Wheat Breeding and Seed Production

Data mining is defined as the process in which useful information is extracted from the raw data. In order to acquire essential knowledge it is essential to extract large amount of data. This process of extraction is also known as misnomer. Currently in every field, there is large amount of data is present and analyzing whole data is very difficult as well as it consumes a lot of time. The prediction analysis is most useful type of data which is performed today. To perform the prediction analysis the patterns needs to generate from the dataset with the machine learning. The prediction analysis can be done by gathering historical information to generate future trends. So, the knowledge of what has happened previously is used to provide the best valuation of what will happen in future with predictive analysis. Crop production analysis is one of the applications of prediction analysis. The techniques which are designed so far the machine learning techniques. The machine learning techniques are applied with the feature extraction. In this paper, the machine learning techniques are reviewed in terms of technical description and outcomes.

Wheat is the most important human food grain and ranks second in total production as a cereal crop behind maize and the third being rice. It is the staple food for over ten billion people in as many as 43 countries of the world. Wheat provides nourishment to 35% of the world population. Wheat cultivation has traditionally been dominated by Bangladesh. Therefore, seed enterprises consider ‘wheat seed’ to be of secondary importance, since it is a self-pollinating crop and the grain can be used as seed, farmers tend to replant their own seed. In the last ten years, significant efforts have been made for commercial exploitation of hybrid wheat through the use of gametocide and CMS lines. This article will inform you about traditional and modern wheat hybridization techniques.

Science Art works by Eleanor Gates-Stuart celebrating a hundred years of wheat innovation, from the early years of wheat experimentalist William Farrer through to the modern era and research at CSIRO. A Centenary of Canberra Commission project support by local ACT and Federal Government.

Biological control involves the use of beneficial organism, their gens, and/ or products, such as metabolites, that reduce the negative effect of plant pathogen and promote positive response by the plant. Disease suppression, a medicated by bio-control agents, is the consequences of the interactions between the plant, pathogen and microbial community. Mycoparasitism, spatial and nutrient competition, antibiosis by enzymes and secondary
metabolites and induction of plant defense system are typical bio-control action of these fungi. Faster metabolic rates, anti-microbial metabolites and physiological conformation are key
factors which chiefly contributes to antagonism. V.A. Mycorrhizae play major role in biological control of plant diseases owing to their capabilities of amelioration crop yields by multiple role as
bio-pesticides and plant growth promotion.

Malnutrition is one of the major problems in the poor people of Bangladesh. There are some reports that additional nitrogen (over than recommended does) application to wheat plants result in more protein content in wheat grain. To justify these phenomena, the experiment was conducted in consecutive two years (2015-16 and 2016-17) at two locations (Gazipur and Dinajpur) during rabi season (November to March each year). There were used six nitro-gen (N) treatments, such as 0, 100, 125, T3; 150, 175 and 200 kg N ha-1. In the study, wheat cultivated at Dinajpur location exhibited more spikes m-2, spike length, spikelets spike-1, grains spike-1, 1000-grain weight and higher grain yield in both years than Gazipur location. Considering combined N levels over the locations, the highest grain protein (14 %) as well as grain yield (5.00 t ha-1) was estimated when 200 kg N ha-1 was applied. In economics point of view, 200 kg N ha-1 application also gave the maximum (BCR, 1.21) followed by 175 kg N ha-1 (1.20) and 150 kg N ha-1 1.20). Whereas, the maximum MBCR was found in 100 kg N ha-1 (15.63). There-fore, to minimize malnutrition severity among the children as well as adult people in the developing countries like Bangladesh, 175 or 200 kg N ha-1 may be applied in wheat to increase percentage protein in wheat grain.

Objectives: A  study  was  conducted  with  an  objective  to  estimate the  fluoride
concentration  in  soil  and  crops  grown  over  it  which  was  not  done  before  in
Mathura city, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Methodology  and  Analysis:  From  in  and  around  Mathura  city,  12  different
samples  of  soil  from  12  different  fields  of  4  different  villages  were  collected
along with 12 samples of crops namely rice, wheat and potato grown over it for
fluoride estimation. The fluoride concentration in ppm was estimated by using Ion
selective electrode method. The data thus collected was put for statistical analysis
using  Paired  t-test  and  ANOVA-test  to  find  the  correlation  between  fluoride
concentration in soil and crops grown over it.
Results: It was found that the mean fluoride concentration of soil was 1.41ppm
and  in  rice,  wheat  and  potato  were  0.342ppm,  0.305ppm  and  1.025ppm
respectively. It was also found that irrespective of fluoride concentration in soil,
the fluoride concentration in potato was found to be more as compared to rice and
wheat which was statistically significant.
Conclusion:  The concentration of fluoride in crops consumed in the locality as
seen  in  this  study  should  be  considered  as  an  important  source  of  fluoride  in
addition to other sources such as water, milk, tea etc.

ABSTRACT Polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence represents a promising tool for detection of plant tolerance to various environmental stresses. In pot vegetation experiments, plants of seven winter wheat varieties were screened for their drought tolerance. The drought stress was initiated in plants by withholding water at the beginning of anthesis.

