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Exercise 2.6 (Solutions)

Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.0

2.10 Derivative of General Exponential Function (Page 80)

A function define by f ( x) = a x where a > 0, a 1
is called general exponential function.
y = ax
Suppose
y + d y = a x+d x d y = a x+d x - y

d y = a x+d x - a x
Since y = a x

d y = a x (ad x -1)
Dividing by d x
d y a x (ad x -1)
=
dx
dx
Taking limit as d x 0
a x (ad x -1)
dy
lim
=
lim
d x 0 d x
d x0
dx
a d x -1
a d x -1
dy
dy
x

a x
a
= dlim

=
lim

d x 0 d x
dx x0 d x
dx

d x
(a ) = a x .ln a
dx

a x -1
= ln a
x 0
x

Since lim

Derivative of Natural Exponential Function

The exponential function f ( x) = e x where e = 2.71828... is called Natural Exponential
Function.
Suppose
y = ex
Do yourself Just Change a by e in above article. Youll get
d x
e = ex
dx
2.11 Derivative of General Logarithmic Function (page 81)
If a > 0, a 1 and x = a y , then the function defined by y = log a x ( x > 0) is
called General Logarithmic Function.
Suppose
y = log a x
y + d y = log a ( x + d x) d y = log a ( x + d x) - y

d y = log a ( x + d x) - log a x
x +d x
m
Since log a m - log a n = log a
= log a

n
x
Dividing both sides by d x
x +d x
dy
1
=
log a

dx dx
x
Taking limit as d x 0
x +d x
dy
1
lim
=
lim
log
a

d x 0 d x
d x0 d x
x

dx
dy
1
= dlim
log
a
1 +
x 0 d x
dx
x

dx
x 1
= dlim

log
a
1 +
x 0 x d x
x

ing and ing by x

FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 2

dx
dy 1
x
log
= dlim
a
1 +
dx x x0 d x
x

d x d x
dy 1
= dlim
log
1+
dx x x0 a
x

d x d x
dy 1
= log a lim 1 +
d x 0
dx x
x

Since m log a x = log a x m

x

Since lim
(1 + x ) x = e

dy 1
= log a e
dx x
d
1 1

log a x ) =
(
dx
x log e a
1
d

log a x ) =
(
dx
x ln a

Since log a b =

1
logb a

Since log e a = ln a

Derivative of Natural Logarithmic Function

The logarithmic function f ( x) = log e x where e = 2.71828... is called Natural
Logarithmic Function. And we write ln x instead of log e x for our ease.
y = ln x
Suppose
y + d y = ln ( x + d x) d y = ln ( x + d x) - y
d y = ln ( x + d x) - ln x

x +d x
m

Since ln m - ln n = ln
d y = ln

n
x

= ln 1 +

dx
x

Dividing both sides by d x

dx
dy
1
=
= ln 1 +
dx dx
x

Taking limit as d x 0
dy
1 dx
lim
=
lim
ln 1 +
d x0 d x
d x0 d x
x

dy
x 1 dx
= dlim

ln 1 +
x 0 x d x
dx
x

dy 1
x dx
= dlim
ln 1 +
dx x x0 d x
x

d x d x
dy 1
= dlim
ln
1+
dx x x0
x

d x d x
dy 1
= ln dlim
1+
dx x x0
x

ing and ing by x

dy 1
= ln e
dx x
d
1
ln x ) = 1
(
dx
x
d
1
ln x ) =
(
dx
x

Since m ln x = ln x m
x

Since lim
(1 + x ) x = e
x 0
Since ln e = log e e =1

Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (mathcity@gmail.com), http://www.mathcity.org

FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 3

Question # 1(i)
f ( x) = e x -1
Diff. w.r.t x
d
d
f ( x) =
e
dx
dx

x -1

d
x -1
dx
1

e x -1
x -1 1
2
= e
x - 0 =
2 x
2

f ( x) = e

x -1

Ans.

Question # 1(ii)
1
3 x

f ( x) = x e
Diff. w.r.t x
1
d
d 3 x
f ( x) =
xe
dx
dx
1
1
d 3
3 d
x
f ( x) = x
e +ex
x
dx
dx
1
1
d 1
= x 3e x + e x 3 x 2
dx x
1
1
1 x
3 x
= x e - 2 + e 3x2
x

( )

( )

1
x

= - xe + 3 x e
2

1
x

1
x

= xe ( 3 x - 1)

d 1 d -1
1
-2
= x = -x = - 2
dx x dx
x

Ans.

