Summer Training Report ON

COMPARISION BETWEEN VHF AND UHF RELATED TO WALKIE TALKIE

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of MASTERS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Affiliated from
H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar

Submitted To MR Naveen Chhabra Lecturer

Submitted By Hamid Hussain UIT Dehradun

UTTARANCHAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEHRADUN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Behind every study there stands a myriad of people whose help and contribution make it successful. I am especially thankful to MR Naveen Chhabra (Lecturer UIT) & all my respected teachers Of UIT Dehradun as they have permitted me to join this esteemed organization & provided with all the information & inputs that was required to complete this project and added a new dimension and meaning to my project. I would also like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my bank guide, who spent his valuable time and guided me. I have benefited a great deal from his incisive analysis and erudite suggestions. The atmosphere of a learning organization that he has created along with his peers not only helped me but all the other trainees.

Last but not the least I would like to extend my gratitude towards my parents & all my friends & office staff whose constant support & encouragement was needed at every stage.

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the study entitled Comparison Between VHF & UHF related to Walkie Talkie being submitted by me in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of MASTERS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION by UTTARANCHAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEHRADUN is a record of my own work.

The matter embodied in this project report has not been submitted to any other University or Institution. I further declare that all the information and facts furnished in this project report are based on my intensive findings

HAMID HUSSAIN

CONTENTS
Acknowledgement Declaration CHAPTER 1 COMPANY PROFILE CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS & FINDINGS CHAPTER 6 LIMITATION CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION CHAPTER 8 SUGGESTION BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEXURE

COMPANY PROFILE

Arya Omnitalk is a 50:50 joint venture between India's most reputed business houses, the J M Baxi Group & Lalbhai Group, with combined revenues exceeding 25 billion rupees. The company specializes in offering GPS based Fleet Automation & Management as well as Walky Talky solutions for managing resources on the move, be they men, material, money or machines. Today, Arya Omnitalk has successfully established itself as the largest Walky Talky Service Provider in the country with a coverage footprint spanning 10 metros: Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Indore, Surat, Vadodara and Vizag. Arya Omnitalk also offers a spectrum of cutting edge, field proven solutions for empowering mobile resources in several industries such as BPOs / Call Centers, Intra & Inter City Public Bus Services, Public Safety, Taxi Cabs, Emergency Response Services, Cash Transportation, Airlines, etc, thus making it India's most respected Mobile Resource Management outfit with the largest number of GPS based Vehicle Tracking Installations to its credit.

In association with CSSI of France Arya Omnitalk has recently ventured into Highway Traffic Management Solutions which include Automated Toll Collection Systems, Emergency Call Networks,Traffic Information & Control Systems,Fleet Management and On Board Software Systems.

Award

Imagine the power to communicate with a scattered group of people at one go. Imagine communication without the hassle of dialing or waiting for the other person to pickup. Imagine a dedicated communication line, devoid of network congestions or interruptions. Now, stop imagining! Because Mpower Walky Talky Solutions provide you all this and much more. In plain speak, the Mpower Walky Talky Solution is a service allowing instant 2-way communication between a group of people on a one-to-one and one-to-many basis. Conventionally known as the Public Mobile Radio Trunking Service (PMRTS), this solution facilitates efficient management of mobile resources, thereby empowering you to be in total control. All the time. The result? Optimum utilization of resources, faster turnaround time and enhanced organizational efficiency leading to faster growth and healthy bottom lines. The Mpower Advantage in a Nutshell:

Push-to-talk: Instant communication at the push of a button. Unlimited group size for conferencing with private call facility. Clutter-free, city-wide coverage. No scope for misuse and external distractions. Mission critical messaging facility*, both group and one-to-one. Unlimited talk time at a low fixed cost. Best suited for emergency response and crisis management. No waiting, no dialing, no network congestions. Total Command & Control: Management by listening in.

No licensing hassles. in select models only

Today the Mpower Walky Talky solution already has a coverage footprint spanning 10 major cities including Delhi (NCR), Mumbai (Vashi, Thane, Vasai), Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Indore, Surat, Vadodara and Vizag, making it one of the largest service providers in the country. Ask any of our existing customers and they will vouch for Mpower Walky Talky solutions as the best fit for their communication needs, compared to any other option.

Technical Detail
Public Mobile Radio Trunking Service (PMRTS) is an instant, two-way mobile (radio) communication service that allows a group of people to communicate with each other, even if some or all of them are on the move. When radio channels are trunked, it means that your radios automatically get a free 'path', at the press of a button, to communicate with each other.

What

are

the

types

of

Radios

Walky

Talkies

available?

The Walky Talkies can be divided into 3 broad categories:

Fixed Walkies Walkies positioned at a central site like an office or headquarters where dispatcher / manager can maintain contact with field staff. The equipment at such a site is referred to at the base station.

Mobile Walkies Walkies installed in vehicles are referred to as Mobile Walkies.

Portable Walkies Walkies small enough to be carried around in hand are referred two as Portable Walkies.

How

does

PMRTS

differ

from

Conventional

(VHF)

Radios?

