cd]pc HmIfneqsS

tKmhbnse hnkvXmcw
( INQUISITION IN GOA )

{iotIjv ]pXphmtcn
2015

RAKTHAKKARAPURANDA ORMAKALILUTE

GOAYILE VISTHAARAM
(INQUISITION IN GOA)
BY
SREEKESH PUTHUVASSERY

First online published version

March-2015
Blog address:
http://sreekeshputhuvassery.wordpress.com
For Scribd version
Search: Inquisition in goa Malayalam
Free edition (download from above sites)
!

44

kaWw
cd]pc HmIfneqsS tKmhbnse hnkvXmcw
F Cu ]pkvXIw ]pWy]mh\amb `mcXhjn
]ndm IgnXnsbpw AXns ss]XrIamb k\m
X\ [s Ipdsnepw Adnbm IgnXnsbpw
\n kqNIambn `mcXmw_bvpw Cu ]pkvXIns
cN\mbn Fs am\koIambn Fmhn[ ]npWbpw
\Inb Fs {]nb]Xv\npw,Fs Ifn Fs
pw Fs IqsS\n Fs amXmhn\pw ktlmZc\pw
Cu P`qansbbpw AXns kwkvImcsbpw kvt\ln
p Hmtcm `mcXob\pw thn kanpp.

DSw
AhXmcnI.........................................................3
HmIfpsS GSpIfn ....................................5
Nne clky DS_SnI .................................. 10
Xncoep]nnse BYI................... 16
ssZhoI \ymbhnNmcWI ........................... 21
`oIcXbpsS ImhemfpI .............................28
Hcp kwkvImcns Ay\mfpI ........... 36
BinbpsS {]Xntcm[apIpf ......... 43
cv cmPmm ............................................ 49
kzmX{ns s]mIncW ................. 55
Ahew_w ...................................................... 63

AhXmcnI
amXr`qanbpsS kwkvImcn PohnXns t]cn
AXn{Iqchpw ss]imnIhpambn ]oVnnsn
pw ITn\amb thZ\If\p`hnnpw Ahkm\izmkw
hsc Bk\mX\[ns ImhemfpIfmbncpp
acn tKmhbnse ]qnIcmb ]mhs P\fpsS
Hmpapn BZyambn Fs lrZbw \nd
BZcmenI AnpsIms. cd]pc
HmIfneqsS tKmhbnse hnkvXm-cw F {Kw
Ahew_n sImSpncnp ]pkvXIsf
bpw tmKpIsfbpw ASnm\sSpnbpXm
Ipp. kXyn Hcp teJ\ambn Dtinm
bncpp FgpXn XpSnbsXnepw {]kvXpX hnjb
spdnv IqSpX AdnbWsap tXmnbXp
sImmWv hnjbw hnimeambnoXv ; Fnepw
Xmew C{XbpwAhXcnnpsImvv \npp.
Cu {Kspdnv ]dbpt_m BZyw kzm
amb cm{ob, km_oI Xm]cyn\pthn
Ncn{XshfsmSnv hnIehpw hnIrXhpamno
psImv kXys adph FmhcpsSbpw
t\sc ]pw hmcnhnXdnsImv Xs XpSs.
Ncn{XkXys AXns X\XmbcoXnbn ]Tnt
Xn\p]Icw Cv Ncn{XhnZymYnI \pWY