Question # 1(iii)
f ( x) = e x (1 + ln x )
Diff. w.r.t x
d
d x
f ( x) =
e (1 + ln x )
dx
dx
d
d
f ( x ) = e x (1 + ln x ) + (1 + ln x ) e x
dx
dx
1

= e x 0 + + (1 + ln x ) e x
x

1 + x (1 + ln x )
1

f ( x) = e x + 1 + ln x
or f ( x ) = e x

x
x

Question # 1(iv)
ex
f ( x) = - x
e +1
Diff. w.r.t x
d
d ex
f ( x) =

dx
dx e- x + 1
d x
d -x
e- x + 1
e - ex
e +1
dx
dx
f ( x ) =
2
e- x + 1

FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 4

(e

-x

(e
e ( 2e + 1)
( e + 1)

-x

+1

Question # 1(v)
f ( x ) = ln e x + e- x

(e

-x

+1

)
(

f ( x) =

Diff. w.r.t x
d
d
f ( x) =
ln e x + e - x
dx
dx
1
d x
e + e- x
f ( x ) =
x
-x
e + e dx

e x e- x + 1 + e- x

Ans.

-x

-x

f ( x) =

+ 1 e x - e x e - x (-1) + 0

1
e x + e- x

(e

e x - e- x
e x + e- x

+ e- x (-1)

)
Q tanh x =

f ( x) = tanh x

or

e x - e- x
e x + e- x

Question # 1(vi)
e ax - e - ax
f ( x ) = ax
e + e - ax
Diff. w.r.t x
d
d eax - e- ax
f ( x) =

dx
dx e ax + e - ax
( eax + e-ax ) dxd ( eax - e- ax ) - ( eax - e-ax ) dxd ( eax + e- ax )
=
2
( eax + e-ax )

(e
=

ax

)(

) (

)(

+ e - ax e ax (a ) - e - ax (- a ) - eax - e- ax e ax + e - ax (-a )

(e

)(

ax

+ e - ax

) (

)(

a eax + e - ax e ax + e - ax - a e ax - e - ax e ax - e - ax

(e

ax

) (

+e

- ax 2

2
2
a e ax + e - ax - eax - e - ax

=
2
e ax + e - ax

a (e2 ax + e-2 ax + 2e ax e- ax ) - (e 2 ax + e -2 ax - 2e ax e - ax )

a e 2 ax + e-2 ax + 2 - e 2 ax - e -2 ax + 2

f ( x) =

(e

(e

(e

4a
ax

+e

- ax 2

ax

+e

ax

- ax 2

+ e- ax

Q e ax e - ax = e 0 = 1

Ans.

Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (mathcity@gmail.com), http://www.mathcity.org

FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 5

Question # 1(viii)
f ( x) =

ln e 2 x + e - 2 x

1
d
d
2x
- 2x 2

f ( x) =
ln e + e

dx
dx
-1
1
2x
- 2x 2 d
2x
- 2x
ln
e
e
f ( x) = ln e + e
+
dx
2
1
1
d 2x
=
e + e- 2 x
1
2x
- 2x
dx
e +e
2 ln e 2 x + e - 2 x 2

) (

2 ln e2 x + e- 2 x

2x

- 2x

2x

+ e- 2 x

Question # 1(ix)

(e

) (

1
e + e- 2 x
2x

) (e

= ln e2 x + e - 2 x

1
2

2x

+e

- 2x

(e

)
)

2 e2 x - e- 2 x

2 ln e + e

f ( x ) = ln

2x

(2) + e - 2 x (-2)

(e

(e
2x

+e

2x

-2x

)
- e- 2 x

ln e + e
2x

- 2x

)
f ( x) =

1
ln e2 x + e- 2 x
2

Q ln x m = m ln x

Now diff. w.r.t x

d
1 d
f ( x) =
ln e 2 x + e - 2 x
dx
2 dx
Now do yourself

Question # 2(i)
y = x 2 ln x

y = x 2 ln ( x ) 2
1

Ans.

y =

1 2
x ln x
2

Q ln x m = m ln x

Now diff. w.r.t x

dy
1 d
=
x ln x
dx
2 dx
1 d
d

= x ln x + ln x ( x)
2 dx
dx

1
1 1

= x + ln x (1) = (1 + ln x ) Ans.
2
2 x

Question # 2(ii)
y = x ln x
Diff. w.r.t x
1
dy
d
=
x ( ln x ) 2
dx
dx
1
1 d
d
= x ( ln x ) 2 + ( ln x ) 2 ( x )
dx
dx
1
1
1
x
-1 d
1
2
= x ( ln x ) 2 ( ln x ) + ( ln x ) 2 (1) =
+
ln
x
(
)
1
2
dx
2 ( ln x ) 2 x
1
1 + 2ln x
Answer
=
+ ln x =
2 ln x
2 ln x

FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 6

Question # 2(iii)
x
y =
ln x
dy
d x

dx
dx ln x
dx
d
1
ln x - x ln x
ln x (1) - x
dx
dx
x
=
=
2
2
( ln x )
( ln x )

ln x - 1

( ln x )

Answer

Question # 2(iv)
y = x 2 ln

1
x

y = x 2 ln x -1

y = - x 2 ln x

Now do yourself.
Question # 2(v)
1

x2 - 1 2
x2 - 1
y = ln 2
y = ln 2

x +1
x +1
Now diff. w.r.t x
dy
1 d x2 - 1
=
ln

dx
2 dx x 2 + 1

1 x2 - 1
y = ln 2

2 x +1

1
1
d x2 - 1
= 2

2 x - 1 dx x 2 + 1
2

x +1
x +1
=
2 x2 - 1
2

2 x -1

2 x -1
2

d 2
d 2
2

2
x + 1 dx x - 1 - x - 1 dx x + 1

2
x2 + 1

x2 + 1 ( 2 x ) - x 2 - 1 ( 2 x )

x
+
1

2
2
2x x + 1 - x + 1
x ( 2)
1
=

2
2
2

x +1
x
+
1
x
1

Question # 2(vi)

y = ln x + x 2 + 1

) (

) (

) (

) (

2x
x -1

Ans.

Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
=
ln x + x 2 + 1
dx
dx
-1 d
1
d
1
1 2

2
=
x + x2 + 1 =
1
+
x
+
1
x2 + 1

dx

x + x 2 + 1 dx
x + x2 + 1 2

1
x
1
1
1 +
=
=

2
x
1
+
(
)

x + x2 + 1
x2 + 1
x + x 2 + 1 2 x 2 + 1 2

x2 + 1 + x

2
2

x + x +1
x + 1
1

1
x +1
2

Answer

FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 7

Question # 2(vii)
y = ln 9 - x 2

Diff. w.r.t x

dy
d
=
ln 9 - x 2
dx
dx
1
d
9 - x2
=

2
9 - x dx
dy
-2 x

=
dx
9 - x2

1
( - 2 x )
9 - x2

Question # 2(viii)
y = e-2 x sin 2 x
dy
d -2 x

=
e sin 2 x
dx
dx
d
d
= e -2 x sin 2 x + sin 2 x e -2 x
dx
dx
-2 x
= e cos 2 x (2) + sin 2 x e-2 x (-2) = 2e -2 x ( cos 2 x - sin 2 x )

Answer

Question # 2(ix)
y = e- x x3 + 2 x 2 + 1

Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d -x 3
=
e x + 2x2 + 1
dx
dx
d 3
d -x
= e- x
x + 2 x2 + 1 + x3 + 2 x2 + 1
e
dx
dx
= e - x 3 x 2 + 4 x + 0 + x 3 + 2 x 2 + 1 e - x (-1)

= e- x
= e- x

) (
(
) (
(3x + 4 x ) - ( x + 2 x
( - x + x + 4 x - 1)
2

+ 1 e- x

Answer

Question # 2(x)
y = xesin x
Diff w.r.t x
dy
d sin x
=
xe
dx
dx
d
d
= x esin x + esin x x
dx
dx
d
= x esin x sin x + esin x (1) = x esin x cos x + esin x
dx
sin x
= e ( x cos x + 1)
Answer
Question # 2(xi)
Do yourself
Question # 2(xii)
x
y = ( x + 1)
Taking log on both sides
x
ln y = ln ( x + 1)
Diff w.r.t x

= e - x 3 x 2 + 4 x - x3 - 2 x 2 - 1

ln y = x ln ( x + 1)

FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 8

d
d
ln y =
x ln ( x + 1)
dx
dx
1 dy
d
dx

= x ln ( x + 1) + ln ( x + 1)
y dx
dx
dx
1 d
= x
( x + 1) + ln ( x + 1) (1)
x + 1 dx
dy
x

= y
(1) + ln ( x + 1)
dx
x +1

x
x

= ( x + 1)
+ ln ( x + 1)
Answer
x
+
1

Question # 2(xiii)
y = ( ln x )
Taking log on both sides
ln x
ln y = ln ( ln x )
ln y = (ln x ) ln ( ln x )
Diff w.r.t x
d
d
ln y =
(ln x) ln ( ln x )
dx
dx
1 dy
d
d

= (ln x ) ln ( ln x ) + ln ( ln x ) (ln x)
y dx
dx
dx
1 d
1
= (ln x)
( ln x ) + ln ( ln x )
ln x dx
x
1 + ln ( ln x )
1 ln ( ln x )
= +
=
x
x
x
1 + ln ( ln x )
dy
dy
ln x 1 + ln ( ln x )