Conventional system is the foundation of two way radios. However, as the number of users grow, frequency congestion occurs since there are only a finite number of frequencies. The trunking system was then developed to more efficiently meet the communication needs of a large amount of users by sharing a small number of frequencies. Hence PMRTS is defined as the sharing of radio channels amongst a number of different user groups on the same system without over hearing or interfering with each other's conversations. Thus the basic advantages of PMRTS against conventional radios are as follows:

Shares equipment such as repeaters in a more effective and cost efficient manner

Increases probability of obtaining free channels, less waiting time and improved productivity

Improves privacy of communication Efficient use of spectrum Eliminates the need to monitor channel before transmitting

Models Available

Mpower Walky Talky Solutions come with a choice of two Push-to-Talk handset platforms, Motorola and Kenwood. Both of these are extremely rugged, reliable and tested to Military Standards (810 C, D, E) for temperature and mechanical shock, dust, vibration, humidity and rain. Needless to say, these will work flawlessly in all conditions, favorable or hostile. A select range of Mpower Walky Talky sets are also available in an 'intrinsically safe' version for highly inflammable ambience. So, why wait? Choose Mpower Walky Talky Solutions and have the power to control at your fingertips.

TK 980

MAX 638

Handheld Walky Talky

Industries Focus

In the globalised world, it's not just about serving the customer well, but also about improving response time and productivity on an ongoing basis. Mpower delivers instant, mission critical, city-wide wireless communication with your mobile resources at the push of a button. The Mpower Walky Talky Solutions have been successfully partnering customers across several industries.

Employee Transportation (BPO & Call Centers) Transportation Airlines Oil & Gas Muncipal Corporation

Other Industries: Construction & Project Management Hospitals Emergency Services Security Services Hospitality Tours/Cab Services

Courier & Cargo Entertainment/Media

The Mpower Solution

One of the major concerns faced by Concessionaires - operating on a BOT basis is collection of the correct Toll amount - as applicable for the different classes of vehicles - with pilferage (during collection of toll) being one of the major problems faced in a manual system of operation. This calls for installation of semi/fully automated Toll Collection Systems - offered by CSSI & Arya Omnitalk - with automatic classification of vehicles and back end support/operation for discrepancy management. The other important requirement that Concessionaires have is of a HTMS system for surveillance of the plazas and highways for security reasons as well as ensuring safety of the road users. The HTMS solution provided by CSSI and Arya Omnitalk includes systems like Variable Message Signs (VMS), CCTV, Metrological Stations, Automatic Traffic Counters cum Classifiers (ATCC), Radio Communication Systems and Emergency Call Boxes that can be installed all along the highways/expressway

Technical Detail
Arya Omnitalk & CSSI together bring world class Toll Collection and HTMS Solutions to the Indian Concessionaires

Conventional Toll Collection Systems including manual and automatic collection, based on reliable technologies (LCD monitor, touch screen monitor, industrial computers, fast toll barriers, optical, wave and magnetic sensors, LED displays).

Electronic Toll Collection including Free-Flow and Fast-Toll collection, based on proven technologies (DSRC 5,8 GHz, video motion detectors, Laser Scanners, optical separators).

Vehicle Classification System based on proven sensor technologies (weight, length, height, axles, dual tire, profile, video).

Vehicle Enforcement System and Video Surveillance System. Sub-Central Systems and Central Systems to collect, audit and report all activities on the Toll Collection System (based on WAN and LAN technologies).

Customer relation services with customer care centers, frequent user discount management, user account management (point-of-sales or remote reload, invoicing, payment management, legal follow-up).

Maintenance Management System including vehicle fleet and personnel team management, spare parts and equipment management, statistical and events reports, emergency recovery plan management.

HTMS

Emergency Roadside System with: Emergency Call Boxes (ERT) using different technologies and media supports (Fibre copper cable, GSM/Radio based on and/or market standards (VOIP, MTP, Microsoft,); CSSI also provides the Call Supervision System.

Weather Stations (WTHS) CSSI also provides the WTHS Supervision System.

Advance Traffic Counters & Classifiers (AVCS) using different technologies; CSSI also provides the AVCS Supervision System.

Variable Message Signs (VMS) based on different technologies (LED, Fibre Optic); CSSI also provides the VMS Supervision System.

Radio Communication System (RCS) based on secured or encrypted data/voice over Radio Frequency network; CSSI also provides the RCS Control Centre.

CCTV Cameras with color and night capability ; CSSI also provides the CCTV Supervision System.

Video Incident Detection System (VIDS) based on different technologies (Infrared, motion sensor, virtual Loop, thermal signature); CSSI also provides the VIDS Supervision System.

Slow Speed Weigh-In-Motion Systems (WIM) using different technologies (piezo-electric sensor, strain-gauge platform); CSSI also provides the WIM Supervision System (as part, or not, of a Toll Collection system or a Classification System).

Human Resource

Our people are our greatest asset and we strive to provide an environment where they can maximize their potential through robust people management practices which encourages empowerment and meritocracy. We endeavor to provide a work environment, which is balanced, enjoyable and encourages calculated risk taking. Our industry aligned compensation structures, institutionalized appraisal and feedback processes, reward and recognition programs, and employee centric policies are all harmonized towards this objective. Having a workforce where more than one third have been with us since inception, in an industry rife with attrition is testimony of the culture our employees have built and experienced. We invite you to be a part of this vibrant and growing organization.

On Career

AryaOmnitalk is an equal opportunity employer and employment decisions are based solely on qualifications and abilities. This principle governs all aspects of our employee engagement program be it hiring, job assignment, compensation, career progression, training or any other aspect relating to human resources of the organization. With an annual compounded growth rate of 91% in the last five years and footprint coverage in all major cities nationally, we are forging ahead and our

human resource is the foundation for this growth. In order to enhance and consolidate this explosive growth we are always on the lookout for talented individuals who love challenges and have a passion to excel. We recruit the best talent, offer competitive compensation, and provide a dynamic and enabling work environment where employees can contribute and grow through systematic career planning. AryaOmnitalk actively participates in campus programs along with its parents and is one of the highly preferred companies in several management and engineering institutes.