Sewage sludge-based fertilization could be the most effective way to mitigate the negative effects of water stress on wheat yield in arid and semi-arid regions. The study examines morpho-physiological and yield performances of the waha variety of durum wheat (an introduced variety in North Africa) at different levels of sewage sludge-based fertilizer combined with drought stress gradient. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse in plastic pots divided into four water stress levels (100%, 80%, 50%, 30% of field capacity). Each level contained five fertilization treatments of the soil (each one replicated four times): (i) control soil (without fertilization), (ii) urea, (iii) 56.67 g DM of sewage sludge (SS)/pot, (iv) 141.67 g DM of SS/pot, (v) 283.33 g DM of SS/pot. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were applied to estimate variations of morphophysiological and grain yield parameters (number of tillers, height, membrane integrity, nitrogen content, soluble sugars, grain weight, number of grain per spike). Drought stress adversely affected plant growth in height and number of tillers and therefore yield components. The application of SS mitigated the effect of water stress by improving all study growth and yield parameters. This improvement mainly resulted from the effect of SS that allowed a good root growth of plants to explore deep the soil and absorb more water, thus avoiding the effects of water deficit. Sewage sludge-based amendment is revealed as a promising solution that increases crop yields under severe environmental conditions. This biosolid alleviates stress effect, allowing the plant to survive and cope with drought conditions.

Spinach extracts contain powerful natural antioxidants and have been used to improve the response of animal cells to various stress factors. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of a methanolic extract of spinach (SE) used at two concentrations (21.7 and 217 ppm) on the growth, certain enzymes and antioxidant systems in wheat seedlings under lead stress. When wheat seedlings were grown for 7 days in a solution containing Pb(NO3)2 (3 mM), germination and growth were impaired, while signs of oxidative stress were observed. SE (217 ppm) pretreatment was able to protect seedlings from Pb toxicity by both reducing Pb uptake and Pb-induced oxidative stress. As a consequence, almost normal germination, elongation, biomass and α-amylase activity were restored by SE (217 ppm) pretreatment of wheat seedlings, in spite of the presence of Pb. Our results support the protective role and the antioxidant effect of SE against Pb. These results show an amazing similarity to the effects of SE in animals, which suggests that providing “nutraceuticals” to plants could improve their “health” status.

Addressing the productivity issue in wheat production due to the significant acreage in the country and its indispensable role in feeding people is a matter of particular importance. Because of great importance of wheat production in three Northern provinces in this study an attempt is made to gauge total factor productivity of wheat production and its components which are technical efficiency and technological change. The results showed that during the study period TFP changes in Golestan Province is more effected by Technological changes while in Gilan and Mazandran the TFP is more affected by technical efficiency. Changes in TFP for the whole country showed large fluctuations. These changes are due to changes in technical efficiency and technological change. Promotional programs with the aim of better application of inputs, to increase technical efficiency and the use of improvised technology can bring about steady and sustained growth. JEL classification: O47, C14

Irrigation water consumption under physical and climatic conditions for large scale will be easier with remote sensing techniques. Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) uses crop coefficient (Kc) and reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Kc plays an essential role in agricultural practices and it has been widely used to estimate ETc. In this paper Normalized Deference Vegetation Index (NDVI) used to estimate crop coefficient according to satellite data (KcSat) through simple model (KcSat = 2NDVI 0.2). Landsat8; bands 4 and 5 provide Red (R) and Near Infra-Red (NIR) measurements and it used to calculate NDVI. Single KcFAO estimated under Egyptian conditions according to FAO 56 paper. The KcFAO used to validate KcSat. Linear relationship between KcFAO and KcSat was established and R 2 was 0.96. The main objective of this paper is estimation of wheat crop coefficient using remote sensing techniques.

(Authors: E. Petcu, G. Petcu, C. Lazar, R. Vintila) Several data of the ADAM (Assimilation of Data within Agricultural Models) Project were used to establish the relationships between agronomic variables of winter wheat. During the campaign 2000-2001, ten calibration units from seed production farms of the Research Institute for Agriculture of Fundulea(Romania)were selected based on several factors of variation, such as: the cultivar (Dropia and Flamura 85); the preceding crops, soils with different microtopography and nitrogen fertilization. Positive correlations between leaf area index (LAI) and biomass of winter wheat in different developmental phases were found (from r = 0.66* to r = 0.84***). The biomass was correlated with yield (r = 0.65*), number of seeds and number of ears/m 2 (r = 0.63*, r = 0.72**), too. The results of regression analysis indicate that polynomial models gave the best fit for regression of total biomass and LAI (max) on harvest index and linear model for grain yield. The coefficients of determination between harvest index and total biomass are smaller than those between harvest index and grain yield. This means that wheat crops with the highest harvest index do not necessarily have the highest biomass accumulation. In fact, the opposite can be true. The magnitude of coefficient of determination for the regression of total biomass and grain yield on harvest index indicates that approximately 0.34 % of the total variation of total biomass can be attributed to variation in harvest index of the analysed wheat crop. The low correlation (r = 0.29) found by this study between LAI and TKW (Thousand Kernel Weight)indicates that these two traits are largely independent of each other. In fact, TKW depends on the genetic background as some researchers have reported.

