Wetlands Ecology

Patterns of fungal colonization, mass loss and biochemical changes during the decomposition of predried and fresh (naturally fallen) leaves of Rhizophora mucronata were studied in a southwest mangrove of India. Dried and fresh leaves in litter bags were introduced at the mid-tide zone and retrieved after 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12 and 14 weeks. On incubation in the laboratory, a total of 5 ascomycetes and 18 anamorphic fungi were recorded. The majority of anamorphic taxa were natural inhabitants of the phyllosphere of senescent leaves. Following two weeks of exposure, they were largely replaced by marine fungi (ascomycetes and anamorphic fungi). More taxa were recovered from dried than from fresh leaves, and predrying accelerated the initial rate of mass loss. Ergosterol levels were much lower than those reported from vascular plant detritus exposed in other aquatic habitats. Both ergosterol and nitrogen levels peaked after between 4 weeks and 8 weeks of exposure; ergosterol levels subsequently declined, while nitrogen remained stable in predried leaves and fell in fresh leaves. The dynamics of remaining mass for the first 8 weeks of exposure were best described by a double-exponential decay model. The decay rate then appeared to accelerate, and the second phase was best described by a single exponential decay model. The apparent breakpoint coincided with an increase in the salinity of the mangrove swamp.

Total above-ground production is usually estimated by a combination of allometry and litter collection. However, in coastal sites that are tidally influenced, or in juvenile or dwarf forests where the crown bases of dominant individuals may begin within a few decimeters of ground level, estimates of community leaf production that depend on litter collection may not be feasible. Thus, in this paper, we present 1) allometric equations that allow accurate estimation of total above-ground biomass of three mangrove species (Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa, and Avicennia germinans) in very small to medium size classes, and 2) an alternative method of estimating total above-ground production that overcomes the limitations of litter collection. The method we employ to estimate mangrove productivity is an adaptation for woody plant communities of a procedure introduced by Dai and Weigert (1996) for grasslands. It incorporates a detailed census of all individuals within fixed sampling plots, along with periodic observations of marked leaf cohorts. The method allows the comparison of biomass allocation patterns among forests that differ widely in physiognomy and physiographic setting.

Patterns of fungal colonization, mass loss and biochemical changes during the decomposition of predried and fresh (naturally fallen) leaves of Rhizophora mucronata were studied in a southwest mangrove of India. Dried and fresh leaves in litter bags were introduced at the mid-tide zone and retrieved after 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12 and 14 weeks. On incubation in the laboratory, a total of 5 ascomycetes and 18 anamorphic fungi were recorded. The majority of anamorphic taxa were natural inhabitants of the phyllosphere of senescent leaves. Following two weeks of exposure, they were largely replaced by marine fungi (ascomycetes and anamorphic fungi). More taxa were recovered from dried than from fresh leaves, and predrying accelerated the initial rate of mass loss. Ergosterol levels were much lower than those reported from vascular plant detritus exposed in other aquatic habitats. Both ergosterol and nitrogen levels peaked after between 4 weeks and 8 weeks of exposure; ergosterol levels subsequently declined, while nitrogen remained stable in predried leaves and fell in fresh leaves. The dynamics of remaining mass for the first 8 weeks of exposure were best described by a double-exponential decay model. The decay rate then appeared to accelerate, and the second phase was best described by a single exponential decay model. The apparent breakpoint coincided with an increase in the salinity of the mangrove swamp.

Le Chott de Djendli (3700 ha) appartient au complexe des zones humides Sud-constantinoises. L’étude menée de février 2006 à mars 2007 nous a permis la caractérisation bioécologique des éléments tant biotiques qu’abiotiques du site. Elle nous a également permis d’avoir un aperçu sur son importance, en étudiant et en suivant plusieurs paramètres physico-chimiques du sol et de l’eau ainsi que la richesse floristique et faunistique. En effet, nous avons déterminé le…

ECOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES IN LAKE AYATA (OUED RIGH VALLEY: NORTHERN ALGERIAN SAHARA).
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ABSTRACT: Ayata Lake (155 ha) belongs to the complex of wetlands of Oued Righ Valley in Algerian Lower-Sahara. This study conducted between October 2009 and June 2010 has allowed a bioecological characterization of both biotic and abiotic elements of the site.
Flora and fauna Inventories have revealed existence of 13 plant species, 03 fish, 02 amphibians, 06 reptiles, 55 birds and 07 mammals. The flora of the site is mapped then the dynamics of dominant plant species is assessed by GIS software. Bio-ecological Statuses (faunal, trophic, phenological and protection) are attributed to the species surveyed and they are discussed. The spatiotemporal occupation of the lake by birds is mapped and detailed. Furthermore, this study includes a general review on wetlands ecosystems. Wetlands of the Lower-Sahara region (Ziban, Souf, valley of Oued Righ, and Ouargla) are inventoried, classified and mapped. This approach helped to highlight the biological resources of Ayata Lake and determine its actual ecological value. This can lead to propose suggestions for management and conservation close to its socioeconomic status in a sustainable development view.