Differenence between VHF and UHF

My band travels around the region a lot and several members use wireless equipment (guitar, mic, or both) and it seems like almost everywhere we go at least one of the systems doesn't work due to interference. So we've decided to upgrade to frequency agile systems, however, I hear conflicting reports on whether I should go with UHF or VHF units. Please advise." The ability to vary the operating frequency of your wireless units should dramatically increase the overall reliability of them as you travel. Whether you use UHF or VHF is of less importance, unless you use many wireless systems on stage, and by 'many' I mean more than 10 or 15. Many people mistakenly think that UHF is an inherently better technology. It is

not. The difference between UHF and VHF transmissions is only the frequency range or 'band' they are in. The technology, or principle of operation is the same. UHF frequencies are higher so the componentry used in those devices must adhere to very tight tolerances, and therefore tends to be more expensive, which helps perpetuate the myth that the technology is better. The main advantage of UHF operation is that there is less chance of interference. One of the more common problems with wireless operation is interference between wireless systems. Since there are considerably fewer UHF wireless systems in use at present, the chances of this type of interference are reduced. However, this problem can generally be avoided in VHF systems by properly selecting operating frequencies. If you're show utilizes many systems it can be easier to find good frequencies for all of them to operate if they are in the UHF band. And though there is no difference in technology, interference due to spurious outputs from other radio frequency equipment is somewhat less of a problem at UHF frequencies because there are fewer transmitters operating at frequencies likely to cause problems. Interference due to electrical equipment, digital devices, computers and other electronic equipment is also generally lower at UHF frequencies. This is because noise from these sources becomes less intense as the frequency increases. Interference of all types does not travel over as great a distance as at VHF frequencies. So there are some 'advantages,' but they come at a cost, and depending upon your situation may not be significant. VHF systems cost less and have a wider variety of choices and options. They also do work better than UHF systems in 'some' circumstances. For example, because

VHF frequencies are lower they can sometimes work better when the transmitter and receiving antenna are not in sight of each other. Most UHF systems are in fact considered 'line of sight' systems, but they can have more range than comparable VHF systems. Your Sweetwater Sales Engineer will be happy to weigh these and other pros and cons against your budget with you.

You can get radios that use either UHF (Ultra High Frequency) or VHF (Very High Frequency). The fundamental difference is in the range of frequencies that they use. VHF radios have been around for much longer and are quite cheaper compared to UHF. Because of that, there are a lot of VHF radios in existence compared to UHF. Couple this to the fact that VHF has a much narrower spectrum and fewer channels, it leads to congestion and greater chance of having interference from other radios in the area. The higher frequency of a UHF radio directly translates to a much shorter antenna, allowing manufacturers to produce much more compact models. This is desirable as smaller models are more portable and a lot less clumsy to manipulate. Though both types of radios can reach great distances, VHF radios suffer from signal degradation due to barriers in the landscape. These barriers can range widely from mountains, hills, trees, and even buildings. This reduces the range of VHF radios greatly, especially in urban locations. UHF waves can penetrate these barriers much better and are affected less. UHF radios often tend to consume their batteries a lot faster compared to VHF due to the higher frequency being used. This might be bad for people who are away from a charging station for extended periods of time

Both radios are good but there are certain situations that you might find one to be better than the other. In rural areas where there are very few buildings and even fewer tall ones, you can settle for the cheaper VHF radio. The fewer number of people in the area also lessens the chance of interference since there are fewer competing users. UHF radios are the best option when you intend to use it inside city limits where you are surrounded by a lot of tall buildings and your signals are expected to pass through multiple walls. The wider frequency spectrum of UHF also lessens the chance of interference from other users, which is very likely because of the great number of people in a relatively small area.

The mistaken idea that UHF wireless systems somehow have overwhelming inherent advantages over VHF systems is widespread. However, the facts simply do not support this notion. As is the case with many technical issues, there are both advantages and disadvantages to UHF, as there are for VHF. Accordingly, in a particular situation, UHF may, or may not, be the best choice.

There are a number of important factors to consider. These include where the systems will be used, how they will be used, and for what purpose or application. Cost is always a concern and invariably plays at least some part in the final decision. Other factors, such as whether the equipment will be used in many different cities, may also be important. Only by considering the entire situation can an informed choice be made.

Simply put, UHF systems do not hold any large technical advantage over otherwise similar VHF systems. The primary advantage of UHF operation is that there is less chance of interference because of more available frequency spectrum.

Interference due to spurious outputs from other radio frequency equipment is somewhat less of a problem at UHF frequencies because there are fewer transmitters operating at frequencies likely to cause problems. Interference due to electrical equipment, digital devices, computers and other electronic equipment is also generally lower at UHF frequencies. This is because noise from these sources becomes less intense as the frequency increases. Interference of all types does not travel over as great a distance as at VHF frequencies.

UHF wireless systems always cost more than similar VHF wireless systems. The extra cost of UHF equipment is due to the necessity of using more expensive ultrahigh-frequency parts, the greater total number of parts required and the need for more expensive construction techniques. Other manufacturing costs are also higher, especially the amount of time required to adjust the equipment and verify its performance. While the cost difference between UHF and VHF equipment has been declining, it is unlikely to disappear.