I ]Tnpp. AXn\v Iqp\np A[nImc

hw F{X A[XnpIgnp Fv GsXmcp
sImpIpnpw Ncn{XneqsS ISpt]mIpt_m
t\cns\ t\cmbns bpnklPambn Zin
bvpt_m a\nemm Ignbpw. Cs
XeapdbvpInnb almb A\p{KlamWv C
s\v. A[w AXns ]mcXayXbnsept_m
`KhXvssNX\yw AXn\v ]cnlmcw ImWpw FXp
t]msebmWv Cv \appInnb Cuhnhckmt
XnIhnZy. s]mbvapJfpw kzmYXm]cyfpap
am[ya \pappNppw ]pIad krnp
Cmev kXyfdnbm C\n \apv Cu amKw
am{Xta Dq.tKmhbpsS Ncn{Xw Kp]vXambX.
Fm Ncn{Xw At\jnv Aebp Hcph\p
am{Xta GsXmcpNcn{Xhpw InpIbpp FXmWv
nXn. ImcWw, Ncn{XfpsS ]nm_pd
]epw AkzkvXX DmpXn\m {]tXInv
aebmfn kXyamb Ncn{XfpsS hnh\
IpdhmWv. AXv ]ekapZmbfpsSbpw hyn
IfpsSbpw s]mbvapJ AdpnSpp FXp
XsbmWv ImcWw. Ignbmhp hn[n tKmh
bpsS Ncn{Xw Npcpn Rm ChnsS hnhcnnpv.
sXpIpfpsn sd^dkv ASw tmKv
A{Un AdnbnpI. XncppXmWv.
{iotIjv ]pXphmtcn

Aymbw: Hv

HmIfpsS GSpIfn
tKmh; bm{XoIcpsS ]dpZok FdnbsSp Cu sImp
kpcamb kwm\ns t]cptIpt_m \psS
a\ntev BZyw HmSnsbp NnsbmWv?. tKmh
bnse \oe\ndap kpcamb ISocftWm?. sIm
Wn `mjbpsS am[pcyn Im
XpIsf IpfncWnbnp tKmh
kwKoXamtWm?
AXpasn
]dnam hmnsbSppmp
{]mtZinI aZyamb s^nbp
mp DmZamtWm? FpX
sbmbmepw B HmIs
mw Hcp am[pcyapmIpw AXv
DkvKmenamfnse inemenJnX
Xo!. Cv CUyv hnt\mZ
kmcn Fhpw IqSpX hntZi\mWyw t\Sncp
kwm\amWv tKmh. CsXmw {]im kpcamb
Cs tKmhbpsS Ah. Fm cciXw
apthscbp tKmh Cs\ Bbncptm?. A Fp
Xv ZpxJIcamb bmYmXyw. Imew a\qw Hfnnp
h B Ncn{Xn tKmhbvv hmpIfn hnhcWmXo
Xamb hnepIfpv, ]ddnbnm Ignbm thZ\
Ifpv, AWbm ZpxJapv, ASm\mIm \nehnfn
Ifpv. Ncn{Xw AXv kXyamWv F{X Ipgnp aqSm {ian

HmIfpsS GSpIfn

mepw Hcn DbsgptpI XssNpw. B

Ncn{XamWv ""cd]pc HmIfneqsS tKmhbnse
hnkvXmcw'' ChnsS ]dbm {ianpXv.
CUybpsS ]Snmdv sIm {]tZiv 3702
NXpc{iIn.an hnkvXon hSv almcm{bpw,
sXvIngv IWmSIbpw, ]Snmdv Ad_nSemepw
NpspInSp tKmhbpsS Xem\w ]\mPnbpw
Ghpw henb]Ww hmkvtIm FdnbsSp hkvtIm
U KmabpamWv. inembpKtmfw ]gapv tKmhbpsS
kwkvImcn\v. tKmhbpsS sXp`mKmbn HgpIp
IpimhXn \Zncbnse DkvKmenafn \npw e`n
inemenJnXv GItZiw 2000030000 \pw hjn
\nSbn ]gapv. Hcn tKmh; tKma, tKmae,
tKm]I]Ww ,tKm]Im]pcn, tKmshw, tKmaIv Fn
]cpIfn Adnbsncpp. alm`cXn tKm]cm{
sapw, tKmhcm{sapw lcnhcmk\w, kvI]pcmWw
Fo kwkvIrX {Kfn tKm]I]Ww Fpw
tKmh Adnbsncpp. t]mpKens ASbmf
Cpw Ahtijnp tKmhv Ingns tdmw
FpIqSn t]cpv.
_n.kn aqmw iXIn tKmh`cnncp aucykm{amPy
N{Ihnbpw aK[ P\]Yns {]nb]p{X\pw _p
aX{]NmcI\pambncp AtimIs Ncn{Xtmfw ]g
apv tKmhbpsS Ncn{Xn\pw. _n.kn. cmw iXI
n iXhml\m tKmhbn B[n]Xyw Ddnp.
]noSv FUn 4 apX -6 hscbp iXI t_mP
cmPmmcpsSbpw Nne {]hiyI aucymcpsSbpw
Iognembncpp. 6mw iXIn NmeqIy aucymsc
IogSn. F.Un 578 apX 753 hsc NmeqIymcpsS