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RÉSUMÉ: Le Lac Ayata (155 ha) appartient au complexe des zones humides de la Vallée d’Oued Righ au Bas-Sahara algérien. L’étude menée entre octobre 2009 et juin 2010 a permis une caractérisation bioécologique des éléments tant biotiques qu’abiotiques du site. Les inventaires de la flore et de la faune ont révélé l’existence de 13 espèces végétales, 03 poissons, 02 amphibiens, 06 reptiles, 55 oiseaux et 07 mammifères. La flore du site est cartographiée et la dynamique saisonnière des espèces dominantes est estimée par un logiciel de SIG. Des statuts bioécologiques (fauniques, trophiques, phénologiques et de protection) sont attribués aux espèces animales inventoriées puis ils sont discutés. L’occupation spatiotemporelle du lac par l’avifaune est cartographiée et détaillée. Par ailleurs, cette étude comporte des connaissances générales sur les des zones humides. Celles-ci sont inventoriées, classifiées puis cartographies dans la région du Bas-Sahara (Ziban, Souf, Vallée d’Oued Righ et Ouargla). Cette approche a permis de mettre en valeur les ressources biologiques du site et de déterminer son importance écologique. Ceci peut aboutir à des suggestions de gestion et de conservation étroites à son état socioéconomique dans une prospection d’un développement durable.

WET-Health assists in assessing the health of wetlands using indicators based on geomorphology, hydrology and vegetation. For the purposes of rehabilitation planning and assessment, WET-Health helps users understand the condition of the wetland in order to determine whether it is beyond repair, whether it requires rehabilitation intervention, or whether, despite damage, it is perhaps healthy enough not to require intervention. It also helps diagnose the cause of wetland degradation so that rehabilitation workers can design appropriate interventions that treat both the symptoms and causes of degradation.

WET-Health is tailored specifically for South African conditions and has wide application, including assessing the Present Ecological State of a wetland for purposes of Ecological Reserve determination in terms of the National Water Act, and for environmental impact assessments. There are two levels of complexity: Level 1 is used for assessment at a broad catchment level and Level 2 provides detail and confidence for individual wetlands based on field assessment of indicators of degradation
(e.g. presence of alien plants). A basic tertiary education in agriculture and/or environmental sciences is required to use
it effectively.

Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and its associated wetlands including Saptakoshi River are important wetland habitats for the critically endangered Wild Water Buffalos (Bubalus bubalis arnee), Migratory Birds and River Dolphins (Platanista gangetica). Rapid and complete inundation of the Reserve during monsoon and frequent changes in river courses almost every year has been the biggest threat to the existence of wild buffalo (locally known as 'Arna') and other wildlife. The breach of eastern embankment of the Koshi barrage at Kusaha of Sunsari district on 18th August 2008, created havoc for wildlife and their habitats, people's livelihood and welfare. A study was therefore conducted to ascertain the status of biodiversity within Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and its Buffer Zone from March to November 2009 to come up with the status of Arna, dolphins, marsh mugger crocodile, Swamp francolin (Simtitra), and vulture population and assess the ecological status of wetlands. Direct count method, transect method, point counts, qualitative samplings, field observation and social survey were carried out to study the biodiversity status. A total of 219 wild water buffalo, 11 dolphins, 5 marsh mugger crocodiles, 52 to 74 Swamp francolin and 517 vultures. The studied wetlands were moderately polluted. Altogether 42 taxa of benthic macro invertebrates were recorded. The results were further compared with a few years of data before the flood occurrence. The current result showed an encouraging population of key species at the Reserve but the threats for conservation still remain challenging.

Bu çalışmada Karakuyu gölü ve çevresinin jeolojik, jeomorfolojik ve hidrografik özellikleriyle gölün çevreye olan etkileri ve başlıca problemleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı Karakuyu Gölü ve çevresinin oluşumu ile birlikte jeomorfolojisi hakkında edinilen bilgileri bir araya toplamak ve gölün hidrolojik özelliklerini araştırmak suretiyle bu gölden yararlanmak isteyenlere ihtiyaç duyacakları bilgileri vermektir. Ayrıca göl ve çevresinin bilinçli kullanımı açısından problemlere dikkat çekilmesi ve öneriler sunulması da amaçlanmıştır. Karakuyu gölüyle ilgili toplu bilgilerin bulunması bu çevreden yararlanmak isteyenlere yardımcı olacaktır. Araştırmada malzeme olarak Karakuyu Gölü ve çevresini içine alan 1/25000 ölçekli topografya haritasının L24-c4 ve L24-d3 paftaları kullanılmıştır. Araştırma alanının yapı özelliklerini öğrenebilmek için sahayla ilgili jeolojik harita ve literatür gözden geçirilmiştir. Bu konuda kullanılan malzemeler arasında MTA enstitüsüne ait 1/500000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritasının Karakuyu Gölü ve çevresini içine alan paftaları söylenebilir. Yöntem olarak arazi çalışması ve literatür taramasına gidilmiştir. Afyonkarahisar'ın Dinar ilçesi sınırları içerisinde Dombayova çöküntü alanına yerleşmiş olan göl hem ekonomik hem de ekolojik açıdan büyük öneme sahiptir. Karakuyu Gölü önemli sulak alanlardan olup büyük ölçüde beşeri müdahaleye uğramıştır. Afyon-Isparta demiryolu gölü ikiye bölmekte ve doğusundan Afyon-Antalya karayolu geçmektedir. Göl oluşum bakımından tektono-karstik kökenlidir. Birçok kuşun barınma ve üreme yeri olan bu sulak alanın torf çıkarımı, kıyılarının yerleşmeye açılması, karayolu ve demiryolunun kıyısından ve içinden geçirilmesi, kaçak avlanma gibi sorunları vardır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Karakuyu gölü, Dombayova, Dinar, sulak alan, torf