Battery life for VHF wireless transmitters is almost always better than for similar UHF units; over the life of a system the savings in battery costs can be very significant. For larger wireless installations, the cost of antennas, cables, antenna splitters and preamplifiers is usually much less for VHF systems and performance is generally better.

As can be seen, cost considerations tend favor the use of VHF systems, while UHF systems are less likely to suffer interference. However, there are several other applications issues that can affect the choice:

Walkie Talkie

A walkie-talkie (more formally known as a handheld transceiver) is a hand-held, portable, two-way radio transceiver. Its development during the Second World War has been variously credited to Donald L. Hings, radio engineer Alfred J. Gross, and engineering teams at Motorola. Similar designs were created for other armed forces, and after the war, walkie-talkies spread to public safety and eventually commercial and jobsite work. Major characteristics include a halfduplex channel (only one radio transmits at a time, though any number can listen) and a "push-to-talk" (PTT) switch that starts transmission. Typical walkie-talkies resemble a telephone handset, possibly slightly larger but still a single unit, with an antenna mounted on the top of the unit. Where a phone's earpiece is only loud enough to be heard by the user, a walkie-talkie's built-in speaker can be heard by the user and those in the user's immediate vicinity. Hand-held transceivers may be used to communicate between each other, or to vehicle-mounted or base stations. The first radio receiver/transmitter to be widely nicknamed "Walkie-Talkie" was the backpacked Motorola SCR-300, created by an engineering team in 1940 at the Galvin Manufacturing Company (fore-runner of Motorola). The team consisted of Dan Noble, who conceived of the design using frequency modulation, Henryk Magnuski who was the principal RF engineer, Marion Bond, Lloyd Morris, and Bill Vogel.

Motorola also produced the hand-held AM SCR-536 radio during World War II, and it was called the "Handie-Talkie" (HT).[1] The terms are often confused today, but the original walkie talkie referred to the back mounted model, while the handie talkie was the device which could be held entirely in the hand (but had vastly reduced performance). Both devices ran on vacuum tubes and used high voltage dry cell batteries. (Handie-Talkie became a trademark of Motorola, Inc. on May 22, 1951. The application was filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, and the trademark registration number is 71560123.) Radio engineer and developer of the Joan-Eleanor system Alfred J. Gross also worked on the early technology behind the walkie-talkie between 1934 and 1941, and is sometimes credited with inventing it.[2]

Noemfoor, Dutch New Guinea, July 1944. A US soldier (foreground) uses a walkie-talkie during theBattle of Noemfoor. (Photographer: Allan F. Anderson.) Also credited with the invention of the walkie talkie is Canadian inventor Donald Hings who created a portable radio signaling system for his employer CM&S in 1937 which he called a "packset", but which later became known as the "walkie

talkie". Hings was formally decorated for its significance to the war effort.[3][4] Hing's model C-58 "Handy-Talkie" was in military service by 1942, the result of a secret R&D effort that began in 1940. Following World War II, Raytheon developed the SCR-536's military replacement, the AN/PRC-6. The AN/PRC-6 circuit uses 13 vacuum tubes (receiver and transmitter); a second set of 13 tubes is supplied with the unit as running spares. The unit is factory set with one crystal and may be changed to a different frequency in the field by replacing the crystal and re-tuning the unit. It uses a 24 inch whip antenna. There is an optional handset H-33C/PT that can be connected to the AN/PRC-6 by a 5 foot cable. A web sling is provided. In the mid-1970s the Marine Corps initiated an effort to develop a squad radio to replace the unsatisfactory helmet-mounted AN/PRR-9 receiver and

receiver/transmitter hand-held AN/PRT-4 (both developed by the Army). The AN/PRC-68 was first produced in 1976 by Magnavox, was issued to the Marines in the 1980s, and was adopted by the US Army as well. The abbreviation HT, derived from Motorola's "Handie Talkie" trademark, is commonly used to refer to portable handheld ham radios, with "walkie-talkie" often used as a layman's term or specifically to refer to a toy. Public safety or commercial users generally refer to their handhelds simply as "radios". Surplus Motorola Handie Talkies found their way into the hands of ham radio operators immediately following World War II. Motorola's public safety radios of the 1950s and 1960s, were loaned or donated to ham groups as part of the Civil Defense program. To avoid trademark infringement, other manufacturers use designations such as "Handheld Transceiver" or "Handie Transceiver" for their products.

Development

Some cellular telephone networks offer a push-to-talk handset that allows walkietalkie-like operation over the cellular network, without dialling a call each time. Walkie-talkies for public safety, commercial and industrial uses may be part of trunked radio systems, which dynamically allocate radio channels for more efficient use of limited radio spectrum. Such systems always work with a base station that acts as a repeater and controller, although individual handsets and mobiles may have a mode that bypasses the base station.

