven  healthy women matched by age, BMI, heart rate and  blood pressure were included in the study. Total  bilirubin levels in PCOS group were significantly  lower than the control group. The HRR was  significantly decreased in wo...

Tuberculosis is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Current study was focused to evaluate the proportion of tuberculosis in district Buner. In this study 3378 patients were investigated in the 6 tehsils of district buner (Daggar, Gadezi, Salarzai, Chamla, Gagra and Chagarzai). High disease burden was foundin tehsil Daggar 2201 (65.15%) followed by Gadezai 347 (10.27%) and Chagarzai 258 (7.63%). The disease burden was recorded high in female that was 1753 (51.89%), than male 1625 (48.10%). Common symptoms were cough 1985 (58.76%), haemoptysis 1452 (43%) and fever (39%). Most of the patients2703 (80.01%) were in view that tuberculosis spread through contact while 675 (19.98%) were in view that it spread through air. 2580 (76.37%) patients were taking dose regularly, while 798 (23.62%) were taking dose irregularly.The prevalence of tuberculosis was found high 2 quarter (28.59%) and 4 quarter (60%) of the year.Awarness, illetracy and nd th

The average prevalence of hypertension in India is 25% in urban and 10% in rural inhabitants. Prevalence of hypertension has been found to increase in traditional populations undergoing modernization. There is a strong correlation between changing lifestyle factors and increase in hypertension. The objectives of the study were to find out Prevalence of hypertension and identification of associated risk factors amongst labour population of District Bareilly. The cross sectional field study involved 185 respondents, aged 18 years and above using simple random sampling technique. A study instrument which included behavioral risk factor questionnaire (Tobacco use, alcohol consumption and type of diet) and physical measurements of height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and blood pressure was used to collect data. Chi- square test and regression analysis were used to analyze data. The overall prevalence of hypertension was found to be 10.81%. Prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher among individuals, aged 40 years and above, with high body mass index and increased waist hip ratio, (P<.05). There is an increase in cases of hypertension amongst labour population of District Bareilly. Weight reduction may lead to decrease in blood pressure of an individual.

Perceptions of physical attractiveness vary across cultural groups, particularly for female body size and shape. It has been hypothesised that visual media propagates Western 'thin ideals'. However, because cross-cultural studies typically consider groups highly differentiated on a number of factors, identifying the causal factors has thus far been impossible. In the present research, we conducted 'naturalistic' and controlled experiments to test the influence of media access on female body ideals in a remote region of Nicaragua by sampling from villages with and without regular television access. We found that greater television consumption remained a significant predictor of preferences for slimmer, curvier female figures after controlling for a range of other factors in an ethnically balanced sample of 299 individuals (150 female, aged 15-79) across 7 villages. Within-individual analyses in one village over 3 years also showed an association between increased TV consumption and preferences for slimmer figures amongst some participants. Finally, an experimental study in two low-media locations demonstrates that exposure to media images of fashion models can directly impact participants' body size ideals. We thus provide the first converging cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental evidence from field-based research, that media exposure can drive changes in perceptions of female attractiveness.

Hypertension, diabetes, and cancer non-communicable diseases have replaced communicable diseases as the leading cause of mortality in most parts of the world including India. Hypertension is a major public health problem in India which often results in coronary artery disease and stroke. The main aim of this study is to describe the normal pattern of blood pressure and to assess the prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among a selected tribal population of Jharkhand. It was carried out among tribal populations of Ghatshila area, East Singhbhum D ist r ict , Jharkhand. Using convenient sampling method, 320 individuals aged 20 years and above were selected. Pregnant mother and those individuals who were not willing to participate were excluded from the study. Data on socio-demographic variables, physical activity, tobacco consumption, and alcohol intake were collected. Blood pressure was recorded and classified according to Joint National Committee-8 criteria. Data entry and analysis was done on SPSS version 17. Systolic and diastolic mean blood pressure was found to be 126.5 mmHg and 78.1 mmHg respectively. In the study individuals only 43.7% of had normal blood pressure, and the rest had either hypertension or pre-hypertension. Increasing age, alcohol intake, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and central obesity were found to be significant factors responsible for high blood pressure. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the Tribal population was like those of rural population of Jharkhand. A large proportion of the population had elevated blood pressure especially the elderly, thus necessary for annual screening in them. Alcohol intake and obesity were found to be associated with hypertension; hence, require for health education on harmful effects of alcohol and benefits of a balanced diet should be given to the tribal population.