Labour is one of the most important factors of production in any production system, based on
which many countries including Ethiopia design development policies and strategies. The present
study outlines the gender dimensions of married women drudgery and agricultural labour
contribution in the pastoral production system of Gode zone, SNRS. Women labour contribution to
livestock production, reproduction and community activities did not receive much attention in the
days passed and was not accounted in the national labour statistics. Labour saving and drudgery
easing technologies that targeted women are less available in the study area. Even the very few
burden-reducing technologies available are male oriented, designed without considering the
socio-personal, economic and cultural characteristics of the women in the study area. On top of
these, the few women centered technologies available are designed for activities that are not
highly arduous and time consuming such as milk churning machines. Such technology pitfalls
exacerbated women drudgery and longer working hours. The technology pitfalls are directly or
indirectly related to failures of investigating and prioritizing the most arduous operations of
women. Nonetheless, this study paid more attention to investigate the most critical, arduous, time
consuming and heavy production, reproduction and community activities of pastoral women in
Gode zone. The results of this study would help in providing insight to policy makers, planners and
technology developers about the kinds and the qualities of technologies to be designed and
introduced to ease the heavy workloads and long hours spent in different activities by women.
Multi-stage purposive sampling technique along with PPS was employed to select the sample
districts, villages and sample respondents of the study. Different descriptive statistical methods
with the help of SPSS Program 12.0.1 were employed for data analysis. The principal hypothesis
of this study was that women labour was largely higher than the male counter parts in terms of
amount of hours and responsibility for different activities. The general description of African
women that they are more active in agriculture than men does not hold true among the pastoral
women of the study area. Women respondents’ higher participation and longer hour commitments
per day for tethered (home based, cut and carry animal feeding and watering) livestock
management and dairy product off-take activities were the most frequently emerged results.
Women labour hours spent for home based production operations were significantly longer than
men at p < 0.001.When all livestock production activities were considered together, men
reportedly spent 2.4 more hours per day than women. Similarly, subjective judgment as far as
drudgery of each production task is concerned, it was inferred that men had heavier occupation
than women. Men respondents with reported heavy occupation were 8.57 % higher than women.
Contrary to the sentiments of this particular study, women were responsible and spent longer
labour hours per day than men only for a narrow range of production activities. However, as far
as the household activities were concerned, women respondents were significantly responsible and
spent longer hours per day than men at p < 0.01.Women total labour hours for household chores
were 30.02 hours longer than men. The reported women labour hours for reproductive activities
were 14.12 hours longer than the total hours reported for productive activities. Thus, women
labour hours spent per day for allied activities were significantly higher than men at p < 0.01
which compelled women to work for longer hours than men did. Generally, women shoulder the
bulk of activities when both productive and reproductive tasks were combined together. In sum,
women spent more hours than men in productive and household chores that resulted in drudgery.
However, women drudgery related to their labour role for narrow range of production tasks was
the worst due to the hardship (heavy physique requirement of the task), monotony (routines),
fatigue (tiresomeness) and time requirement. Rational recommendations are put forward to
reverse the trend that prevails in the study area.

"The photosynthetic responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves to different levels of drought stress were analyzed in potted plants cultivated in growth chamber under moderate light. Low-to-medium drought stress was induced by limiting irrigation, maintaining 20 % of soil water holding capacity for 14 days followed by 3 days without water supply to induce severe stress. Measurements of CO2 exchange and photosystem II (PSII) yield (by chlorophyll fluorescence) were followed by simultaneous measurements of yield of PSI (by P700 absorbance changes) and that of PSII. Drought stress gradually decreased PSII electron transport, but the capacity for nonphotochemical quenching increased more slowly until there was a large decrease in leaf relative water content (where the photosynthetic rate had decreased by half or more). We identified a substantial part of PSII electron transport, which was not used by carbon assimilation or by photorespiration, which clearly indicates activities of alternative electron sinks. Decreasing the fraction of light absorbed by PSII and increasing the fraction absorbed by PSI with increasing drought stress (rather than assuming equal absorption by the two photosystems) support a proposed function of PSI cyclic electron flow to generate a proton-motive force to activate nonphotochemical dissipation of energy, and it is consistent
with the observed accumulation of oxidized P700 which causes a decrease in PSI electron acceptors. Our results support the roles of alternative electron sinks (either from PSII or PSI) and cyclic electron flow in photoprotection of PSII and PSI in drought stress conditions. In future studies on plant stress, analyses of the partitioning of absorbed energy between photosystems are needed for interpreting flux through linear electron flow, PSI cyclic electron flow, along with alternative electron sinks."

To combat the consequences of climate changes is the great challenges in crop production by mitigating biotic and abiotic factors’ effects. Fifty genotypes including control were evaluated at the research farm,
Headquarter station, Dinajpur and Regional Station, Jassore of the Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute. Seeds were sown at Dinajpur and Jassore on 22 December and 18 December, respectively in the Rabi season of 2016-17. Based on the days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, thousand grain weight (TGW) and yield performance; five genotypes exhibited good performance. At Dinajpur days to heading of five genotypes was longer than Jassore, but days to maturity of the genotypes was shorter at Dinajpur than Jassore. TGW of the genotypes at Jassore was more than Dinajpur. The average yield of the genotypes was more at Jassore than Dinajpur. At Jassore the highest yield was exhibited by the Genotype (Gen) 42 (4.23t
ha-1) compared to Shatabdi variety (3.89t ha-1), and the lowest by Gen 44 (3.43t ha-1). On the other hand, Gen 12 demonstrated the maximum yield (3.86t ha-1) at Dinajpur compared to Gen 44 (3.51t ha-1), and the
lowest by Gen 45 (2.69t ha-1). The earlier sowing of the genotypes at Jassore than Dinajpur, environmental and genetical factors might influence the physiology and yield performances of the genotypes. Need to conduct further trials to search out the final performance of the Gen 12 and Gen 42 which may be the promising variety to mitigate the consequences of climate changes in Bangladesh.