Contemporary Use Walkie-talkies are widely used in any setting where portable radio communications are necessary, including business, public safety, military, outdoor recreation, and the like, and devices are available at numerous price points from inexpensive analog units sold as toys up to ruggedized (i.e. waterproof or intrinsically safe) analog and digital units for use on boats or in heavy industry. Most countries allow the sale of walkie-talkies for, at least, business, marine communications, and some limited personal uses such as CB radio, as well as for amateur radio designs. Walkie-talkies, thanks to increasing use of miniaturized electronics, can be made very small, with some personal two-way UHF radio models being smaller than a deck of cards (though VHF and HF units can be substantially larger due to the need for larger antennas and battery packs). In addition, as costs come down, it is possible to add advanced squelch capabilities such as CTCSS (analog squelch) and DCS (digital squelch) (often marketed as "privacy codes") to inexpensive radios, as well as voice scrambling and trunking capabilities. Some units

(especially amateur HTs) also include DTMF keypads for remote operation of various devices such as repeaters. Some models include VOX capability for handsfree operation, as well as the ability to attach external microphones and speakers. Consumer and commercial equipment differ in a number of ways; commercial gear is generally ruggedized, with metal cases, and often has only a few specific frequencies programmed into it (often, though not always, with a computer or other outside programming device; older units can simply swap crystals), since a given business or public safety agent must often abide by a specific frequency allocation. Consumer gear, on the other hand, is generally made to be small, lightweight, and capable of accessing any channel within the specified band, not just a subset of assigned channels.

Milatry

Military organizations use handheld radios for a variety of purposes. Modern units such as the AN/PRC-148 Multiband Inter/Intra Team Radio (MBITR) can communicate on a variety of bands and modulation schemes and

include encryption capabilities.

Amatuer Walkie-talkies (also known as HTs or "handheld transceivers") are widely used among amateur radio operators. While converted commercial gear by companies such as Motorola are not uncommon, many companies such as Yaesu, Icom, and Kenwood design models specifically for amateur use. While superficially similar to commercial and personal units (including such things as CTCSS and DCS squelch functions, used primarily to activate amateur radio repeaters),

amateur gear usually has a number of features that are not common to other gear, including:

Wide-band receivers, often including radio scanner functionality, for listening to non-amateur radio bands.

Multiple bands; while some operate only on specific bands such as 2 meters or 70 cm, others support several UHF and VHF amateur allocations available to the user.

Since amateur allocations usually are not channelized, the user can dial in any frequency desired in the authorized band.

Multiple modulation schemes: a few amateur HTs may allow modulation modes other than FM, including AM, SSB, and CW,[5][6] and digital modes such as radioteletype or PSK31. Some may have TNCsbuilt in to support packet radio data transmission without additional hardware.

A newer addition to the Amateur Radio service is Digital Smart Technology for Amateur Radio or D-STAR. Handheld radios with this technology have several advanced features, including narrower bandwidth, simultaneous voice and messaging, GPS position reporting, and callsign routed radio calls over a wide ranging international network. As mentioned, commercial walkie-talkies can sometimes be reprogrammed to operate on amateur frequencies. Amateur radio operators may do this for cost reasons or due to a perception that commercial gear is more solidly constructed or better designed than purpose-built amateur gear.

Personal Use

he personal walkie-talkie has become popular also because of the U.S. Family Radio Service (FRS) and similar unlicensed services (such as

Europe's PMR446 and Australia's UHF CB) in other countries. While FRS walkietalkies are also sometimes used as toys because mass-production makes them low cost, they have proper superheterodyne receivers and are a useful communication tool for both business and personal use. The boom in unlicensed transceivers has, however, been a source of frustration to users of licensed services that are sometimes interfered with. For example, FRS and GMRS overlap in the United States, resulting in substantial pirate use of the GMRS frequencies. Use of the GMRS frequencies (USA) requires a license; however most users either disregard this requirement or are unaware. Canada reallocated frequencies for unlicensed use due to heavy interference from US GMRS users. The European PMR446 channels fall in the middle of a United States UHF amateur allocation, and the US FRS channels interfere with public safety communications in the United Kingdom. Designs for personal walkie-talkies are in any case tightly regulated, generally requiring non-removable antennas (with a few exceptions such as CB radio and the United States MURS allocation) and forbidding modified radios.

A Motorola FRS radio with labeled parts

Most personal walkie-talkies sold are designed to operate in UHF allocations, and are designed to be very compact, with buttons for changing channels and other settings on the face of the radio and a short, fixed antenna. Most such units are made of heavy, often brightly colored plastic, though some more expensive units have ruggedized metal or plastic cases. Commercial-grade radios are often designed to be used on allocations such as GMRS or MURS (the latter of which has had very little readily available purpose-built equipment). In addition, CB walkie-talkies are available, but less popular due to the propagation characteristics of the 27 MHz band and the general bulkiness of the gear involved. Personal walkie-talkies are generally designed to give easy access to all available channels (and, if supplied, squelch codes) within the device's specified allocation. Personal two-way radios are also sometimes combined with other electronic devices; Garmin's Rino series combine a GPS receiver in the same package as an FRS/GMRS walkie-talkie (allowing Rino users to transmit digital location data to each other) Some personal radios also include receivers for AM and FM broadcast radio and, where applicable, NOAA Weather Radio and similar systems broadcasting on the same frequencies. Some designs also allow the sending of text messages and M-power versions, exempt from license requirements, are also popular children's toys such as the Fisher Price Walkie-Talkie for children illustrated in the top image on the right. Prior to the change of CBradio from licensed to "permitted by part" (FCC rules Part 95) status, the typical toy walkie-talkie available in North America was limited to 100 mill iwatts of power on transmit and using one or two crystal-controlled channels in the 27 MHz citizens' band using amplitude

modulation (AM) only. Later toy walkie-talkies operated in the 49 MHz band, some with frequency modulation (FM), shared with cordless phones and baby

monitors. The lowest cost devices are very simple electronically (singlefrequency, crystal-controlled, generally based on a simple discrete transistor circuit where "grownup" walkie-talkies use chips), may

employ superregenerative receivers, and may lack even a volume control, but they may nevertheless be elaborately decorated, often superficially resembling more "grown-up" radios such as FRS or public safety gear. Unlike more costly units, low-cost toy walkie-talkies may not have separate microphones and speakers; the receiver's speaker sometimes doubles as a microphone while in transmit mode.