Water birds reflect the habitat integrity of a wetland. Birds tend to stay longer in areas that sustain food, shelter, and other life-support systems. In Candaba Swamp, migratory birds dwindle over the last ten years. Only 1,449 were recorded in 2018, the lowest since 2010 with 13,160 birds. This is critical because the swamp serves as a major refuge habitat during Siberian cold winds for many species of migratory and local birds. Land use change and water loss worsen the swamp's diminishing habitat integrity. Moreover, difficulty in monitoring due to the wetland's vastness and inaccessibility remains a challenge. However, satellite-derived information like Landsat provides a cheaper and easier method in studying the vegetation dynamics and seasonal water occurrence of wetlands. This research attempts to improve the habitat integrity of Candaba Swamp by identifying key conservation and preservation areas in the bird sanctuary. By doing so, landscape architecture intervention and spatial analysis advance. Using Google Earth Engine and Landsat data, the vegetation dynamics and seasonal water occurrence were studied. Specifically, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dataset from 2013-2019, and Global Surface Water (GSW) information from 1984-2015 were utilized to perform the task. A total of 38 potential habitat zones were explored by overlaying the existing habitat patches over the collected multi-spectral vegetation profile (NDVI) and seasonal water occurrence dataset (GSW). Analyses suggested the implementation of more strict preservation measures in the existing bird sanctuary (patch 5, 4, 3). The GSW dataset also revealed that patch 33,34,35, and 36 hold water resources that may serve as new nesting and breeding grounds for birds. However, these patches also record high water loss over the years. Lastly, a stronger observance of land use change particularly in lieu of agricultural farms and residential areas expansions were noted in patch 38, 29, 22, 20, 34, 36. This study advances the convergence of satellite-derived information as cutting-edge tool in monitoring ecological functions. The process reveals the use of multi-spectral dataset in Google Earth Engine in informing new policies and improving ecological functions.

Los humedales del Callao cuentan con una variedad de organismos de fauna y flora acuática. Estos oasis chalacos (Área de Conservación Regional Humedales de Ventanilla (ACRHV), Parque Ecológico Municipal “El Mirador” y El Humedal Costero Poza de la Arenilla-HCPA) cuentan con un gran atractivo Los humedales del Callao cuentan con una variedad de organismos de fauna y flora acuática. Estos oasis chalacos (Área de Conservación Regional Humedales de Ventanilla (ACRHV), Parque Ecológico Municipal “El Mirador” y El Humedal Costero Poza de la Arenilla-HCPA) cuentan con un gran atractivo para el turismo y la observación de aves. Sin embargo, solo se cuenta con un humedal con categoría de protección: Área de Conservación Regional Humedales de Ventanilla (ACRHV). Si bien es cierto, los otros dos humedales no cuentan con una categoría de protección, existen iniciativas para su conservación. Se identificaron las especies de aves que albergan estos humedales y se contó con información precisa de la avifauna residente y migratoria. Se calculó el índice de similitud de Jaccard para 1) determinar la similitud en la composición de especies entre los tres humedales: ACRHV, El Mirador y HCPA, y 2) calcular la similitud entre las mismas categorías de estacionalidad para ACRHV, El Mirador y HCPA. Las familias con mayor riqueza fueron Scolopacidae (22) y Laridae (14). En cuanto a la estacionalidad, la principal diferencia observada entre los humedales ubicados en el distrito de Ventanilla (ACRHV y El Mirador) y La Punta (HCPA) es en especies residentes (Re), con 55 especies para Ventanilla y 24 especies para La Punta. En relación a la similitud según estacionalidad, la mayor similitud de Jaccard la obtuvieron las especies migratorias boreales, con casi 59% especies compartidas entre el distrito de Ventanilla y La Punta. Los resultados de este estudio muestran la estrecha relación que existe entre los tres humedales del Callao, siendo hábitats compartidos para muchas especies de aves. Se requiere impulsar acciones para la gestión de estos ecosistemas a nivel regional, tales como la creación de un corredor biológico importante en la zona centro de Lima y Callao.

Edwin L. Bridges Botanical and Ecological Consultant 7752 Holly Tree Pl, NW Bremerton, WA 98312 2. Using aerial photographic signatures and habitat parameters of known examples, search for other potential examples using detailed aerial photography.

Wetlands are defined as land transitional between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem where the water table is usually at
or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. We use the world wetland to refer to all areas with water
covered periodically, seasonally, or permanently, such as, respectively, tidal flats, and flooded areas near rivers, rice
paddies, swamps or lakes. Wetland performs numerous valuable function such as recycle nutrients, purify water,
attenuate floods, recharge ground water and also serves in providing drinking water, fish, fodder, fuels, wildlife habitat,
control rate of runoff in urban areas, buffer shorelines against erosion and recreation to society.