Introduction: Increasing trend of obesity among adolescents is a worldwide phenomenon. There is a scarcity of research on obesity in the later part of adolescence from rural part of India.

Objective: To find out the prevalence and factors associated with obesity among college students studying 11th& 12th standard between 15 – 19 years of age.

Methods: A cross sectional study was undertaken by involving all the colleges located within the rural field practice area of Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore for a period of 6 months (Apr - Sep 2009).The data was collected from students (n=1170) using pre-tested structured questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, waist circumference and body fat percentage were taken for all the students. The criteria for overweight/obesity and central obesity were based on proposed WHO Asia-Pacific guidelines and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) guidelines.

Results: Overweight/ obesity were found to be 6.1% and 7.2% respectively and central obesity of 1.9%.The overweight/obesity had significant association with age and family history of obesity. The mean BFP was significantly higher among boys in the age group of 15-16 years compared to 17-19 years age group and significant difference in the mean BFP was noted among both boys and girls with family history of obesity. The mean body fat percentage was significantly high in overweight/obesity and central obesity.

Conclusions: The present research has found prevalence of overweight/obesity of 13.3% and central obesity of 1.9% respectively in the age group of 15-19 years, which needs to be confirmed in future studies.

Objectives—The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of various obesity measures on identification of subjects at risk and their respective risk estimates for VTE in a prospective population-based study. Methods and Results—Measures of body composition such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were registered in 6708 subjects aged 25 to 84 years, who participated in the Tromsø Study (1994–1995). Incident VTE-events were registered during follow-up until September 1, 2007. There were 222 VTE-events during a median of 12.3 years of follow-up. All measures of obesity exhibited significantly increased HR for VTE in multivariable models with highest risk estimates for WC in both genders. The risk of VTE increased across quartiles of BMI, WC, and HC in both genders, but not for WHR. WC identified more subjects at risk using established criteria for obesity. WC had the highest area under the curve in both genders in ...

Background. The epidemiological evidence on green spaces and obesity is inconsistent. Objectives. To study the association of access to green spaces and surrounding greenness with obesity in Spain. Methods. We enrolled 2354 individuals 20-85 years from urban areas of seven provinces of Spain between 2008-13. Subjects were randomly selected population controls of the MCC-Spain case-control study. We geocoded current residences and defined exposures in a buffer of 300 m around them: i) access to green space, identified using Urban Atlas, and ii) levels of surrounding greenness, measured by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. We examined excess weight/obesity as binary outcomes based on body mass index and waist-hip ratio. We examined effect modification by genetic factors, sex and individual socioeconomic status and mediation by physical activity and concentrations of PM2.5 and NO2. To assess potential effect modification by genetic factors, we used a polygenic risk score based on obesity polymorphisms detected in genome-wide association studies. We used logistic mixed-effects models with a random effect for catchment area adjusted for potential confounders. Results. Access to green space was associated with a reduced risk of excess weight/obesity after adjusting for confounders [excess weight: OR (95%CI)=0.82 (0.63, 1.07), p-value=0.143; abdominal obesity: OR (95%CI)=0.68 (0.45, 1.01), p-value=0.057]. In the stratified analysis, this association was only observed in women. Associations between surrounding greenness and excess weight/obesity were null or modest based on a 1 IQR increase in NDVI [excess weight: OR (95%CI)=0.99 (0.88, 1.11), p-value=0.875; abdominal obesity: OR (95%CI)=0.91 (0.79, 1.05), p-value=0.186]. The observed associations were not mediated by physical activity or air pollution. Discussion. Access to green space is associated with decreased risk of excess weight/obesity among women in Spain. Mechanisms explaining this association remain unclear.

Introduction- BMI can be used to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity within a population. It does not, however, account for the wide variations in obesity between different individuals and populations. BMI may not correspond to the same degree of fatness in different populations due to differences in body proportions.

Material and Methods- This was a cross sectional study. The subjects were 232 pre final MBBS students. It was double stage cluster sampling. The students calculated BMI, waist circumference, Waist hip ratio and Calorie consumption of their own.