An inexpensive children's walkie-talkie. An unusual feature, common on children's walkie-talkies but seldom available otherwise even on amateur models, is a "code key", that is, a button allowing the operator to transmit Morse code or similar tones to another walkie-talkie operating on the same frequency. Generally the operator depresses the PTT button and taps out a message using a Morse Code crib sheet attached as a sticker to the radio; however, as Morse Code has fallen out of wide use outside amateur radio circles,

some such units either have a grossly simplified code label or no longer provide a sticker at all. In addition, personal UHF radios will sometimes be bought and used as toys, though they are not generally explicitly marketed as such (but

see Hasbro's ChatNow line, which transmits both voice and digital data on the FRS band).

t has enough power and range for most events - for a sports stadium, a festival site, conference centre, and many other outdoor events. VHF walkie-talkies have the longest range out of doors. It is totally simple to use - just a rotary on/off/volume control and rotary channel selector. It has 16 channels, and each channel has a CTCSS code preset to screen out interference from other radio users nearby. The radio weighs only 338g, and measures 27cm x 6cm x 4cm including the antenna. It has a 1300mAh NiMh rechargeable battery pack. Spare battery packs can be hired if requested. The walkie-talkie has a robust integral spring-loaded belt-clip. There is a socket to attach earpiece / microphones and headsets etc, which we also hire out.

You can also hire leather cases with neck straps for a small extra cost. These radios can also communicate with our "base station" ICOM radios, and use our repeaters to extend range. We have various specialist accessories available for these radios, including some "mag mount" aerials for us in cars or to give longer range if one walkie-talkie is used as a "base station", car power adapters and "aircraft" style full headsets with boom mics.

Two-Way Radio Basics

Which is better UHF or VHF? UHF offers the best coverage and penetration inside buildings or outdoors. VHF is fine in flat open areas or around wood structures. How much power do I need? Power is a major factor in achieving the range and coverage in a particular structure as well as providing a clear, crisp signal that is easy to understand. Coverage is improved when power is increased. How many Channels do I need? One channel per work group is typical. Use multichannels when separating multiple workgroups. Examples: Managers, shipping, manufacturing, maintenance, security, general and sub contractors, different departments such as stock, customer service, etc. Do current Motorola radios talk to older models and other brands? Yes, as long as the frequencies and codes match. How many two-way radios can be used together? There is not limit.

How rugged are Motorola two-way radios? These radios are built rugged for business and meet Motorola's accelerated life testing including a 5 foot drop to concrete on all sides. Can they be used with repeaters and base stations? CLP, RDU 4 Watt, RDV 5 Watt and AX models are dealer programmable to work with repeaters and base stations. See page 8 for Range Extender/Repeater. Inexpensive FRS/GMRS Walkie-Talkies While recreational models are inexpensive, their cost to use is 2 - 4 times greater than business models over time. Units and batteries are replaced often. GMRS requires FCC license just as business models, but are not legal to businesses, violators subject to fines.

Return On Investment Watch your savings multiply when each worker saves just 5 minutes per hour Hourly rate $8 per hour $12 per hour $24 per hour Each radio pays for Annual savings for itself in... 59 days 40 days 20 days 10 workers $14,000 $21,000 $42,000

Range & Coverage Most business users need to communicate on-site in and around their structures. Coverage of their facility with a clear, intelligible signal is the primary concern. Wide area coverage of several miles may require use of a repeater. HP Series radios are compatible with repeaters. Range is determined by several factors:

UHF provides the best coverage indoors and out, especially in steel and concrete structures and large industrial or multi-story buildings. A 2 watt UHF will provide better coverage inside industrial buildings than a 5 watt VHF. VHF is good for outdoor line of sight applications and inside wood structures

Power More power provides greater coverage and penetration

Obstructions Structures, metal, steel and concrete reduce range and coverage Range and Coverage Guide

Model DTR Digital UHF 1 Watt UHF 2 Watt UHF 4 Watt VHF 2 Watt VHF 5 Watt

Inside Steel / Concrete Inside Industrial Buildings

Multi-Level

Buildings

Up to 350,000 Sq. Ft. Up to 30 Floors Up to 200,000 Sq. Ft. Up to 10 Floors Up to 250,000 Sq. Ft. Up to 20 Floors Up to 300,000 Sq. Ft. Up to 30 Floors Up to 180,000 Sq. Ft. Up to 10 Floors

Up to 250,000 Sq. Ft. Up to 15 Floors

Business Two-Way Radio Frequencies Motorola professional two-way radios use frequencies reserved exclusively for business users. There is no interference or channel congestion from FRS family radios. Frequencies of XTN and CLS Series are user selectable. AX Series requires programming by the dealer.