En este libro se compila la experienciiodiversitya de 35 autores de distintas especialidades que sintetizaron datos inéditos y bibliográficos sobre las características naturales, culturales, socioeconómicas y distintos aspectos de la conservación del Sitio Ramsar Jaaukanigás. Fue realizado con el objetivo de estimular la participación y discusión activa favoreciendo la capacitación de todos los sectores de la sociedad desde alumnos y docentes de distintos niveles, hasta técnicos, investigadores, empleados administrativos, políticos, gobernantes, fuerzas de control y seguridad y la población en general. En consecuencia, se ha intentado desarrollar un lenguaje simple y claro, utilizándose la menor cantidad de términos técnicos que fuese posible, aunque a veces fue inevitable hacerlo y en ocasiones no lo hemos logrado. Muchos términos técnicos están definidos o explicados brevemente. Dentro de los textos se encuentran Cuadros (resaltados en gris) que tienen por objetivo definir términos, aclarar cuestiones tratadas en los textos o resaltar información fundamental para los usuarios. Siempre que fue posible se incluyeron gráficos, esquemas o fotografías que faciliten una lectura más simple y amena. El libro está dividido en 4 Capítulos y un Apéndice: • CAPÍTULO 1. JAAUKANIGÁS Y RAMSAR: ASPECTOS INTRODUCTORIOS: Aborda características generales sobre los objetivos del libro y sobre el Sitio Ramsar Jaaukanigás (su ubicación, extensión, datos sobre su gestión), sobre el río Paraná y los humedales (características y ciclos naturales sobresalientes, importancia, valores y funciones), y sobre la Convención Ramsar de Humedales (conceptos, definiciones y objetivos). • CAPÍTULO 2. BIODIVERSIDAD Y ECOLOGÍA DE JAAUKANIGÁS Y DEL RÍO PARANÁ: Se sintetiza las principales características naturales de Jaaukanigás, su flora, fauna y los principales factores y procesos ambientales que mantienen la diversidad. • CAPÍTULO 3. JAAUKANIGÁS: RIQUEZA CULTURAL, ARQUEOLOGICA Y PRODUCTIVA: Un panorama cultural y productivo que nos introduce en las sociedades humanas, tanto actuales como históricas, y en su relación con el Sitio y el río Paraná, reflejando la enorme riqueza regional. • CAPÍTULO 4. CONSERVACIÓN EN JAAUKANIGÁS: INTEGRANDO ASPECTOS SOCIOECONÓMICOS, CULTURALES Y BIOLÓGICOS: Se analizan, desde una óptica multidisciplinaria, factores y procesos socio-económicos, culturales, políticos y biológicos que influyen en la conservación y manejo de los recursos. Se discuten y analizan los principales desafíos que se deberán afrontar para mejorar el uso de los recursos naturales en Jaaukanigás y en el río Paraná, manteniendo los procesos evolutivos y ecológicos esenciales del humedal, y mejorando la calidad de vida de sus pobladores. • APÉNDICE: GUÍA DIDÁCTICA PARA EL USO DEL DOCUMENTAL SOBRE EL SITIO RAMSAR: “JAAUKANIGÁS”, GENTE DEL AGUA: Como parte del proyecto se ha realizado un documental sobre el Sitio Ramsar Jaaukanigás con guión y realización de Marcelo Viñas, que constituye una importante herramienta educativa y de difusión. Este video, que puede ser solicitado al CIM, se puede complementar con esta guía didáctica para la Educación General Básica (EGB) y el nivel Polimodal, que sugiere actividades y enfoques para ser trabajado en las escuelas de la región.

KARAKUYU GÖLÜ SULAK ALANI VE BAŞLICA PROBLEMLERİ
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Selahattin POLAT
Arş. Gör. Yıldız GÜNEY
Arş. Gör. Mehmet DENİZ
ÖZET
Bu çalışmada Karakuyu gölü ve çevresinin jeolojik, jeomorfolojik ve hidrografik
özellikleriyle gölün çevreye olan etkileri ve başlıca problemleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın
amacı Karakuyu Gölü ve çevresinin oluşumu ile birlikte jeomorfolojisi hakkında edinilen
bilgileri bir araya toplamak ve gölün hidrolojik özelliklerini araştırmak suretiyle bu gölden
yararlanmak isteyenlere ihtiyaç duyacakları bilgileri vermektir. Ayrıca göl ve çevresinin
bilinçli kullanımı açısından problemlere dikkat çekilmesi ve öneriler sunulması da
amaçlanmıştır. Karakuyu gölüyle ilgili toplu bilgilerin bulunması bu çevreden yararlanmak
isteyenlere yardımcı olacaktır. Araştırmada malzeme olarak Karakuyu Gölü ve çevresini içine
alan 1/25000 ölçekli topografya haritasının L24-c4 ve L24-d3 paftaları kullanılmıştır.
Araştırma alanının yapı özelliklerini öğrenebilmek için sahayla ilgili jeolojik harita ve
literatür gözden geçirilmiştir. Bu konuda kullanılan malzemeler arasında MTA enstitüsüne ait
1/500000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritasının Karakuyu Gölü ve çevresini içine alan paftaları
söylenebilir. Yöntem olarak arazi çalışması ve literatür taramasına gidilmiştir.
Afyonkarahisar’ın Dinar ilçesi sınırları içerisinde Dombayova çöküntü alanına yerleşmiş olan
göl hem ekonomik hem de ekolojik açıdan büyük öneme sahiptir. Karakuyu Gölü önemli
sulak alanlardan olup büyük ölçüde beşeri müdahaleye uğramıştır. Afyon-Isparta demiryolu
gölü ikiye bölmekte ve doğusundan Afyon-Antalya karayolu geçmektedir. Göl oluşum
bakımından tektono-karstik kökenlidir. Birçok kuşun barınma ve üreme yeri olan bu sulak
alanın torf çıkarımı, kıyılarının yerleşmeye açılması, karayolu ve demiryolunun kıyısından ve
içinden geçirilmesi, kaçak avlanma gibi sorunları vardır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Karakuyu gölü, Dombayova, Dinar, sulak alan, torf
KARAKUYU LAKE WETLAND AND ITS MAIN PROBLEMS
ABSTRACT
In this study, the geological, geomorphologic and hydrographical characteristics of Karakuyu
Lake and its surroundings is studied, as well as the impact of the lake on the environment and
its main problems. The aim of the study is to collect information about the formation of
Karakuyu Lake, its surroundings and its geomorphology and, by studying the hydrologic
characteristics of the lake, to provide information for people who will want to benefit from
this lake. It is also aimed to draw attention to problems and provide suggestions for a more
conscious use of the lake and its surroundings. Having a collection of information about
Karakuyu Lake will be helpful for those who want to benefit from such surroundings. In the
study, L24-c4 and L24-d3 map sections of the map were used which included Karakuyu Lake
and its surroundings in a 1/25000 scale. In order to learn structure properties of research area,
geological map area and literature related to field have been reviewed. Among the materials
used in this regard can be counted map sections of 1/500000 scale Turkey Geological Map of
General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration Institute which cover Karakuyu
Lake and its vicinity. Field survey and literature review were used as method. The lake which
is located in the Dombayova depression area within the borders of Dinar district Afyonkarahisar province bears great importance in terms of both economical and ecological.
Karakuyu Lake is one of the important wetland areas and has been undergone a great human
intervention. Afyon-Isparta railways divides the lake into two, and Afyon-Antalya highway
passes in the east of the lake. The lake is tectonic-carstic based in terms of formation. The
wetland area which is a shelter and reproduction area for many birds has many problems such
as peat extraction, settlement on its coasts, highway and railway passing through or by the
lake and poaching.
Key Words: Karakuyu lake, Dombayova, Dinar, wetland, peat

