de Lusignan family.

« La violence interdite ? Contraintes morales et violences intrafamiliales au Moyen Âge : l’exemple de deux familles, les Plantagenêt et les Lusignan », in Lydie BODIOU, Frédéric CHAUVAUD et Marie-José GRIHOM (éd.), Les violences en famille, Paris, Hermann, 2020, p. 153-166.

L'homme médiéval est conditionné par un univers mental qui valorise à l'extrême l'entente familiale et particulièrement adelphique. Le récit genésique de Caïn et Abel représentant autant un repoussoir qu'un avertissement et contribuant à bâtir des normes émotionnelles comportementales. Loin d'être un espace idyllique, la famille est aussi le lieu de la discorde, pouvant aller jusqu'à la haine la plus pure. Les sources que nous possédons sur la famille de Lusignan indiquent la prégnance de la contrainte morale imposée par la norme qui freine l'explosion de la violence intra-familiale. À l'inverse, les Plantagenêt, véritables Atrides médiévaux, se déchirent jusqu'à l'assassinat d'un neveu par son oncle qui horrifie les contemporains. La comparaison entre les deux familles permet de mettre en lumière les conceptions médiévales de la violence intra-familiale, l'outillage mental sensé empêcher son apparition et les explications mobilisées pour justifier son déchaînement.

« Un réseau seigneurial salin : implantation et arborescence des Saint-Maixent de l’Aunis à Lusignan (Xe-XIIe siècle) », in Sylvain GOUGUENHEIM (éd.), Aux sources du pouvoir. Voir approcher, comprendre le pouvoir politique au Moyen Âge, Paris, Les Indes savantes, 2017, p. 237-258.

L'historiographie attribue l'ascension considérable de la famille de Lusignan aux XIIe-XIIIe siècles à une pratique précoce d'une transmission totale du patrimoine à l'aîné des enfants. Pourtant, une analyse plus poussée de la famille révèle qu'au contraire à chaque génération des partages ont eu lieu, donnant ainsi naissance à des branches cadettes. Par la combinaison de recherches prosopographiques et onomastiques, cette communication reconstitue la famille des Lusignan, la replace dans le contexte d'un groupement de parenté plus large. Celui-ci dispose d'une position prééminente due à une stratégie de contrôle des routes entre l'Aunis et le Poitou, alors que l'Aunis connaît une expansion économique fulgurante due notamment au développement des pêcheries et surtout à la production de sel marin. L'étude du groupement de parenté montre alors que les Lusignan ne sont qu'un des lignages de celui-ci, appartenant à un lignage arborescent, rassemblant différentes branches unies par une même conscience familiale.

Lusignan is a well-known name in crusades history for it is associated with the fall of Jerusalem and the loss of a major part of the kingdom. Nevertheless, the presence of the Lusignans in the history of the crusades cannot be reduced to the part played by Guy and by the dynasty born of his brother Aimery who succeeded him on the throne of Cyprus. To understand why Guy became king of Jerusalem, it is important to recognize the roots of his family's engagement in the crusades two, and perhaps four, generations before him. We can see their participation in expeditions to Spain, in the First and Second Crusades and an involvement in the county of Tripoli where the family was linked to the comital house and could stake a claim to the inheritance. These elements help to shed new light on the baronial struggle at Baldwin IV's court and on the conflict between Guy and Count Raymond of Tripoli. Besides, during the few months Guy was king, he made use of his family to strengthen his position therein. After the Battle of Hattin, the Lusignans tried to recover from this disaster, in part through the writings of Peter of Blois, but mainly through the heroic actions of a further member of the family, the newly arrived Geoffrey. This article will also showcase the involvement of other Lusignan generations of France and England during the crusades and set out why they deserve to be called "a crusader lineage."

La famille de Lusignan est à la fin du XIIe siècle une des quatre plus grandes familles de Poitou. Sa puissance s'appuie sur des bases solides héritées de l'aristocratie carolingienne et sur plusieurs réseaux familiaux notamment un groupe de lignages cadets demeurés dans l'ombre. Les dynamiques familiales, l'organisation des possessions foncières et de leur transmission, les rapports de vassalité, de coseigneurie ou de voisinage entre les membres du même groupement de parenté, les tactiques matrimoniales et les relations entretenues avec l’Église à travers ses représentants locaux ou encore sa tête, le pontife grégorien, sont les fondements de la domination exercée par les Lusignan en Poitou.