HmIfpsS GSpIfn

ssIIfnembncpp tKmhbpsS `cWw. F.Un753

cm{IqSm tKmh ]nSnSn. F.Un973 Bbtmtg
bvpw `cWw IZw_cpsS ssIIfn FntNp. Cu
ImeLn tKmh kmwkvImcnIambpw hmWnPy
]cambpw DXnbnsen. NmeqIycpsS ImeLns
AynemWv tKmhbn ssP\aX hnizmkn\v
XncnsXfnXv. C.E-1312 tKmh sUln kpm
`cWn Iognembn. Fm A[nIw XmaknbmsX
hnPb\Kc N{Ihnbmb lcnlc Hma tKmh
Xs Iognemn. C.E-1469 hsc hnPb\Kc inp
Iognembncpp tKmh. F.Un 1471 Kp_mKbnse
_m\n kpms Iognepw Atlns ssIIfn
\npw _oPm]q kpm\mb BZnjmbpsS Ic
fntepw tKmh Fsp. Atlns ImeL
nse D]XekvXm\amn hfnsbSp {]kn
amb {]hiybmWv t]mpKens Xem\ambnn
thez tKmh.
Amev t]mpKokpIm IhSn\mbp kap{Z
ammbn Xncn \Sp ImeLambncpp.
C.E-1498 hym]mcnbmb hmkvtIm U Kma CUybnte
p bm{Xmat[y B{^nbpsS Ing Xocamb
amfnnbn hv Zni\sp. Fm tImgntmSv
`cnncp {]ikvX\mb kmaqXncn cmPmhns \mhoI
ssk\ym[n]\mb C_n Akokns\ ISen hv
Atlw IpappIbpw Xs Dtiyw AdnbnpIbpw
sNbvXp. Ans\ 20sabv1498 hmkvtIm U Kma
tImgntmSv ImmSv Xocv \qcw Cp. kmaqXncn
cmPmhns {]oXn ]nSnp ]pXn\mbpw Xs IhS
Icm DdnpXn\pw thn hmkvtIm kmaqXncn

HmIfpsS GSpIfn

cmPmhn\v appw ,]hnghpw, hkv{Xfpw \In.

kmaqXncnbpambn hym]mccm Dmnb t]mpKokp
Im ]c_cmKX IhSmcmb Ad_nIsf XIv
IpI ssISm t\mn. IhSn\mbn Fp
Ad_nepI B{Iansp. kmaqXncn cmPmhv
t]mpKent\mSv FXncmbtXmsS kmapXncnv hcp
IepIfpw B{IansSpIbpmbn.
FUn 1502 hmkvtIm U Kma 25 IepIfpw Bbnc
Wn\v ]mfmcpambn CUybntev ]pdsp. hgn
at[y 700 t]cpambn abntep XoYmS\n\p
t]mIp bm{XmIen\v XohbvpIbpw kv{XoIfpw
IpnIfpaSw FmhcpwXs Poht\msS Insbcn
v
NmcambnocpIbpw
sNbvXp.
Itmen
aXhnizmknIfmb t]mpKokpImcpw hmkvtIm U
Kmabpw
apnwfqsS
ZmcpWamb
AhIv
s]mnncnv B\nmkzZnp. tXmpIfpw ]ocn
Ifpambn tImgntmSv Xocv \nebpdn t]mpKokv
ssk\yn\Sptv kmaqXncn cmPmhv Ab ZqXs
\mhpw sNhnbpw hmkvtIm Adppamn. ]Icw \mbpsS
sNhn Xpntv Xncnbp. CXn {]tIm]nX\mb
kmaqXncn cmPmhv t]mpKokv ssk\yns\Xnsc
XncnSnm iamb ]Ssbmcpw \Sn. apnw
IhSmcpw kmaqXncnsmw tNp. nXnKXnI
]nsbpI t]mpKokv ssk\yw AhnsS \npw
]nhmpIbpw;
ssht{kmbn
{^mknkv
tIm
AanUbpsS \ntZi {]Imcw Bm\w sImnbn
tev amn m]npIbpw sNbvXp. Itmen aXm
mcmbncp t]mpKokpIm sImnbnepw aX
]cnh\w \Sphm {ianp. CcIfmbXv PqXmcpw