Results- Mean Waist circumference (Male= 84.76, 7.646 SD; Female= 79.37, 9.343 SD) and waist hip ratio( male=0.880,0.055SD; Female=0.819, 0.067) were below cut off line. Calorie intake as per Indian standard was poor (Male=2098.5. 503.78SD; Female=1759.2, 362.90SD). Females were having increased risk and substantial increased risk of metabolic disorders as per waist circumference measurement (P>0.001, P>0.001). Males were more at risk as per waist hip ratio (P>0.001). At the BMI of pre-obese category, the female waist circumference was higher than cut off value (86.37 cm). Sensitivity found to be highest for waist hip ratio (28%).

Conclusion- The WHR truly finding out the abdominal obesity.

Mean BMI Male Female Sex Race Malay Chinese Indian RESULTS Data interpretation for mean body mass index (BMI) based on gender and races: Table 3 shows the demographic data. Out of the 82 study participants, 37 were males (15 Malay, 12 Chinese and 10 Indian) and 45 were females (20 Malay, 10 Chinese and 15 Indian). It is evident from Fig. 1 that amongst males, Indian had the highest BMI value followed by Malay and Chinese. Further, BMI value for Indian was greater than that for Malay by 4.94% while BMI value for Indian was greater than that for Chinese by 9.17%. The BMI of Malay was greater than that of Chinese by 4.46%. With respect to females, Malay had the highest BMI value followed by Indian and Chinese. BMI value for Malay was greater than that for Indian by 6.61% while BMI value for Malay was greater than that for Chinese by 7.62% and BMI value for Indian was greater than that for Chinese by 1.08%.

Coronary Heart Disease refers to a group of closely related syndrome caused by imbalance between the myocardial oxygen demand and the blood supply. It is the single most common cause of death in economically developed countries, including the United States and Europe. Hypercholesterolemia is considered as one of the most common modifiable risk factors of CHD. Men are more commonly affected than women until the fifth decade, after which time the frequency of CHD is similar in both sexes. Other risk factors are hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. This was a cross-sectional study in demonstrating the pattern of the lipid profile (Total Cholesterol (TC); Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL-C); High Density Lipoprotein (HDL-C) and Triglyceride levels (TG) among the CHD patients admitted in the hospital. Most of the CHD patients had the total cholesterol level high, and among them 25.6% were Malay. Malays were the highest in the optimal range (&lt; 3.0mmol/L) with 20.9% and HDL level w...

RESUMEN El aumento en la rigidez arterial es común en pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica (HDC) y empeora su pronóstico. El propósito de este trabajo fue caracterizar la rigidez aórtica a través de las determinaciones de la velocidad de onda de pulso (VOP) en una población de pacientes en HDC. Con este objetivo la VOP, tensión arterial y los parámetros bioquímicos y antropométricos fueron medidos en 70 pacientes en HDC. Se realizó una determinación sanguínea de los parámetros bioquímicos usando las técnicas estándar. Se determinaron los valores sanguíneos de hormona paratiroidea, hemoglobina, colesterol, triglicéridos totales, calcio, fósforo y albúmina. El índice de masa corporal y cintura cadera fueron siempre calculados para cada paciente. Se encontró que valor medio de la VOP carótido-femoral estaba anormalmente incrementado (13.66±3.25 m/s) en pacientes en HDC con respecto a valores normales (10.62±1.49 m/s) para la misma edad, ya reportados (P<0.05). Pacientes en HDC con 60 años o menos mostraron valores de la VOP menores que aquellos con 61 años o más (12.24±2.88 y 15.08±3.01 m/s; respectivamente, P<0.0001). Pacientes en HDC no diabéticos mostraron valores de VOP menores que pacientes en HDC diabéticos (13.30±3.13 y 15.57±3.40 m/s; respectivamente, P<0.0330). Valores de presión sistólica de 119 mmHg o menos mostraron valores de VOP menores que aquellos que tenían presiones sistólicas de 120 mmHg o más (12.43±3.27 y 14.38±3.06 m/s; respectivamente, P<0.0144); y pacientes con valores de presión pulsátil de 40 mmHg o menos, mostraron menores valores de VOP que aquellos con presiones diferenciales de 41 mmHg o superiores (12.42±3.19 y 14.22±3.16 m/s; respectivamente, P<0.0302). Se concluye que, en los pacientes en HDC estudiados, hay un incremento de la rigidez arterial medido a través de la determinación de la VOP, el cual fue mayor en diabéticos, en sujetos con edades iguales o mayores a 61 años y en aquellos con presión arterial igual o mayor a 120 mmHg. Palabras claves: rigidez aórtica, velocidad de la onda del pulso, hemodiálisis.