= y

= ( ln x )

dx
x
dx
x

ln x

Question # 2(xiv)
x 2 - 1 ( x + 1)

y =

(x

+1

32

y =

( x + 1)

3
2

x - x +1
2

y =

3
2

y =

( x - 1) 2

x2 - x + 1

3
2

Taking log on both sides

1

ln y = ln

( x - 1) 2

x2 - x + 1
1

3
2

= ln( x - 1) 2 - ln x 2 - x + 1

3
2

1
3
ln( x - 1) - ln x 2 - x + 1
2
2
Now diff. w.r.t x
d
1 d
3 d
ln y =
ln( x - 1) ln x 2 - x + 1
dx
2 dx
2 dx
ln y =

( x + 1) x 2 - x + 1 2

( x + 1) 2 ( x - 1) 2 ( x + 1)

y =

( ( x + 1)( x - 1) ) 2 ( x + 1)

( x + 1) 2 ( x - 1) 2

( x + 1) 2 x2 - x + 1
3

3
2

FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 9

1 dy
1 1 d
3
1
d 2
=
( x - 1) x - x +1
2
y dx
2 x - 1 dx
2 x - x + 1 dx

3 ( 2 x - 1)
1
3
1
=
(1) 2
x
1
(
)
2 ( x - 1)
2 ( x - 1) 2 x 2 - x + 1
2 x2 - x + 1

x 2 - x + 1 - 3 ( 2 x - 1)( x - 1)
dy

= y
dx
2 ( x - 1) x 2 - x + 1

( x - 1) 2

(x

- x +1

3
2

(
(

x2 - x + 1 - 3 2x2 - x - 2x + 1

2 ( x - 1) x 2 - x + 1

2
x
x
+
1
6
x
+
3
x
+
6
x
3

=
3 +1

1- 1
2
2
2 ( x - 1) 2 x - x + 1

dy
5 x2 - 8 x + 2

=
Ans.
5
dx
2
2
2 x -1 x - x +1

-5 x 2 + 8 x - 2

2 ( x - 1) 2 x 2 - x + 1
1

5
2

Question # 2(xv)
2
x + 2) x -1
(
y =
x2 + x - 2
y =

( x + 2)

x -1

x2 + 2 x - x - 2

( x + 2) x - 1
( x + 2 )( x - 1)

y =

y =

( x + 2) x - 1
x ( x + 2 ) - 1( x + 2 )

y =

( x + 2)

2-

1
2

y =

( x + 2)

3
2

Now diff. w.r.t x

3
dy
d
=
( x + 2) 2
dx
dx
Do yourself
2.1.3 Derivative of Hyperbolic Function (page 85)
The hyperbolic functions are define by
e x - e- x
e x + e- x
sinh x =
, xR ;
cosh x =
, xR
2
2
sinh x e x - e- x
and
tanh x =
=
, xR
cosh x e x + e - x
The reciprocal of these functions are defined as;
1
2
1
2
sech x =
, xR
csch x =
= x - x , x R - {0} ;
= x
sinh x e - e
cosh x e + e - x
1
e x + e- x
and coth x =
=
, x R - {0}
tanh x e x - e - x
and there derivatives are
d
d
(i)
(ii)
( sinh x ) = cosh x
( cosh x ) = sinh x
dx
dx
d
d
(iii) ( tanh x ) = sech 2 x
(iv) ( coth x ) = - csch 2 x
dx
dx
d
d
(v) ( sech x ) = - sech x tanh x
(vi) ( csch x ) = - csch x coth x
dx
dx

FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 10

Proof:
(i)

d
d e x - e- x d 1 x - x 1 d x - x
sinh
x
=
(
)
(e - e )
= (e - e ) =
dx
dx 2 dx 2
2 dx

1 d
d
1
1
= e x - e - x = e x - e- x ( -1) = e x + e - x
2 dx
dx
2
2
e x + e- x
=
= cosh x
2
(ii) Similar as above.
(iii) See the below (iv) proof.
d
d e x + e- x
coth x = x - x
(iv)
dx
dx e - e
( e x - e- x ) dxd ( e x + e- x ) - ( e x + e- x ) dxd ( e x - e- x )
=
2
( e x - e- x )

(e
=

(e
=
(e
=
=
=
=

(v)

)(

) (

)(

- e- x e x + e - x (-1) - e x + e- x e x - e- x (-1)

(e

)(

- e- x

) (

- e- x

- e- x ) - ( e x + e - x )
2

(e

- e- x )