HmIfpsS GSpIfn

apnwfpw Bbncpp. PqXm XfpsS tI{amb

sImSpqcn \nv sImnbntepw {]m{]tZi
fntepw {]mW cmYw HfntmSn. apnsf
hym]Iambn aXw amn {InkvXym\nIfmn. amtcn
bnse PqX]n B{Ianp. sImncmPmhv PqXmsc
cnm {ianp.]noSv FUn 1510 ssht{kmbn
t]mpK Bm\w tKmhbntev amn .

Aymbw : cv

Nne clky DS_SnI

\mep ZimImetmfw hmWnPyw am{Xambncpp
t]mpK apnIncpXv. Fm Cu \mep
ZimImewsImv hmkvtIm U Kma ChnSps P\
sfbpw AhcpsS hnizmksfbpw ASpdnbpIbpw
Cu hmI t]mpK cmPhmb am\phens sNhn
bnsenpIbpw sNbvXncpp.
(kvs]bn\n {InkvXpaXw {]NcnsXv AcmKWnse

cmPmhmb s^Zn\mv II Dw Iknense Cks_m I

cmnbpw
Xnep
hnhml
DS_Snbnembn
\nmbncpp. {Iqcamb aX]cnh\ hnNmcWI
smSphn PqXm ]cnh\ hnt[bcmIpItbm.
acWsSpItbm sNbvXp. apnwtfmSv {InkvXpaXw
kzoIcnpItbm Asn AhnSwhnp t]mIpItbm
sNm 10 Znhkw kmhImiw \InsImv cmPhv
Dchp]pdsSphnp; Ahsc {Iqcamb hnNmcWv
hnt[bcmn. 300 hj sImv 12000 t]
AXn{Iqchpw
\oNhpamb
hnNmcWsmSphn
sImsp. 1492 F.Unbn hnNmcW ta[mhnIfmbncp
tXmamkv U tSmIpamU , Cks_, s^Wmtm
{InkvXpaXw
kzoIcnm
{]tZihmknItfmSv
kvs]bn hnpt]mIm \ntiw \In. Hcpew

Nne clky DS_SnI

PqXm aX]cnh\n\v hnt[bcmbn; cpew

PqXm AhnSw hnpt]mbn.)
Amev t]mv t]m III \v IognBbncpp
ItmenIv Nv (k`).tKmhbnse kmlNcyw a\n
emnb ItmenIv Nv hkvtIm U KmabpsS ta
aX]cnh\n\v kw sNepn. A\pIqeamb
\ne]mSv kzoIcnnn IhSamw Nn\pIogn
hcp Fm cmPypambn XpdpsImSppw Fv
`ojnWnsSppIbpw sNbvXp. Fm Xs hmWnPy
tatImbvasb XIp Hcp Imcyn\pw hmkvtIm
FXncp\nm
Xmdmbncpn.
ItmenaX
hnizmknbmb hmkvtIm DS_Sn AwKo
Icnp.
t]mpK \mhnIta[mhn As^m
kv U A_pIypIv; apnw `cWm[n
Imcnbmbncp BZnjmbpsS ta Hcp
\nb{Wapmbncpp Fnepw aqp {^mknkv tkhy
amkn\ptijw t]mpK ssk\yw
AhnSps kJycmPymcpw _mPn]q kpm\mb
BZnjmtbmSv i{XpX ]penbncphcpamb Xn
hn`mKs Iqp]nSnv BZnjmsb bpn sIme
sSpn `cWw ssIemn. Ans\ 1534 Bv
_njns Iogn ItmenIv Nv BnUntbmkn
kv tKmhbn cq]w sImp.
aX]cnh\w eyamnsImv sNdpcmPmmv
ssk\oI ]npW \In DS_SnbpmpIbpw
Zcn{Zcmb P\v `yhkvXpfpw tPmenbpw \In
{]tem`npw Ah kphntijw {]Ncnnp sImncpp.