The application of excessive amounts of different nitrogen fertilizers have been affecting the environment through leaching to soil, nitrous oxide emissions due to denitrification, and fossil fuels burning during manufacture and application of the fertilizer. In the meantime, the demand for wheat grain yield increased due to the rapid population growth, consequently production per area has to increase. The majority of modern wheat cultivars that has been planted to fulfill this demand for decades require high amount of nitrogen fertilizers in order to give their maximum yield potential. Exploring for cultivars with physiological traits related to high nitrogen-use efficiency through phenotyping might reduce the environmental impact of nitrogen fertilizers. Crop phenotyping presents important means to explore the physiological principles involved in the control of basic plant functions as well as for selecting superior genotypes. The objective of this paper is to increase knowledge on the phenotypic methods used in selection for nitrogen-use efficiency in wheat, as improving nitrogen-use efficiency became a key factor to sustainably ensure global production increase.

Предложена малотравматичная технология выделения зерна из колоса. Она заключается в воздействии струи воздуха на колос, приводящему к его перекатыванию по поверхности деки молотильного устройства и вызывающему его частичное истирание, сопровождающееся выделением зерен. Процесс малотравматичного обмолота колосьев пшеницы в экспериментальном устройстве дает удовлетворительные результаты, обеспечивая снижение травмирования эндосперма зерна на 10-12% по сравнению с традиционной технологией. Травмирование зародыша зерна при этом снижается на 5%, почти исключая его. Дробление зерна составляло не более 0,5%. Применение разработанной технологии малотравматичного обмолота в перспективе позволит снизить травмирование зерна колосовых культур во время уборки, что имеет важное значение при селекционных работах.
Low-traumatic technology of grain separation from an ear is developed. It consists in influence of an air jet on an ear. It leads to rolling of an ear on a surface of the threshing device concave and causes its partial abrasion which is followed by grains separation. Process of wheat ears low-traumatic threshing in the experimental device yields satisfactory results, provides reduces grain endosperm damage on 10-12% in comparison with traditional technology. Germ of grain damage decreases by 5%. Crushing of grain made no more than 0,5%. Use of the developed technology of the low-traumatic threshing will allow to reduce grain damage of cereal crops in case of the harvesting. It is important by cereal breeding.
Для цитирования: Пахомов В.И., Брагинец С.В., Бахчевников О.Н., Рухляда А.И. Реализация малотравматичной технологии выделения зерна из колоса пшеницы: результаты экспериментальных исследований // Состояние и перспективы развития агропромышленного комплекса. Юбилейный сборник научных трудов XIII международной научно-практической конференции, посвященной 90-летию Донского государственного технического университета (Ростовского-на-Дону института сельхозмашиностроения), в рамках XXIII Агропромышленного форума юга России и выставки "Интерагромаш". В 2-х томах. Т. 1. – Ростов-на-Дону: ДГТУ, 2020. – С. 211-214.

Field experiment was conducted in 2015-2016 winter season in Babylon province, in medium loam soil under salt stress conditions. The experiment aimed to determine the effect of silicon spraying on some physiological traits of six wheat genotypes in salty soil (9.3 dSm-1). Factorial experiment was conducted according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications included two levels of silicon spraying (0 and 25 mM.L-1 and six genotypes of bread wheat (Hussein, Furat, Rashid, Uruk, Nukal and 884) which cultivated in Nov. 20/11 /2015 and harvested on 10/5/ 2016. The data were analyzed statistically and the mean compered by using L.S.D test. The results showed that; Silicon spraying was significantly superior in physiological growth traits (relative water content, chlorophyll content, carbohydrate content, proline) which reaches 77.06, 51.62, 2.796 and o.832 , respectively. Hussein genotype was superior by giving higher average of relative water content, carbohydrate , proline content , N, P, Ca, Na concentration in leaves which ٟٔ‫اٌضب‬ ‫ٌٍجبؽش‬ ‫ِبعغز١ش‬ ‫اؽشٚؽخ‬ ِٓ ً‫ِغز‬ ‫اٌجؾش‬