At the end of the 12th century, the Lusignan are part of the four most powerful poitevine families. Their might relys on strong basis inherited from carolingian aristocracy and on several familial networks especially a team of youngest lineages remained in darkness. The familial dynamics, the properties' organization and transmission, the vassalage, coseignory or neighbourhood connections between the same parental team's members, the matrimonial tactics and the relationship maintained with the Church through its local representatives or its head, the gregorian pope, are the basis of the Lusignan's domination in roman Poitou.

Kıbrıs, Doğu Akdeniz'deki jeopolitik ve stratejik konumu nedeniyle ilkçağlardan beri birçok mücadeleye sahne olmuştur. Doğu Akdeniz ve Anadolu topraklarını kontrol eden güçler adanın sahip olduğu öneme binaen Kıbrıs'a sık sık saldırı düzenlemişlerdir. 1095 yılında Clermont'ta toplanan konsil sonucunda başlayan Haçlı Seferleri, Ortaçağ'ın en önemli olaylarından bir tanesidir. Yapılan seferler sadece batı tarihini değil, Doğu Akdeniz coğrafyasının tarihini de etkilemiştir. Kudüs'ün 1187 yılında Selahaddin tarafından fethedilmesinden sonra geri alınabilmesi için Kutsal Topraklara Almanya, Fransa ve İngiltere Kralları tarafından yeni bir sefer hazırlanmıştı. İngiltere Kralı Richard, seferi sırasında Kıbrıs'a asker çıkararak buranın idaresini ele geçirmiştir. Böylece kısa süre içerisinde adada Latin idaresi kurulmuştur. Kıbrıs, Latin yönetimi altında Haçlı Seferleri'nde daha aktif rol oynamaya başlamış ve Haçlılar için burası ileri karakol görevi görmüştür. Bu çalışmada Richard tarafından adanın ele geçirilmesi süreci dönemin kaynakları kullanılarak değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. 1191 yılından 1291 yılına kadar adanın önemini öne çıkaran olaylar tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca 1291 yılından sonra Doğu Akdeniz'den adaya iltica eden askerî tarikatların durumu, Templier şövalyeleri tarikatının ilgası süreci ve bunun adadaki yansımaları izah edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kıbrıs, Haçlı Seferleri, Kudüs, Lusignan, Doğu Akdeniz

Cyprus, because of its geopolitical and strategic position in the Eastern Mediterranean, it has been scene of many struggles. Owing to the importance of the island, the powers which control the Eastern Mediterranean and Anatolian territories have frequently attacked Cyprus. The Crusades began as a result of the council that gathered in Clermont in 1095, which is one of the most important events of the Middle Ages. The expeditions, not only has affected the western history but has also affected the history of the Eastern Mediterranean region. After Jerusalem was conquered of by Saladin in 1187, a new expedition has been prapered to the Holy Lands by Germany, France and England Kings in order to retake it. King Richard, during the time of his expedition, disembarked his troops at Cyprus and seized the administration. Thus the Latin rule was set up on the island within a short time. Cyprus under the Latin rule has begun to play more active role in the Crusades and has served as outpost for Crusaders. In this study, the process of invading the island by Richard has been evaluated using the sources of the period. The events that put forward the importance of island from 1191 to 1291 have been discussed. Besides, the military orders that defected from the Eastern Mediterranean to Cyprus, the process of the abolition of the order of the Knights Templier and its repercussions on the island have been described. Key Words: Cyprus, Crusades, Lusignan, The Eastern Mediterranean

Cet article s'attache à renouveler grâce aux apports de l'outil prosopographique l'approche du Conventum, un document maintes fois commenté dans l'historiographie car essentiel pour la connaissance de la société féodale et du Poitou au xie siècle. D'une part, la prosopographie nous permet de montrer que le récit ne tient aucun compte de la chronologie et de remettre les épisodes relatés dans l'ordre, amenant ainsi à une meilleure compréhension du contexte poitevin. D'autre part ces éléments mis en relations avec les différentes pistes relevées par les tenants du débats historiographique autour de ce document ont permis d'élaborer de nouvelles hypothèses sur le contexte de composition du texte et sa fonction : il ne s'agirait ni d'une simple notice, ni d'un récit épique mais d'un récit politique, composé, dans un contexte de révolte contre le pouvoir du duc d'Aquitaine, à partir de quatre notices judiciaires ayant pour but de critiquer et de condamner le duc et destiné à être lu dans le milieu seigneurial entourant l'un des chefs de cette révolte, le comte d'Angoulême.