11

Nne clky DS_SnI

aKXnbn \Sncp Cu{]h\ns Bw

Iqm _njv 6 sabv 1542 "Pokkv skmkbvn"" bpsS
klm]Icn Hcmfpamb {^mkokv tkhydns\
tKmhbntebp.
({^mknkv tkhy kvs]bn\n ]cnWokv ]X
n\Spv \mhmsc {]hiybn _mkvIv hwin Hcp
{]`pIpSpw_n P\\w. 20-- mw hbn ]ptcmlnX
hrnbn Xm]cyhm\mbn tbmKyX t\Sm\mbn
]mcokv khIemimebn hnZymnbmbn. ]Xns\mp
hjs ]T\n\nSbn Ctjykv F hyn
bpambp _w Itmen {]Xn]n Ddnm
ImcWambn. 1534 hnipadnbns BpZnhkw
{InkvXob k`mwKambn hrXhmKvZm\w \Sn. ]cnioe\
n\p tijw 1537 Pq 24\v Cenbnse sh\oknse
]ptcmlnX\mbn. Amev t]mpK cmPmhmb
tPmhv IIImw s \nti{]Imcw _njv aX ]cnh\
mbn {^knkv tkhysd t]mpK A[o\X
bnep tKmhbntebp).
tKmhbnsenb tkhnb t]mpK cmPmhns\gpXn""
BcmtWm tKmh ZinXv Ahv en_vk ImtW
Bhiytabn.
tKmhbnse
in]hmkvXphnZyIsf
nbpw {]IrXnat\mlmcnXsb ]nbpw Atlw henb
Hcp hnhcWw Xs cmPmhn\v AbpsImSpp.
4000 hjv ap]v kckzXn \Zn hnhcpt]mb
tm AhnsS\npw kqcn\Zncbntev IpSntbdnb
kmckzX {_mWcmbncpp tKmhbnse `qcn`mKw
hcp P\X. k\mX\[n hfsc iamb
ss]XyIhpw hnizmkhpaphcmbncpp ]ucmWnI

12

Nne clky DS_SnI

tKmh P\X. tkhy hnNmcnXpt]mse A{X Ffp

ambncpn lnpsf ]cnh\w sNbvXv {InkvXy
aXhnizmkn Iogn sImphcnI FpXv. AXn
\mbn {^mkokv tkhy ]eXcnep {]tem`\
apdI kzoIcnp.A\mYcmb lnpIpnIsf Nv
GsSpv Ahsc aX]cnh\n\mbn D]tbmKnp.
]qWq [cnpXpw, inJ, PS Fnh hbvpXpw
\ntcm[np. t{X A{IanpIbpw hn{Kl
\innpIbpw hne]nSn hkvXp IhcpIbpw
sNbvXp. hoSpIfn hn{Kl hbvpXpw Bcm[n
pXpw Ii\ambn \ntcm[nsp. XpfkndIfn
\npw Xpfkn ]ngpsXdnv Ipcnip\mn. (Ncn{Xw
Adnbm ]pXpXe apdmcmb
tKmhm Cpw hoSn\p ap]n
Xdbpmn Ipcnipm]n
pXv ImWmw).
1543 {^mkokv tkhnb
t]mpK cmPmhn\v FgpXn.""
]cnh\w sNs IpnI
FpsImpw AhcpsS amXm
]nXmsfm \hcmbnocpsav F\np hnizmk
apv. Ah ssZhhN\tmSv hfsc {]Xn]nbp
hcmbn ImWsSpp. AhcpsS Akm[mc\amb Du
kzeX \psS hnipaXs aphpw a\nem
nsmSpm DXIpXmWv. AhcpsS hn{Klmcm[I
tcmSp shdpv Fs ApXsSppp. hoSpIfn
amXm]nXm ]qP \Spt_m Ah Hgnp
\npIbpw AhtcmSv XnpIbpw hgpm
pIbpw sNpp. Fpam{Xa Ccw ]qPIfpw