INTRODUCCIÓN A LOS HUMEDALES ALTOANDINOS DE VENEZUELA
A conceptual definition is proposed for this specific type of aquatic habitat, and the different categories that exist in the region are detailed. The most important geological and geomorphological landmarks that intervene in the formation processes of the different types of wetlands existing there are described. It continues with the definition and location in the landscape of the different classes of identifiable wetlands in the region; the explanation of the dynamics of the functioning of these habitats; the description of the physical and biological elements that undoubtedly give them a unique character; the importance as suppliers and protectors of water sources. Finally, the local and global environmental threats that could touch them are discussed.

Se propone una definición conceptual para este  tipo específico  de  hábitats  acuáticos, y se  detallan  las  diferentes  categorías  que existen  en  la  región.  Se  describen  los  hitos  geológicos  y  geomorfológicos más  importantes  que  intervienen  en  los  procesos  de  formación  de  los distintos tipos de humedales existentes  allí.  Se continúa con la definición y ubicación en el paisaje de las distintas clases de humedales identificables en la región; la explicación de la dinámica del funcionamiento de estos  hábitats; la  descripción  de  los  elementos  físicos  y  biológicos  que  sin  duda  les imprimen  un  carácter  único;  la  importancia  como  suministradores  y protectores de las  fuentes de agua. Para finalizar, se discuten las amenazas ambientales locales y globales que podrían tocarlos.

Tulisan ini mengkaji tentang permasalahan yang terjadi berkenaan dengan lahan gambut yang berada di Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir. Permasalahan mengenai lahan gambut tak lepas kaitannya dari kebakaran hutan dan lahan yang mengancam kehidupan biodiversity penghuni lahan gambut. Kebakaran yang kerap kali terjadi seperti menjadi candu bagi penikmat kepentingan ekonomis guna memanfaatkan lahan gambut alami menjadi lahan gambut yang menghasilkan keuntungan. Terlepas dari sifat alaminya yang mudah terbakar, lahan gambut sering dieksploitasi kelompok-kelompok tertentu untuk menjadikan lahan gambut alami sebagai lahan perkebunan dengan membakar habis lahan untuk menghemat biaya. Dalam paper ini akan dibahas mengenai lahan gambut dan permasalahan yang terjadi di dalamnya, mengacu pada peristiwa kebakaran lahan gambut terparah di Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir, Sumatera Selatan.

The macrotidal Mont Saint-Michel bay has been studied intensively since 1990. The objectives of this study, supported by the European Union, was to understand various processes underlying the functioning of this hydrosystem with a special focus on organic matter and nutrient fluxes between saltmarshes and marine waters. This paper presents a synopsis of these studies. The tidal flats are unvegetated and primary production is exclusively due to microphytobenthos communities dominated by diatoms. Halophile plant communities colonize the top parts of the tidal flats. Their composition and production vary according to a maturity gradient and sheep grazing. In ungrazed saltmashes, production ranged from 1080 gDW m −2 ·yr −1 in the lower marsh to 1990 gDW m −2 ·yr −1 in the upper marsh whereas it was only 200 to 500 gDW m −2 ·yr −1 in Salicornia spp. dominated pioneer zones and sheep grazed areas. Most of this organic matter (OM) was trapped in situ, processed by fungi and bacteria, and then released seaward via tidal fluxes, groundwater and runoff as particulate OM and nutrients: -497 kg N, -1200/-1000 kg P-PO 4 and -9900/-4200 kg inorganic carbon). A small amount of OM was exported to the bay as macrodetritus. Fatty acids and stable isotopes, used as markers, showed that OM produced by the marsh halophytes contributed to the diet of all the tidal flats invertebrates that were studied. Transient fish species were shown to colonize the saltmarshes to forage or graze, exporting about 50 tons POM (DW)·y −1 . Therefore, it is assumed that the saltmarsh production enhances the production of the whole bay. But the functioning is still poorly known because the nutrient sinks have not all been identified. Part of the nutrients input was provided by precipitation (+327 kg y −1 ), but the contribution of the catchments was not quantified despite the fact that their influence was shown by the presence of lindane in all the compartments of the system. Dynamics of saltmarshes are mainly influenced by natural sedimentation (1.5 million m 3 ·y −1 in the bay), plant community succession, and management (i.e., reclamation and agricultural activities).