CLP Series radios are equipped with 90 UHF frequencies CLS Series radios are equipped with 56 UHF frequencies RDX radios are equipped with 89 UHF or 27 VHF frequencies, depending on the radio model

RDX high power radios are programmable to match other models, other brands, base stations and repeaters

XTN Series radios are equipped with 56 UHF or 27 VHF frequencies, depending on the radio model

AX Series radios came with factory programmed frequencies and were also custom programmable

RDX Two-Way Radio - VHF FREQUENCY CHART Positio n 1 MHz. 151.625 0 151.955 0 152.885 0 152.915 0 151.700 0 151.760 0 Bandwidt Positio h 25.0 n 11 MHz. 151.655 0 151.685 0 151.715 0 151.745 0 151.775 0 151.865 0 151.895 0 151.925 0 Bandwidt Positio h 25.0 n 21 MHz. 154.515 0 154.527 5 154.540 0 153.005 0 154.655 0 158.400 0 158.407 5 Bandwidt h 25.0

25.0

12

25.0

**22

12.5

25.0

13

25.0

23

25.0

25.0

14

25.0

24

25.0

12.5

15

25.0

25

25.0

12.5 /

16

25.0

26

25.0

*7

152.945 12.5 0 25.0

17

25.0

**27

12.5

*8

151.835 12.5 0 25.0

18

25.0

*9

151.805 12.5 0 151.512 5 25.0 12.5

19

152.700 0 154.490 0

25.0

**10

20

25.0

*Due to FCC regulations these frequencies (six in total) are different from the previous Motorola Legacy Series radios. This means that if you select the RDX radio in one of these frequencies the radio will not inter-operate with an XTN radio. In order for a RDX radio to inter-operate with an XTN radio, make sure you choose any of the frequencies (21 in total) that are common for both radios. **Bandwidth for frequencies 10, 22 and 27 are not selectable and different from XTN. You might notice the communication quality differences when using these frequencies to inter operate with XTN radios CLP & RDX Two-Way Radio - UHF FREQUENCY CHART Positio n 1 MHz. Bandwidt Positio h / n 31 MHz. 464.512 5 464.537 5 464.562 5 466.037 5 466.062 5 Bandwidt Positio h 12.5 n 61 MHz. 467.187 5 467.462 5 467.487 5 467.512 5 451.187 5 Bandwidt h 12.5

464.500 12.5 0 25.0

464.550 12.5 0 467.762 5 467.812 5 25.0 12.5

32

12.5

62

12.5

*3

33

12.5

63

12.5

*4

12.5 /

34

12.5

64

12.5

*5

467.850 12.5 0 25.0

35

12.5

65

12.5

*6

467.875 12.5 0 25.0

36

466.087 5 466.112 5 466.137 5 466.167 5 466.187 5 466.212 5 466.237 5 466.262 5 466.287 5 466.312 5 466.337 5 466.362 5

12.5

66

451.237 5 451.287 5 451.337 5 451.437 5 451.537 5 451.637 5 452.312 5 452.537 5 452.412 5 452.512 5 452.762 5 452.862 5

12.5

*7

467.900 12.5 0 25.0

37

12.5

67

12.5

*8

467.925 12.5 0 461.037 5 461.062 5 461.087 5 461.112 5 461.137 5 461.162 5 461.187 5 461.212 5 461.237 5 25.0 12.5

38

12.5

68

12.5

39

12.5

69

12.5

10

12.5

40

12.5

70

12.5

11

12.5

41

12.5

71

12.5

12

12.5

42

12.5

72

12.5

13

12.5

43

12.5

73

12.5

14

12.5

44

12.5

74

12.5

15

12.5

45

12.5

75

12.5

16

12.5

46

12.5

76

12.5

17 18

12.5

47 *48

12.5

77 78

12.5

461.262 12.5

467.787 12.5

456.187 12.5

5 19 461.287 5 461.312 5 461.337 5 461.362 5 462.762 5 462.787 5 462.812 5 462.837 5 462.862 5 462.887 5 462.912 5 464.487 5 12.5 *49

5 467.837 5 467.862 5 467.887 5 467.912 5 469.487 5 469.512 5 469.537 5 469.562 5 462.187 5 462.462 5 462.487 5 462.512 5 12.5 79

5 456.237 5 456.287 5 456.337 5 456.437 5 456.537 5 456.637 5 457.312 5 457.412 5 457.512 5 457.762 5 457.862 5 12.5

20

12.5

*50

12.5

80

12.5

21

12.5

*51

12.5

81

12.5

22

12.5

*52

12.5

82

12.5

*23

12.5

53

12.5

83

12.5

*24

12.5

54

12.5

84

12.5

*25

12.5

55

12.5

85

12.5

*26

12.5

56

12.5

86

12.5

*27

12.5

57

12.5

87

12.5

*28

12.5

58

12.5

88

12.5

*29

12.5

59

12.5

89

12.5

30

12.5

60

12.5

*Frequency limited to 2W maximum power output. When referring to XTN radios, note that frequencies from #57 to #89 are 33 new additional frequencies.

XTN Walkie-Talkie - VHF FREQUENCY CHART Positio n 1 MHz. Bandwidt Positio h n 11 MHz. 151.655 0 151.685 0 151.715 0 151.745 0 151.775 0 151.865 0 151.895 0 152.925 0 154.700 0 Bandwidt Positio h 25.0 n 21 MHz. 154.515 0 154.527 5 154.540 0 154.600 0 154.655 0 158.400 0 158.407 5 Bandwidt h 25.0