Wheat cereal plant of the genus Triticum, especially, T. aestivum, of the family Graminae. The grain constitutes a major food item and an important commodity on the world grain market. Wheat is one of the first of the grains domesticated by human. Bread wheat is known to have been grown in the Nile Valley by 5000 BC and it is believed that the Mediterranean region was the centre of domestication. The civilization of West Asia and of the European peoples have been largely based on wheat, while rice has been more important in the East Asia. Since agriculture began, wheat has been the chief source of bread for Europe and the Middle East. It was introduced into Mexico by the Spaniards in the early part of 16th century and into Virginia, USA by English colonists early in the 17th century. Although it is one of the oldest of the cereal crops, it was introduced in Bengal in 1930-31. Its importance as a food crop was recognised around 1942-43. The plants bear this edible grain in dense spikes. The culm of the mature wheat plant is a hollow, jointed cylinder that comprises 3-6 nodes and internodes.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the world's most valuable crops, not only as a diet component but also as a source of dietary antioxidants. It is well known that wheat inoculated with mycorrhizal strains usually has a higher yield and stronger tolerance to stresses. However, information on the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on the antioxidant capacity of wheat grains is scarce. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate and compare the total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging capacity of grains from four selected spring wheat varieties under colonization by four different mycorrhizal strains. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX (Generalized Linear Mixed Models) of the SAS software package. The results demonstrated that the coloured wheat, 13NQW1265, had the strongest DPPH scavenging capacity and the highest TPC in grains among all selected wheat genotypes, whereas the wheat variety Snowbird had a lower antioxidant capacity. A comparison between wheat colonized by mycorrhizal strains and non-inoculated wheat controls illustrated that the application of mycorrhizae had no significant effects on TPC in most wheat varieties; the exceptions were FL62R1 wheat inoculated with the commercial product Myke (Rhizophagus irregularis), which unexpectedly showed a negative effect, and 13NQW1265 wheat inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae, which increased TPC. As expected, a significant positive correlation was found between DPPH scavenging capacity and TPC, the main contributor to antioxidant capacity. The results suggest that mycorrhizal colonization could increase antioxidant compounds in wheat subject to wheat variety and mycorrhizal strain.

Совершенствуя рабочие органы молотильных устройств, осуществляющие непосредственное механическое воздействие на колос и находящиеся в нем зерна, невозможно добиться значительного снижения и полностью исключить травмирование зерна. Необходимо разработать новые методы бесконтактного выделения зерна из колоса при обмолоте, исключающие непосредственное механическое воздействие рабочих органов на зерна. Перспективным методом бесконтактного выделения зерна из колоса является сообщение стеблю с колосом колебательного движения, перпендикулярного их оси, что может вызвать резонансные явления в различных частях колоса. В результате экспериментальных и теоретических исследований установлено, что сообщая стеблю с колосом низкочастотные колебания в диапазоне 18…100 Гц, соответствующие собственным частотам его колебаний, возможно добиться разрушения колоса либо его отделения от стебля в результате резонанса, но выделения зерен из колоса при этом не происходит, так как диапазон собственных резонансных частот колебаний зерна не совпадает с диапазоном собственных частот стебля с колосом и имеет более высокие значения. Анализ результатов теоретических исследований показывает, что для бесконтактного выделения зерна из колоса без его травмирования перспективным является сообщение ему высокочастотных колебаний в диапазоне 100…14000 Гц, совпадающих с его собственными частотами колебаний. Происходящий в этом случае резонанс вызывает возникновение собственных движений зерна, что приводит к его выделению из колоса.
Enhancing the operative parts of the threshing mechanism which are realizing direct mechanical impact on an ear and being in it grains it is impossible to achieve the considerable lowering and to completely exclude traumatizing grain. New methods of noncontact grain separation from an ear in case of the threshing need to be developed. These methods exclude direct mechanical impact of operative parts on grains. A perspective method of noncontact grain separation from an ear is the imposition to a culm with an ear of oscillating motion, perpendicular its axes. It is a resonance in different parts of an ear can cause. As a result of the pilot and theoretical studies it is set that impart to a culm with an ear low frequency oscillations in the range 18…100 Hz corresponding to natural frequencies of its oscillations are possible to achieve corrupting of an ear or its separation from a culm as a result of a resonance. But grain separation at the same time does not come from an ear as the range of natural resonance frequencies of grain oscillations does not match the range of natural frequencies of a culm with an ear and has higher values. The analysis of results of theoretical researches shows that for noncontact grain separation from an ear without its traumatizing the imposition to it high-frequency oscillations in the range 100 … 14000 Hz matching its natural frequencies of oscillations is perspective. The occurring resonance causes origin of own movements of grain that leads to its separation from an ear.
Пахомов В.И., Брагинец СВ., Бахчевников О.Н., Рудой Д.В., Чернуцкий М.В. Результаты исследований возможности вибрационного выделения зерна из колоса // Политематический сетевой электронный научный журнал Кубанского государственного аграрного университета (Научный журнал КубГАУ). [Электронный ресурс]. - Краснодар: КубГАУ, 2020. - №01(155). - IDA [article ID]: 1552001003.

Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), caused by the fungal species Fusarium graminearum, is a disease affecting wheat
cultivars across Canada. Recent and severe outbreaks have spurred research in developing FHB-resistant
cultivars and evaluating the underlying causes of FHB susceptibility. In this study, the effect of plant height on
Fusarium Head Blight in Canadian spring wheat was evaluated over a two-year period. Cultivars of spring wheat
varying in origin, height, and disease susceptibility were artificially inoculated with FHB, and the subsequent
disease symptoms and height data was collected. It was found that plant height is negatively correlated with FHB
incidence and severity. However, varieties originating from Eastern Canada had a much stronger negative
correlation between plant height and FHB, whereas the trials with Western Canada origins had a weaker
correlation.