This study aims to characterize soil properties and to investigate how these parameters, including soil salinity, are related to zonation and distributional patterns of halophytic plants occurring at edges of the Djendli Sabkha (northeastern Algeria). Soil samples were collected from four stations at Sabkha edges with seven samples for each station. Physicochemical soil parameters were analysed in each vegetation belt of halophytes. Relationships between soil traits were tested to determine spatial variation and their effects on vegetation cover of the principal halophyte species. The influence of pedological factors on the distribution and establishment of halophytes was considered using a redundancy analysis (RDA) and generalized linear models. Positive correlations were found between organic matter, carbon and nitrogen which were negatively correlated with electrical conductivity (EC), pH, gypsum, Na+ and Cl− concentrations. Sharp limits were found between halophyte communities even though there is a gradual change in the physicochemical environment along the gradient centre-to-edge of the Sabkha. RDA showed that edaphic variables that best explained the data were EC, pH, organic matter (OM), carbon and nitrogen contents, Na+ and Cl− concentrations. Sarcocornia fruticosa grew under higher soil salinity (EC = 7.2–13.8 dS/m) compared to Suaeda fruticosa and Suaeda vermiculata that afford moderate soil salinity, than Atriplex halimus established in soils with low EC values (5.5–7.3 dS/m) but with high values of OM, carbon and nitrogen contents and low values of Na+, Cl− and pH. Sarcocornia fruticosa grew in soils characterized with high pH, Na+, Cl− values but relatively low in OM, carbon and nitrogen contents.

This paper aims to explain what role hydrology plays in  the wetland ecosystems. In finding out, this paper will try to look into the values and importance of wetlands and how hydrology affects them. The effects are however not unidirectional

Papyrus wetlands (dominated by the giant sedge Cyperus papyrus L.) occur throughout eastern, central and southern Africa and are important for biodiversity, for water quality and quantity regulation and for the livelihoods of millions of people. To draw attention to the importance of papyrus wetlands, a special session entitled "The ecology of livelihoods in papyrus wetlands" was organized at the 9th INTECOL Wetlands Conference in Orlando, Florida in June 2012. Papers from the session, combined with addtional contributions, were collected in a special issue of Wetlands Ecology and Management. The current paper reviews ecological and hydrological characteristics of papyrus wetlands, summarizes their ecosystem services and sustainable use, provides an overview of papyrus research to date, and looks at policy development for papyrus wetlands. Based on this review, the paper provides a synthesis of research and policy priorities for papyrus wetlands and introduces the contributions in the special issue. Main conclusions are that (1) there is a need for better estimates of the area covered by papyrus wetlands. Limited evidence suggests that the loss of papyrus wetlands is rapid in some areas; (2) there is a need for a better understanding and modelling of the regulating services of papyrus wetlands to support trade-off analysis and improve economic valuation; (3) research on papyrus wetlands should include assessment of all ecosystem services (provisioning, regulating, habitat, cultural) so that trade-offs can be determined as the basis for sustainable management strategies ('wise use'); (4) more research on the governance, institutional and socio-economic aspects of papyrus wetlands is needed to assist African governments in dealing with the challenges of conserving wetlands in the face of growing food security needs and climate change. The papers in the special issue address a number of these issues.

Based on the integration of geological information, the pollen record, radiocarbon data, and modern mangrove distribution, this paper proposes a model of evolutionary development for mangroves on the Brazilian Braganc¸a Peninsula driven by relative sea-level changes from the middle to late Holocene. After a postglacial relative sea-level rise (RSL), the mangrove habitats on the Braganc¸a Peninsula began to develop at about 5100 years BP close to the current RSL, originating in the middle of the peninsula. Between 1800 and 1400 years BP, this littoral area underwent a maximum RSL fall of 1 m below the current one, followed by a gradual RSL rise until 1000 years BP, when the modern RSL was reached. Between 5100 and 1000 years BP, the RSL of the Braganc¸a coastline was probably never higher than 0.6 m above the present level. The first Holocene mangrove forest (5100 years BP) in this region disappeared from the plains due to RSL fall and was replaced by herbaceous vegetation (Cyperaceae and Poaceae).

This study compared the efficiency of five emergent plant species (Carex elata All., Juncus effusus L.,
Typhoides arundinacea (L.) Moench var. picta, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. and Typha latifolia L.) used for
the decontamination of nitrogen polluted water at mesoscale level. The correlations between N removal
and microorganisms content and activity on root and gravel surfaces were also evaluated in order to
broaden the knowledge about water purification processes.
The experiment was conducted in plastic tanks for two years (2008–2009), performing drying/wetting
application cycles with NH4NO3 solution.
At the end of the experiment, root and gravel samples were collected from each tank for the measurement
in aqueous extracts of total cultivable microbial population and Pseudomonas genus, and
-glucosidase, chitinase, phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase activities; other base chemical analyses
(electrical conductivity, water soluble carbon, nitrate and ammonia) were conducted.
The production of bio-available root exudates was evaluated though the quantification of water soluble
carbon (WSC) in root and gravel washing water. WSC seems to support the plant denitrification activity
because T. arundinacea and Ph. australis systems, which showed the highest WSC content, achieved the
highest denitrification percentages (37% and 34%, respectively). In these plant systems the higher cultivable
microbial population and rhizospheric hydrolytic activity found were probably induced by the
high content of soluble organic substrates that derived from root turnover and root exudation, without
addition of any other carbon source. The establishment of this active micro-environment (rhizo-biospace)
has high ecological significance due to the role played by microbial activity in the nutrient cycles and is
of great importance when choosing suitable plant species for wastewater treatment.