The morbidity on the arterial hypertension has the tendency to the increaseduring the last years. The cases of the comorbid motion of the Ŕh are more often register, that undoubtedly, changes a specific to the clinical presentation of the motion of the illnesses. Having regard to contradictory data in relation between the influence of the Helicobacter of pylori (H. pylori) and the chronic gastritis, 71 patients with the comorbid motion of the arterial hypertension and the chronic gastritiswere inspected by us. All the patients have had a breath testwith the aim of diagnostics of the H.pylori. We have also determined such markers of the cardiovascular like: the risc, the body mass index, the Waist – hip ratio, the abdominal obesityfor the study of the influence of the comorbid pathology on the motion of the arterial hypertension including the ambulatory blood pressing monitoring. Among 37 patients with the H.pylori 52, 11% appeared positive (with middle age 54.2 ± 11.5). It was found...

Introdução: a obesidade é um dos 10 problemas de saúde pública global e sua prevalência tem aumentado. Muitos são os fatores de risco citados e vários associados à idade e ao estilo de vida. Objetivos: avaliar, na população feminina do município de Xangri-Lá, a prevalência da obesidade e seus fatores de risco. Métodos: estudo prospectivo com aplicação de questionário estruturado com as variáveis: idade, cor, estado civil, escolaridade, renda familiar, idade da menarca e paridade. Critérios de inclusão: idade ≥ 20 anos, assinatura do consentimento informado e presença no posto de saúde do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) para exame das mamas e medidas da estatura, peso e pressão arterial. A obesidade foi definida pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC) > 30 Kg/m². Resultados: Foram incluídas 611 mulheres com mais de 20 anos atendidas no PSF. A média de idade da amostra foi de 41,4 anos, com desvio padrão de 11,3. O IMC médio foi de 27,4 e verificou-se que 58,6% da população avaliada estava com peso acima do saudável, ou seja, IMC > 25. A obesidade ocorreu em 26% dos casos e mostrou correlação positiva com a idade (p=0,00), sendo que 51% das mulheres a partir dos 60 anos eram obesas. A menarca precoce mostrou-se um indicador independente à obesidade (p=0,003). A multiparidade, a baixa escolaridade e o estado marital, ser casada ou com parceiro estável, são fatores predisponentes (p < 0,05). Cerca de 66,3% das mulheres com menor nível de escolaridade (até 5 anos) estavam obesas ou com sobrepeso. Conclusões: a prevalência da obesidade nesta população feminina foi de 26,3%. A idade e a menarca precoce parecem ser os principais fatores de risco, mas também a paridade, a baixa escolaridade e o estado marital contribuem para a prevalência deste agravo.

Anecdotal evidence concerning the prevalence of abdominal obesity (AO) among nurses in South Africa is alarming; however, no scientific study has confirmed this notion. The purpose of this study was to determine AO, using proxy measures of waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) among nurses in Vhembe and Capricorn districts, Limpopo, South Africa. The study involved a purposive sample of 153 practising nurses aged 19 to 50+ years. Height, weight, waist and hip circumferences were measured and participation in physical activity was assessed by report. Cut-off points for abdominal obesity were: WC= ≥102 cm (men) and ≥88 cm (women); WHR = ≥0.9 (men) and ≥0.8 (women) and WHtR= ≥0.5. The prevalence of AO was 68.2%, 80.5%, 56.5% according to WC, WHR and WHtR, respectively. Among the males nurses, AO were: WC (18.8%), WHR (37.0%), and WHtR (%) while corresponding figures for females nurses were WC (49.4%), WHR (43.5%), WHtR (0.0%). Female nurses...

Introduction: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a time-evolving process, characterized by miniaturization of androgen sensitive hair follicles in the scalp. Previous studies indicate that the AGA is associated with increased risk of coronary disease. Objective: Determine the magnitude of the association between AGA pattern in the vertex of Hamilton-Norwood and coronary risk by measuring serum lipids. Material and methods: At the Dermatology Center «Dr. Ladislao de la Pascua» a comparative cross-sectional study was made in men 20 to 47 years old, with and without androgenetic alopecia in vertex. Patients with other risk factors for coronary heart disease were excluded. Levels of total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides were measured by blood sampling. Results: 34 patients with androgenetic alopecia and 36 controls were recruited. The average age was 38 (SD 7.74 years) and 37 (SD 7.46 years) years respectively. The levels of total cholesterol (201.21 versus 204.17 mg/dL), LDL (128.92 ver...