Spinach extracts contain powerful natural antioxidants and have been used to improve the response of animal cells to various stress factors. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of a methanolic extract of spinach (SE) used at two concentrations (21.7 and 217 ppm) on the growth, certain enzymes and antioxidant systems in wheat seedlings under lead stress. When wheat seedlings were grown for 7 days in a solution containing Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (3 mM), germination and growth were impaired, while signs of oxidative stress were observed. SE (217 ppm) pretreatment was able to protect seedlings from Pb toxicity by both reducing Pb uptake and Pb-induced oxidative stress. As a consequence, almost normal germination, elongation, biomass and αamylase activity were restored by SE (217 ppm) pretreatment of wheat seedlings, in spite of the presence of Pb. Our results support the protective role and the antioxidant effect of SE against Pb. These results show an amazing similarity to the effects of SE in animals, which suggests that providing "nutraceuticals" to plants could improve their "health" status.

Twenty-six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm lines, including eight known cultivars were evaluated for their agronomic performance, namely yield and quality traits as well as their resistance to fusarium head blight and leaf rust during the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons in Eastern Canada. Six of the lines, namely FL62R1, ‘Fuzion’, ‘Helios’, ‘Mégantic’, ‘Nass’ and ‘Quantum’ were tested only for fusarium head blight and leaf rust and were not tested in the field because the seeds were unavailable. The cultivar ‘Morocco’ was added as a check because of its susceptibility to leaf rust. Lines AW774, AW775 and HY162-HRF had the highest yield, followed by AW759 and CRGB-08C.159. The least lodging was observed for ACS11614, CM20809 and HY162-HRF. Lines AW769, AW759 and AW765 originated from Eastern breeding program ranked among the tallest compared to CM20809, ‘AC Carberry’, ACS10604, ACS11614 and ACS12642 which had the shortest plant height. Days to heading for the tested lines ranged from 51.8 for ‘AC Carberry’ to 60.5 for AW765. The most FHB-infected lines were ‘Quantum’ followed by CM20809 and HY162-HRF and the most resistant line was FL62R1, which showed the fewest fusarium head blight symptoms and lowest deoxynivalenol content in grains followed by AW765. A negative correlation was also observed between height and fusarium head blight (-0.69) and deoxynivalenol. The susceptible check cultivar ‘Morocco’ scored as moderately to very susceptible to the five leaf rust races, whereas ‘AC Carberry’, ACS10604, ACS11614 and CM9019 showed the highest resistance to all races.

A comparative study was conducted in drought and normally irrigated conditions, in which 25 genotypes of wheat were evaluated for various morphological traits involving plant height, canopy temperature, flag leaf area, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield per hectare and relative water contents. A duplicated randomized complete block design was used in the experimental area of the Wheat Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad. Path coefficient and correlation for above-mentioned traits in both environments estimated and results revealed that spike length, spike density and 1000-grain weight were the main contributor in yield in both concerned environments. Maximum yield was recorded for the genotype V-11164 in normal and V-11168 in drought conditions whereas most stable genotype was V-11168 for yield in drought conditions. In normal conditions maximum correlation was recorded for number of grains per spike followed by grain weight per spike whereas number of grains per spike was also have top most value of correlation in drought environment.