The key physical and chemical parameters of one of the major habitats for birds -the wetlands are known to influence congregation of migratory and resident species of birds. The present study deals with the interactions between these abiotic factors and bird diversity of one such pond in semiarid zone of Gujarat, India. The pond was visited twice in a month. During each visit waterfowl census was carried out and water samples were also collected to document changes in physicochemical parameters over the seasons. The aggregation of birds in the area is mainly related to the increase in migratory population of birds during winter. The variations in bird aggregations as well as physico-chemical factors are discussed.

Traditional fishing techniques, practiced in all parts of Bhutan, are described and compared with techniques reported from Nepal. While a wide range of techniques is found in Bhutan, the number is significantly smaller than that from Nepal. For example, six kinds of net are reported from Nepal, but only one from Bhutan. However, the difference in number may reflect in part the limited scope of the present study. At the same time, several techniques appear unique to Bhutan, and others, while similar to their Nepali equivalents, use different materials-plant-derived poisons are an example. Some techniques may have been brought by ancient immigrants from Tibet, with more recent introductions from lowland India and, most recently, from Nepal.

Much attention has been paid to establish accurately open water evaporation since the lake itself is the largest consumer of water. The aim of this study is to assess the discrepancy in the measured (pan evaporation) and estimated (Penman) evaporation rate, seasonally, based on the results from a 37-years energy budget analysis of Lake Burrumbeet, Australia. The detailed analysis of meteorological data showed that evaporation is fully radiation driven and that the effect of wind is minimal. Sensitivity analysis shows that evaporation estimation is more sensitive to shortwave radiation followed by relative humidity. An increase or decrease of estimated shortwave radiation by 10% could result in an increase or decrease of estimated evaporation up to 18%. The Penman combination method is relatively the least sensitive to wind speed but could bring a significant effect on the lake level fluctuation since a 10% increase of wind speed increases the estimated evaporation by 2.3%. The current analysis highlights the relative roles of radiation, temperature, humidity, and wind speed in modulating the rate of evaporation from the lake surface, by employing an inter-monthly seasonal adjustment factor to the estimated evaporation in the lake water budget analysis, with implications to the inter-monthly variability and short-term trends assessment of water resource through various meteorological parameters.

https://iwaponline.com/jwcc/article/9/1/101-111/37949

This study aims to investigate the physico-chemical properties of some urban ponds in the ecological system of Lucknow which is called as the city of Nawabs in U.P. But owing to the unplanned development and urbanization, the ponds of this city are struggling for their existence. Inspite of the global alarm for restoration of the water bodies, the ponds in the city are facing neglectance. For the study period ten ponds were selected. The physico-chemical parameters of the water sampled in June 2008 from ten ponds such as PH ranged from 6.55 to 7.93; Turbidity,6.06 NTU to 8.59 NTU; Conductivity,12.32 ms/cm to 16.84 ms/cm; D.O.,3.72 mg/l to 6.81 mg/l; B.O.D. ,3.77 mg/l to 6.40 mg/l. Residual chlorine was detected only in pond A (1.09 mg/l),pond C (1.13 mg/l), pond E (1.04 mg/l) and in pond F (1.03 mg/l).Free CO2 was found between 8.7 mg/l to 19.68 mg/l. TS, TDS, and Chlorides were found much beyond the permissible levels. Alkalinity ranges between 202.55 mg/l to 310.05 mg/l; Acidity between 10.75 mg/l to 15.48 mg/l; Total Hardness between 244.49 mg/l to 254.78 mg/l. Prominent sources of pollution are the domestic sewage, kitchen flow and street runoff etc .In addition, solid waste and garbage tied in polythene bags are recorded along the banks and also floating on the water surface.

The geological record of mangrove plants is based on comparable morphological characteristics of pollen, fruits and wood, of fossil and modern species. But this record relies on the assumption that the ecological and habitat preferences of ancestral taxa have remained similar through ages. A reexamination of fossil evidence of Avicennia, Pelliciera, Sonneratia, Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Ceriops, etc. reveals that the modern mangrove flora was pantropic by the Eocene, and appears to have originated during Paleocene times. Earlier Paleozoic and Mesozoic candidates for a mangrove ecology lack conclusive evidence of their exclusive association with tidal environments. It is therefore clear that continental drift had a limited role in the dispersal and development of modern mangrove floras. The Eocene/Oligocene boundary crisis appears to herald a beginning of the biogeographic split between the current-day eastern and western provinces of mangrove plants. But, while the climatic origins of this major disjunction is not clearly understood, our reassessment of Tertiary paleoclimates suggests that the major cooling events of the middle Paleocene, the end of the Eocene and the middle Pliocene were the most likely influences on the evolution of mangrove floras. The associated invertebrates, especially molluscs, further support our assertion that a modern mangrove ecosystem was established only during the earliest Eocene times. We summarize our interpretation in a set of 9 palinspastic maps of fossil mangrove genera through their evolution ending with the current, bipartite distribution of present day taxa.

