Common gamma chain

Interleukin 2 receptor, gamma
Crystallographic structure of IL-2 (center alpha helices) complexed with the common gamma chain (IL2RG; 10 O'Clock to 1 O'Clock), IL2RA (4 O'Clock), and IL2RB (7 O'Clock to 9 O'Clock). Each protein is individually rainbow colored (N-terminus = blue, C-terminus = red).
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 1ILL, 1ILM, 1ILN, 1ITE, 2B5I, 2ERJ, 3BPL, 3QAZ, 3QB7, 4GS7
Identifiers
Symbols	IL2RG ; CD132; CIDX; IL-2RG; IMD4; P64; SCIDX; SCIDX1
External IDs	OMIM: 308380 MGI: 96551 HomoloGene: 172 ChEMBL: 2166 GeneCards: IL2RG Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • interleukin-2 receptor activity • interleukin-4 receptor activity • interleukin-7 receptor activity • protein binding • interleukin-2 binding • interleukin-7 binding Cellular component • plasma membrane • integral component of plasma membrane • external side of plasma membrane • membrane Biological process • immune response • signal transduction • viral process • interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway • interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway • interleukin-7-mediated signaling pathway Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	3561	16186
Ensembl	ENSG00000147168	ENSMUSG00000031304
UniProt	P31785	P34902
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000206	NM_001308535
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000197	NP_001295464
Location (UCSC)	Chr X: 71.11 – 71.11 Mb	Chr X: 101.26 – 101.27 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

The common gamma chain (γ_c) (or CD132), also known as interleukin-2 receptor subunit gamma or IL-2RG, is a cytokine receptor sub-unit that is common to the receptor complexes for at least six different interleukin receptors: IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and interleukin-21 receptor. The γ_c glycoprotein is a member of the type I cytokine receptor family expressed on most lymphocyte (white blood cell) populations, and its gene is found on the X-chromosome of mammals.

This protein is located on the surface of immature blood-forming cells in bone marrow. One end of the protein resides outside of the cell where it binds to cytokines and the other end of the protein resides in the interior of the cell where it transmits signals to the cell's nucleus. The common gamma chain partners with other proteins to direct blood-forming cells to form lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). The receptor also directs the growth and maturation of lymphocyte subtypes: T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. These cells kill viruses, make antibodies, and help regulate the entire immune system.

Gene

Cytokine receptor common subunit gamma also known as interleukin-2 receptor subunit gamma or IL-2RG is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL2RG gene. The human IL2RG gene is located on the long (q) arm of the X chromosome at position 13.1, from base pair 70,110,279 to base pair 70,114,423.

IL-7 receptor and signaling, common γ chain (blue) and IL-7 receptor-α (green)

Structure

The γ_c chain is an integral membrane protein that contains extracellular, transmembrane, and intracellular domains.

Function

Lymphocytes expressing the common gamma chain can form functional receptors for these cytokine proteins, which transmit signals from one cell to another and direct programs of cellular differentiation.

Ligands

The γ_c chain partners with other ligand-specific receptors to direct lymphocytes to respond to cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21.

Signalling

IL2RG has been shown to interact with Janus kinase 3.

Clinical significance

X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency

X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency is caused by mutations in the IL2RG gene. More than 200 different mutations in the IL2RG gene have been identified in people with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Most of these mutations involve changes in one or a few nucleotides (DNA building blocks) in the gene. These changes lead to the production of a nonfunctional version of the common gamma chain protein or no production of protein. Without the common gamma chain, important chemical signals are not relayed to the nucleus and lymphocytes cannot develop normally. A lack of functional mature lymphocytes disrupts the immune system's ability to protect the body from infection. Sufferers have no functional immunity and can die within months after birth without successful bone marrow transplantation or alternatively, isolation from exposure to pathogens. Without important developmental signals from IL-7 and IL-15, T-cell and NK cell populations respectively fail to develop.

Experiments in animal models have shown X-SCID to occur similarly in dogs, but not in mice.

Schizophrenia

Alterations in the immune response are involved in pathogenesis of many neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Distinct gene variants of a number of pro-inflammatory and chemotactic cytokines together with their receptors associate with this disorder. IL2RG represents an important signaling component of many interleukin receptors and so far, no data on the functional state of this receptor in schizophrenia have been reported. Over-expression of the IL2RG gene may be implicated in altered immune response in schizophrenia and contribute to the pathogenesis of this disorder.

External links

• Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)