This article wants to renew our compenhension of the Conventum thanks to a prosopographic method. A lot of historians gave a commentary of this document which was essential to understand the beginning of feudalism and the Poitou in the first half of the xith century. On the one hand, the use of prosopography allows us to show that the story does not consider the respect of chronology. So, by using it, we can put in chronological order the different events and we can have a better understanding of the poitevine situation. On the other hand, we have see together these elements and those which have been noticed by the historiographic debate's holders. This has allowed to us to formulate new hypothesis on the composition background and on the text's fonction : it would not be either a simple notice or an epic tale but it would be a political account. It would be composed in a revolt context against the duke of Aquitany's power using four judicial notices in the aim to criticize and blame the duke. It would be intend to the seigneurial circle of one of the revolt's chiefs, the count of Angoulême.

In the 13th century, the Lusignan succeed in building a very important power in Western France, thanks to a very skillful strategy of marriages and an intelligent policy between the English and French kings. During the first half of the century, three cousins are eminent barons : the count of La Marche and Angouleme, the count of Eu and the viscount of Chatellerault. During the second half, while the two latter came to other lineages, the count of La Marche became the first baron of Brittany. The aim of this paper is to focus on the baronial government of the territories dominated by the family of Lusignan, taking on board their transregional dispersion and the transfers of skilled agents inside the family network. Despite the fact that the majority of the archives of the counties of La Marche and Angouleme were destroyed, the subsisting documents testify the existence of a hierarchized and centralised administration, imitating the Capetians' one and adopting very quickly administrative new methods developped by the monarchy.

Le domaine religieux fait partie de l’environnement quotidien des familles médiévales. L’aristocratie entretient des relations suivies avec différents établissements monastiques, sur lesquels s’appuie la conscience familiale et les politiques de donation. Les familles les plus importantes comme les Lusignan ont laissé des traces matérielles de ces relations avec les abbayes. Des gisants, des vitraux, des objets, le plus souvent assez précieux, des cycles de peintures murales renvoient à la famille ou à certains de ces membres au moyen notamment de leurs armoiries. La famille et ses membres les plus importants, qui exercent le pouvoir dans la société sont alors mis en scène dans la proximité immédiate du sacré en vue de délivrer un message, le plus souvent celle de la haute moralité du groupe ou de ses membres mais aussi le désir d’unité familiale autour d’un personnage interne ou externe au groupement de parenté. Ce rapport étroit entre la famille et les éléments parfois les plus sacrés du culte religieux doit être lu comme le résultat d’un double enjeu, celui de l’expression de la foi médiévale et de la foi des donateurs et commanditaires mais aussi celui de l’utilisation du sacré autant comme garantie que comme mise en scène d’une situation, d’un serment, d’une unité.

Religion take part of the daily life of medieval families. Aristocracy maintains close relationships with different monasteries, on whom relies familial consciousness and giving politics. Some important families like the Lusignan let material marks of these relationships : recumbent statues, stained-glass window, precious objects, mural paintings refer to the family or some of its members thanks to their coat of arms. Family and its most important members, who have the power in society are staged nearest to the sacred in order to deiver a message, often the group's high morality, the wish for familial unity around one character, which is or not one of its members. This close relationship between family and most sacred elements of religious cult should be seen as a result of a double issue : the expression of medieval faith and donor's faith and also the use of sacred things as warranty and materialization of a situation, an oath, an unity.

The article examines the efforts of Aimery de Lusignan, king of Jerusalem and Cyprus 1197-1205, to distinguish and distance his rule as a Lusignan monarch from the earlier reign of his younger brother, Guy de Lusignan, whose rule over Jerusalem, 1186-92, had proved highly controversial and ultimately catastrophic.