Resumen. Los humedales de la microcuenca alta de la Quebrada Estero, en San Ramón, Costa Rica, son conside-rados una prioridad de conservación por su representatividad y ubicación que los hace únicos en su tipo. Por eso se planteó el objetivo de conocer su importancia y estado actual para que esta información sirva de base para su recuperación y conservación. Se llevó a cabo la identificación de los servicios ecosistémicos y de las amenazas e impactos que tienen las actividades humanas en ellos mediante visitas de campo, análisis de uso del suelo, revi-sión de información secundaria y consulta a actores clave. Los servicios ecosistémicos son el reabastecimiento de aguas subterráneas, depuración del agua, control biológico, control de inundaciones, protección de suelos y sedi-mentos, adaptación al cambio climático, mantenimiento de la cadena trófica, hábitat para la flora y fauna, provi-sión de agua para actividades agrícolas y domésticas, alimento para ganado, recursos genéticos y son un elemen-to importante del patrimonio cultural y natural de San Ramón. Por otro lado, están amenazados por la rápida urbanización que provoca contaminación del agua por fuentes domésticas, proliferación de especies invasoras, pérdida del hábitat acuático, rellenos, invasión de las zonas de protección, eutrofización y colmatación de los em-balses y disminución de su capacidad para mitigar inundaciones. Por lo tanto, debido al estado de degradación y ante la falta de un ecosistema de referencia o información ecológica previa a la degradación, se recomienda lle-var a cabo acciones de rehabilitación ecológica para recuperar y conservar los servicios ecosistémicos que brindan. Abstract. The high micro-basin wetlands of the Estero Creek in San Ramon, Costa Rica are considered a conservation priority for their representativeness and location, which makes them unique. The objective of this study was to know their importance and current status so this information serves as a basis for their restoration and conservation. The identification of ecosystem services and the threats and impacts of human activities on them was carried out through field visits, analysis of land use, review of secondary information, and consultation with key actors. The ecosystem services are replenishing groundwater, water purification, biological control, flood control, protection of soil and sediment, adaptation to climate change, sustaining food chains, habitat for flora and fauna; water supply for agricultural and domestic activities, livestock feed, genetic resources, and they are an important part of the cultural and natural heritage of San Ramon. On the other hand, they are threatened by rapid urban development, which causes water pollution from domestic sources, spread of invasive species, loss of aquatic habitat, landfills, invasion of protected areas, eutrophication and silting of reservoirs, and decrease of their ability to mitigate floods. Therefore, due to the state of degradation and the lack of a reference ecosystem or ecological information prior to degradation, ecological rehabilitation actions to restore and preserve the ecological services the wetlands provide are recommended.

North American prairie pothole wetlands are known to be important carbon stores. As a result there is interest in using wetland restoration and conservation programs to mitigate the effects of increasing greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. However, the same conditions which cause these systems to accumulate organic carbon also produce the conditions under which methanogenesis can occur. As a result prairie pothole wetlands are potential hotspots for methane emissions. We examined change in soil organic carbon density as well as emissions of methane and nitrous oxide in newly restored, long-term restored, and reference wetlands across the Canadian prairies to determine the net GHG mitigation potential associated with wetland restoration. Our results indicate that methane emissions from seasonal, semi-permanent, and permanent prairie pothole wetlands are quite high while nitrous oxide emissions from these sites are fairly low. Increases in soil organic carbon between newly restored and long-term restored wetlands supports the conclusion that restored wetlands sequester organic carbon. Assuming a sequestration duration of 33 years and a return to historical SOC densities we estimate a mean annual sequestration rate for restored wetlands of 2.7 Mg C ha−1year−1 or 9.9 Mg CO2 eq. ha−1 year−1. Even after accounting for increased CH4 emissions associated with restoration our research indicates that wetland restoration would sequester approximately 3.25 Mg CO2 eq. ha−1year−1. This research indicates that widescale restoration of seasonal, semi-permanent, and permanent wetlands in the Canadian prairies could help mitigate GHG emissions in the near term until a more viable long-term solution to increasing atmospheric concentrations of GHGs can be found.

The effect of intensive human intervention, poor socio-economic conditions and little knowledge on mangrove ecology pose enormous challenges for mangrove restoration in Southeast Asia. We present a framework for tropical mangrove restoration. Our proposed restoration framework addresses the ecology, economy and social issues simultaneously by considering the causes of mangrove degradation. We provide a step by step guideline for its restoration. We argue that although, ecological issues are of prime importance, economic and social issues must be considered in the restoration plan in order for it to be successful. Since mangrove ecology is not adequately studied in this region, local ecological knowledge can be used to fill the baseline information gaps. Unwanted human disturbance can be minimized by encouraging community participation. This can be ensured and sustained by facilitating the livelihood of the coastal community. We translated the restoration paradigm into a readily available practical guideline for the executors of the plans. We provide an example of mangrove restoration project that is closely related to our proposed framework. We are optimistic that this framework has the potential for universal application with necessary adjustments.

The Ibiekuma River is an important source of livelihood to its catchment. It contributes enormously to research success and living standard of students and staffs of the Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma, Nigeria. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of anthropogenic activities on the physicochemical properties of Ibiekuma River. Twenty seven water samples were collected at four stations during the study period and analyzed accordingly. The results obtained shows that the physicochemical parameters of the river were in conformity with the World Health Organization (WHO), National Agency for Food, Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) and Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS) safe limits, except for pH values which ranged from 4.69 to 4.81. The heavy metal concentrations were found to be within the limit of the guidelines prescribed by WHO and NAFDAC. Also, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the concentrations of the physicochemical parameters across the four stations sampled along the Ibiekuma River. Water obtained from Ibiekuma River will be fit for domestic use, only if purified.