‫ك٢‬ ‫ثُؤـ‬ ‫ٓققٍٞ‬ ‫إٗضجػ‬ ‫ٝ٣خضِق‬ ‫ُِضسثػز.‬ ‫ثُوجدِز‬ ‫ثألسثم٢‬ ‫ٓؾَٔ‬ ٖٓ ً ‫صوش٣ذج‬ % ‫ثُ‬ ‫ك٢‬ ‫ثُٔغضخذٓز‬ ‫ٝثألعجُ٤خ‬ ‫ثُخذٓز‬ ‫ٝػِٔ٤جس‬ ‫ثُٔ٘جخ٤ز‬ ‫ُِظشٝف‬ ً ‫صذؼج‬ ‫أخشٟ‬ ‫إُ٠‬ ‫ع٘ز‬ ٖٓ ‫عٞس٣ج‬ ‫سهْ‬ ‫ثُؾذٍٝ‬ ‫خالٍ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝثإلٗضجػ‬ ‫ثُٔغجفز‬ ‫ف٤ظ‬ ٖٓ ‫ثُٔققٍٞ‬ ‫ٛزث‬ ‫صطٞس‬ ‫ػِ٠‬ ‫ثالهالع‬ ‫ٝ٣ٌٔ٘٘ج‬ ‫ضسثػز،‬ ( 1 . ) ‫انسُى‬ ‫اد‬ ‫يزوٌ‬ ‫ثؼم‬ ‫انًدًىع‬ ‫انًسب‬ ‫هـ‬ ‫زخ‬ ‫اإلَتبج‬ ‫طٍ‬ ‫انًزد‬ ‫ود‬ ‫كغ/ِ‬ ‫انًسب‬ ‫هـ‬ ‫زخ‬ ‫اإلَتبج‬ ‫طٍ‬ ‫انًزد‬ ‫ود‬ ‫كغ/ِ‬ ‫انًسب‬ ‫هـ‬ ‫زخ‬ ‫اإلَتبج‬ ‫طٍ‬ ‫انًزد‬ ‫ود‬ ‫كغ/ِ‬ 1985 229.41 ( ‫رلى‬ ‫اندذول‬ 1 ) ‫أعج‬ ‫ٛذكجٕ‬ ‫ٝٛٔج‬ ‫ثُؼجّ‬ ‫ثُ٘جصؼ‬ ‫ص٣جدر‬ ‫إُ٠‬ ‫صؤد١‬ ‫ثُٔققٍٞ‬ ‫ٛزث‬ ٖٓ ‫ثُٔغجفز‬ ‫ٝفذر‬ ‫إٗضجؽ٤ز‬ ‫ٝسكغ‬ ‫دجُؤـ‬ ‫ثُٔضسٝػز‬ ‫ثُٔغجفز‬ ‫ك٢‬ ‫ثُضٞعغ‬ ‫كئٕ‬ ‫ُزث‬ ‫ثعضخذثّ‬ ‫إٔ‬ ‫ًٔج‬ ‫ثُٔؾجٍ‬ ‫ٛزث‬ ‫ك٢‬ ‫٣ؼَٔ‬ ٖٓ ٌَُ ‫ع٤جٕ‬ ‫ٓضطِذ‬ ‫فغخ‬ ‫ثُٔؼضٔذر‬ ‫ثُـِز‬ ‫ػجُ٤ز‬ ‫ثألف٘جف‬ ‫(صسثػز‬ ‫ثُ٘ٔٞ‬ ‫ٓشثفَ‬ ‫ًجكز‬ ‫ك٢‬ ‫ؽ٤ذ‬ ‫دؾٌَ‬ ‫ثُٔققٍٞ‬ ‫ٝخذٓز‬ ‫ثُضسثػز‬ ‫ك٢‬ ‫ثُٔضطٞسر‬ ‫ثُؼِٔ٤ز‬ ‫ثألعجُ٤خ‬ ‫ثُالصٓز‬ ‫ثُخذٓز‬ ‫ٝصؤٓ٤ٖ‬ ‫ف٘ق‬ ٌَُ ‫ثُذ٤ت٤ز‬ ‫جصٜج‬ ‫ثُٔ٘جعخ‬ ‫ثُٔٞػذ‬ ‫ك٢‬ ‫ٝثُققجد‬ ‫ثُالصّ‬ ‫ثُٔجة٢‬ ‫ٝثُٔوٖ٘‬ ‫دٜج‬ ‫ثُٔٞف٠‬ ‫ثُغٔجد‬ ٖٓ ‫ثُالصٓز‬ ‫ٝثالفض٤جؽجس‬ ‫ثألػِ٠.‬ ‫ثإلٗضجػ‬ ‫٣قون‬ ‫ث٥كجس)‬ ‫ٌٝٓجكقز‬ ‫سىرَب:‬ ‫فٍ‬ ‫انًشروػخ‬ ‫انمًر‬ ‫أصُبف‬ ‫ٓؾٔٞػض٤ٖ:‬ ‫إُ٠‬ ‫ٝصوغْ‬ ‫ثُشد٤ؼ٤ز‬ ‫ثألهٔجؿ‬ ‫ثُٔضٞعو‬ ‫فٞك‬ ‫دٍٝ‬ ‫ٓؼظْ‬ ‫ك٢‬ ٞٛ ‫ًٔج‬ ‫عٞس٣ج‬ ‫ك٢‬ ‫٣ضسع‬ -‫انًزوَخ:‬ ‫انًُبطك‬ ‫فٍ‬

This study investigates how, through conversion to organic agriculture, with its postulated socioeconomic, environmental and health benefits, and through biodiversity conservation, local farming organizations enable and empower small farmers to become independent and self-sufficient. It explores the philosophy of these organizations; the agricultural and political ideas they transmit and the challenges they face. It finds that farmers who get involved with these organizations do perceive that their food security is improved, and their economic situation is strengthened with less expenditure on inputs such as seed, chemical pesticides or mineral fertilizers. Finally, it is argued, training provided by these organizations prepares farmers, many of whom become more self-reliant and confident individuals, to stand up for their democratic rights in the midst of the formidable power of globalized corporate agriculture. This work contributes to a growing understanding among farmers, researchers and international human rights and farming-focused organizations, of how reinvestment in sustainable agriculture is vital to the realization of the right to food, and to rural economic development.

Polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence represents a promising tool for detection of plant tolerance to various environmental stresses. In pot vegetation experiments, plants of seven winter wheat varieties were screened for their drought tolerance. The drought stress was initiated in plants by withholding water at the beginning of anthesis. While water content was measured continuously as relative water content (RWC), fast chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics was measured and analysed on dehydrating intact leaves by the JIP-test (analysis ...

The meeting brought together members of food sector, farmers, civil society, research policy, and scientists studying wheat to discuss the role of scientific research and new technology in wheat breeding and agriculture.  Marker assisted breeding and gene editing are both examples of agricultural research, one existing with practical applications and being used commercially by breeders now to improve
the quality of wheat, and the other experimental (used mainly in the laboratory) without direct applications at present but in principle it may be very useful in the future. The response of stakeholders to scientific research in agriculture and the recommendations of this report
are also summarized.