151.6250 25.0

151.9550 25.0

12

25.0

22

25.0

154.5700 25.0

13

25.0

23

25.0

154.6000 25.0 12.5 25.0 12.5 25.0 / / /

14

25.0

24

25.0

151.7000

15

25.0

25

25.0

151.7600

16

25.0

26

25.0

151.8200 12.5 * 25.0

17

25.0

27

25.0

151.8800 12.5 * 25.0

18

25.0

151.9400 12.5 * 25.0

19

25.0

10

151.5125 25.0

20

154.490 0

25.0

*Frequencies 7-9 are 1 watt only. Power is reduced on 2 watt models. XTN / CLS Two- Way Radio - UHF FREQUENCY CHART Positio n 1 MHz. Bandwidt Positio h / n 21 MHz. 461.337 5 461.362 5 462.762 5 462.787 5 462.812 5 462.837 5 462.862 5 462.887 5 462.912 5 Bandwidt Positio h 12.5 n 41 MHz. 466.212 5 466.237 5 466.262 5 466.287 5 466.312 5 466.337 5 466.362 5 467.787 5 467.837 5 Bandwidt h 12.5

464.500 12.5 0 25.0

464.550 12.5 0 467.762 5 467.812 5 25.0 12.5

22

12.5

42

12.5

23

12.5

43

12.5

12.5 /

24

12.5

44

12.5

467.850 12.5 0 25.0

25

12.5

45

12.5

467.875 12.5 0 25.0

26

12.5

46

12.5

467.900 12.5 0 25.0

27

12.5

47

12.5

467.925 12.5 0 461.037 5 25.0 12.5

28

12.5

48

12.5

9 10

29 30

12.5

49 50

12.5

461.062 12.5

464.487 12.5

467.862 12.5

5 11 461.087 5 461.112 5 461.137 5 461.162 5 461.187 5 461.212 5 461.237 5 461.262 5 461.287 5 461.312 5 12.5 31

5 464.512 5 464.537 5 464.562 5 466.037 5 466.062 5 466.087 5 466.112 5 466.137 5 466.162 5 466.187 5 12.5 51

5 467.887 5 467.912 5 469.487 5 469.512 5 469.537 5 469.562 5 12.5

12

12.5

32

12.5

52

12.5

13

12.5

33

12.5

53

12.5

14

12.5

34

12.5

54

12.5

15

12.5

35

12.5

55

12.5

16

12.5

36

12.5

56

12.5

17

12.5

37

12.5

18

12.5

38

12.5

19

12.5

39

12.5

20

12.5

40

12.5

AX Two-Way Radio - FREQUENCY / CODE CHART Frequency Mhz Channel AXU4100-UHF AXV5100-VHF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 464.5000 464.5000 464.5000 464.5000 464.5000 464.5500 464.5500 464.5500 464.5500 464.5500 151.6250 151.6250 151.6250 151.6250 151.6250 151.9550 151.9550 151.9550 151.9550 151.9550 67.0 77.0 88.5 179.9 none 67.0 82.5 94.8 179.9 none Code Hz

Interference Eliminator Codes Interference Eliminator Codes prevent hearing other nearby businesses's operating on the same channel. This promotes workgroup efficiency as your group is not interrupted hearing these other users. Business two-way radios are set to the same frequency and code setting that will communicate with each other. There are 121 codes available on XTN, CLS and AX Series two-way radios. Codes are easily changed by the user on the XTN and CLS Series.

CLS Series 83 RDX Series 83 XTN Series 83 AX Series 83

38 38 38 38

121 121 121 121

VHF and UHF radios: What's The Difference? VHF radios transmit on frequencies around 146 - 174MHz (wavelength around 1.8 - 2 metres) UHF radios transmit on frequencies around 420 - 470MHz (wavelength around 0.6 metres) VHF versus UHF - Difference In Practical Terms The first thing to realise is that for many short-distance applications for walkietalkie radios, both VHF and UHF radios will work just fine. However, VHF radios will in general transmit a bit further than UHF radios in open conditions, for the same power output. UHF radio signals will usually penetrate and propagate better inside buildings than VHF radio signals. Test Radios To Make Sure They Will Work In Your Location The above is a very simple "rule" - that VHF is better for outdoor, open conditions and UHF is better for use within or between buildings. Reality is more complex than this - in some buildings, depending on the materials used in the construction, VHF waves will go through some walls better than UHF. It pays to test radios out in the intended location before an event or occasion where you must rely on them. If you want to try out a couple of our radios in your premises with a view to purchasing some, or if you want to test if they will cover the site of an event for which you want to hire some walkie-talkies, please contact us and we can usually arrange this.

Compact and Light Weight Provides businesses with that competitive edge, Motorola has developed an easyto-use, affordable wireless solution - CLS Business Walkie's. CLS Business twoway radio helps businesses offer superior customer service, the CLS allows employees to react quickly to request and have instant access to one another. CLS two-way radios and headsets are designed with business in mind, providing functionality at the push of a button. No monthly fees or service contracts required.

1 Watt transmit power 1 and 4 Channel models 56 Built-in user changeable UHF frequencies (12.5 KHz. channel spacing) Interference eliminator with 121 codes (83 digital DPL, 38 analog PL) LCD display with battery meter and signal strength indicator Audio accessory jack - Use with speaker microphone and headsets VOX - Voice activated transmit with select audio accessories

Cloning capable - Quickly copy settings from unit to unit (requires #56531 6-unit charger)

Call Alert button with 3 selectable tones VibraCall - Alerts the user with vibration instead of sound (CLS1410)

Wireless Callbox Units

Customers or workers can get assistance quickly Press the button and send your own customized message, up to 10 seconds long (depending on model), to all two-way radio equipped workers. Ideal for unstaffed departments, gates, receiving areas, and more. Monitor sales or work areas, doors, docks, gates, equipment, etc. Use with you present business UHF/VHF two-way radios The Wireless Callbox uses business frequencies and is compatible with most Motorola and other Business two-way radios. It is low cost, completely wireless and battery powered.