)(

- e- x e x - e- x - e x + e- x e x + e- x

(e

(e 2 x + e-2 x - 2e x e - x ) - (e 2 x + e -2 x + 2e x e - x )

(e

- e- x )

e 2 x + e -2 x - 2 - e 2 x - e -2 x - 2

(e

(e

-4

- e- x )

-e

Q e xe- x = e0 = 1

-x 2
2

2
= - x - x = - csch 2 x
e -e

-1
-1
d
d
2
d
d
( sech x ) = x - x = 2 e x + e- x = 2 e x + e- x
dx
dx e + e dx
dx
-1-1 d

= 2 ( -1) e x + e- x
e x + e- x
dx

-2
-2
= -2 e x + e - x
e x + e - x ( -1) =
e x - e- x
2
e x + e- x

) (

-2 ( e x - e - x )

e x - e- x )
(
2
= x
=- x
-x
x
-x
e
+
e
e
+
e
(
)(
) ( e + e- x ) ( e x + e- x )

= - sech x tanh x
(vi) Do yourself as above (v).
2.14 Derivative of Inverse Hyperbolic Function (page 86)
d
1
d
1
(i)
sinh -1 x =
(ii)
cosh -1 x =
dx
dx
1 + x2
x2 - 1

FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 11

d
1
tanh -1 x =
dx
1 - x2
d
-1
(v)
sech -1 x =
dx
x 1 - x2
(iii)

d
1
coth -1 x =
dx
1 - x2
d
-1
(vi)
csch -1 x =
dx
x 1 + x2

(iv)

Proof:
(i)

(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

(v)

Let y = sinh -1 x sinh y = x

differentiate w.r.t. x.
d
d
dy
dy
1
sinh y =
x
cosh y = 1

=
dx
dx
dx
dx cosh y
1
dy
=
Q cosh 2 x - sinh 2 x = 1
2
dx
1 + sinh y
dy
1
=
Q sinh y = x
dx
1 + x2
Do yourself as above.
Do yourself as (iv) below or see book at page 88.
Let y = coth -1 x coth y = x
differentiate w.r.t. x
d
d
dy
dy
1
coth y =
x
- csch 2 y
=1

=
dx
dx
dx
dx - csch 2 y
1
dy
Q coth 2 y - 1 = csch 2 y
=
2
dx -(coth y - 1)
dy
1
1
=
=
2
dx - coth y + 1 1 - coth 2 y
dy
1
=
Q coth y = x
dx 1 - x 2
Suppose
y = sech -1 x sech y = x
differentiate w.r.t. x
d
d
dy
dy
1
sech y =
x
- sech y tanh y
=1
=
dx
dx
dx
dx - sech y tanh y
dy
-1
=
Q 1 - tanh 2 y = sech 2 y
dx sech y 1 - tanh 2 y

dy
-1
=
dx x 1 - x 2
(vi) Do yourself as above

Q sech y = x

Question # 3(i)
y = cosh 2 x
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
dy
d
=
cosh 2 x
= sinh 2 x (2 x)
dx
dx
dx
dx
Question # 3(ii)
Do yourself
Question # 3(iii)
y = tanh -1 (sin x) tanh y = sin x
Diff. w.r.t x
d
d
tanh y =
(sin x)
dx
dx

dy
= 2sinh 2 x
dx

FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 12

dy
dy
cos x
= cos x

=
dx
dx
sech 2 y
dy
cos x

=
dx
1 - tanh 2 y
cos x
=
1 - sin 2 x
cos x
dy
=

= sec x
2
cos x
dx
sech 2 y

Question # 3(iv)
y = sinh -1 x3

( )

d
d 3
sinh y =
x
dx
dx
dy
3x 2

=
dx
cosh y
3x 2
=
1 + sinh 2 y

3x 2
1 + x2

Q cosh 2 q - sinh 2 q = 1
\ 1 - tanh 2 q = sech 2 q
Q sin x = tanh y

sinh y = x 3
cosh y

dy
= 3x2
dx

Q cosh 2 y - sinh 2 y = 1
Answer

Question # 3(v)
Do yourself
Question # 3(vi)
x
x
y = sinh -1 sinh y =
2
2
Now diff w.r.t x
dy
1
d
d x
sinh y =
cosh y
=

dx
2
dx
dx 2
dy
1

=
dx
2cosh y
1
=
2 1 + sinh 2 y
1
=
Answer
2 1 + x2

Q cosh 2 y - sinh 2 y = 1
\ cosh 2 y = 1 + sinh 2 y

Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (mathcity@gmail.com), http://www.mathcity.org

------ The End ------ September 05, 2005

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