Для снижения уровня травмирования зерна пшеницы при его послеуборочной обработке предлагают заменять стальные рабочие органы в подъемно-транспортных машинах на полимерные.
(Цель исследования) Экспериментально определить зависимость степени травмирования зерна пшеницы от количества соударений, угла падения и материала поверхности рабочих органов подъемно-транспортных машин при движении зерна со скоростью до 3,5 метра в секунду.
(Материалы и методы) Провели эксперименты на установке, воспроизводящей условия низкоскоростного соударения зерен пшеницы с гладкой поверхностью пластины из стали или пластика при различных углах падения и количестве ударов.
(Результаты и обсуждение) Установили, что существенное снижение травмирования зерна при столкновении с пластиковой пластиной по сравнению со стальной – на 8-10 процентных пунктов – наблюдается лишь при углах падения 60-90 градусов и количестве ударов от 5 до 10. Выявили, что при угле падения до 60 градусов указанная разница не превышает 4 процентных пунктов и достигает нуля при угле 45 градусов. Низкую эффективность замены стальных рабочих органов на пластиковые для снижения травмирования зерна при движении с низкой скоростью объяснили слабым проявлением эффекта уменьшения потенциальной энергии деформации зерна при ударе о пластиковую поверхность при малой скорости их соударения.
(Выводы) Определили, что при движения зерен со скоростью менее 3,5 метра в секунду в разреженном потоке без взаимодействия между ними, когда происходит соударение отдельных зерен с рабочими органами подъемно-транспортных машин, замена стальных рабочих органов на пластиковые нецелесообразна.
To reduce the damage level of wheat grains during its post-harvest processing, it is proposed to replace steel working parts in lifting and transporting machines with polymer ones.
(Research purpose) Experimentally determine the dependence of the degree of wheat grain damage on the number of collisions, the incidence angle and the hoisting-and-transport machines working parts surface material when the grain moves at a speed of up to 3.5 meters per second.
(Materials and methods) Experiments were carried out on a unit that reproduced the low-speed collision conditions of wheat grains with a smooth steel or plastic surface plate at various angles of incidence and the number of impacts.
(Results and discussion) The authors identified a significant reduction in grain damage in a collision with a plastic plate compared to a steel plate – by 8-10 percentage points – is observed only at incidence angles of 60-90 degrees and the number of strokes from 5 to 10. It was found that at incidence angle up to 60 degrees, the specified difference didn’t exceed 4 percentage points and reached zero at an angle of 45 degrees. The low efficiency of replacing steel working parts with plastic ones to reduce grain damage when driving at low speed was explained by the weak manifestation of the decrease effect in the potential energy of grain deformation upon impact on a plastic surface at a collision low speed.
(Conclusions) The authors determined that when grains moved at a speed of less than 3.5 meters per second in a rarefied stream without interaction between them, when individual grains collided with the hoisting-and-transport machines working parts, replacing steel working parts with plastic ones was impractical.

Weed and nutrient management in cropping systems of semi-arid areas is a major constraint to cereal yield. Where the use of herbicides is banned or discouraged, the competitive ability of a crop is crucial to reduce weed growth and diffusion. Genotypic differences in the competitive abilities of crops are an important trait to reduce weeds, especially for plant height. However, there is contrasting information about the interactions of other management practices and genotypic traits on wheat yield and competitive ability against weeds and weed growth. The present study investigated yield and quality of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and weed growth and composition for two wheat cultivars with contrasting competitive abilities against weeds. Wheat was grown under three spatial arrangements (5-cm, 15-cm, 25-cm inter-row distance) and three sowing densities, and broadleaf weeds were either removed or not. The sowing rate did not affect the yield of these wheat cultivars or the weed growth. Reduced inter-row distance dramatically reduced weed biomass for both wheat cultivars, and increased wheat yield and nitrogen uptake in the low-competitive, high-yielding, semi-dwarf cv. ‘PR22D89’, when both weed free and with weeds. These results have direct implications for weed and nutrient management in low-input and organic cropping systems.

Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), caused by the fungal species Fusarium graminearum, is a disease affecting wheat
cultivars across Canada. Recent and severe outbreaks have spurred research in developing FHB-resistant
cultivars and evaluating the underlying causes of FHB susceptibility. In this study, the effect of plant height on
Fusarium Head Blight in Canadian spring wheat was evaluated over a two-year period. Cultivars of spring wheat
varying in origin, height, and disease susceptibility were artificially inoculated with FHB, and the subsequent
disease symptoms and height data was collected. It was found that plant height is negatively correlated with FHB
incidence and severity. However, varieties originating from Eastern Canada had a much stronger negative
correlation between plant height and FHB, whereas the trials with Western Canada origins had a weaker
correlation.

Spinach extracts contain powerful natural antioxidants and have been used to improve the response of animal cells to various stress factors. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of a methanolic extract of spinach (SE) used at two concentrations (21.7 and 217 ppm) on the growth, certain enzymes and antioxidant systems in wheat seedlings under lead stress. When wheat seedlings were grown for 7 days in a solution containing Pb(NO3)2 (3 mM), germination and growth were impaired, while signs of oxidative stress were observed. SE (217 ppm) pretreatment was able to protect seedlings from Pb toxicity by both reducing Pb uptake and Pb-induced oxidative stress. As a consequence, almost normal germination, elongation, biomass and α-amylase activity were restored by SE (217 ppm) pretreatment of wheat seedlings, in spite of the presence of Pb. Our results support the protective role and the antioxidant effect of SE against Pb. These results show an amazing similarity to the effects of SE in animals, which suggests that providing “nutraceuticals” to plants could improve their “health” status.