13

Nne clky DS_SnI

hn{Klmcm[\Ifpw kzw hoSpIfn \SpXv

XSbpXn Ah Hcp ]cn[nhsc hnPbnpIbpw
sNbvXnpv. FhnsSsbnepw Ccw Bcm[\Ifpw
]qPIfpw \Spp Fp tIm Ah Fs Adnbn
pIbpw AhcpsS {]h\sf Adnbm Rm
IqsSt]mIpIbpw sNpp. Rm AhscsImpXs
hn{Klmcm[Isc NohnfnnpIbpw, Cu I{]Xna
Ifn XpnpIbpw Cu IpnIsf sImpXs AXn
aq{XsamgnnpIbpw sNpp. Ah hn{Klmcm[IcpsS
Ipn Cu hn{Kl XnIpp.Ans\
Ahcm Ignbpw hn[nsemw AhcpsS t{Im[hpw,
hntZzjhpw XopXpIv Rm hfscA[nIw
kp\mWv.
Fm kl{kmfmbn XfpsS ]mc_cyn
hnizknncphcmb tKmhm Hfnpw sXfnpw
XfpsS
Bcm[\I
XpSpt]mp.
ImcWw
{]mIrXcmb PqXmcpsS kwkvImcw lnphn\v Fns\
bmWv AwKoIcnm IgnbpI.Cs Xeapdsb
At]nv AhcpsS BymoI {Ksfpdnp
hyhpw ihpamb Adnhv Ahpmbncpp.
tkhy Xs \nba ImiyamnsImncpp.
thZ ]mcmbWw sNpXv \ntcm[nsp.
N\hpw
`kvahpw
sXmSpXv
\ntcm[nsp.
]pcpjm appw thnbpw [cnpXpw kv{XoIfpw
s]IpnIfpw [mhWnbpw ]mhmSbpw [cnpXpw
XSbsp. `Ww ]mIw sNpXn\pap]p
kv\m\hpw hrXm\pjvTm\fpw hnesp. {InkvXym\n
I lnpv tPmen \IpItbm AhcpsS Iogn
]WnsbSppItbm sNpXv hnen. aX]cnh\

14

Nne clky DS_SnI

n\v XmdmIphsc 15 hjtv Iw sImSpp

Xv Hgnhmn. ]t {^mkokv tkhydns Cu IpX
{sfmpw thcoXnbn ^ew In.
Xs {]bXv\ ]cmPbsXns\ XpSv tkhy
t]mpK cmPmhv tPmhv III v FgpXn."" lnp hfsc
A]hn{Xamb hwiamWv. Ah NXnbmcpw, \pWb
mcpw, ZpmVymcpamWv. AhcpsS Bcm[\ aqn
I ss]imnIhpw IdpXpw hncq]hpw Ftmgpw
FbpsS Zpw hanpXpamWv. AXpsImv
kvs]bn\nteXpt]mse tKmhbnepw aXhnNmcW tImSXn
I Xpdv inmhn[nI \Snemm\p A\paXn
bpw kmlNcyhpw HcpncWw''.
tkhy XpScpp..""ChnsS PpXaX BNmc{]Imcw Pohn
phcpw Cmw aXhnizmknIfpw temIsbpw ssZh
sbpw t]Snbnmhcpw Dv. lnp tImfw
t]mse hym]npInSpp. ChnsS kvs]bn\nepXp
t]mse hnNmcW inm\S]Sn \SpXnt\msSmw
F{Xbpw thKw aX{]hmNIscbpw inmkmam{KnIfpw
FnpXcWsav A`yYnpp.''

15

Aymbw : aqv

Xncoep]nnse BYI
tbiphns acWtijw tdma km{amPyw aX]camb
Imcyfn CSs]Spw hsc C{kmtben ]cn]qamb
hnizmk kzmX{w Dmbncpp. BbXpsImpXs
cmPyv hn`namb Bibfm aX]nXm
nSbnepw
P\nSbnepw
Bibpgfpw
Akzmckyfpw ]Xnhmbncpp. F.Un 325 \nb
bn aXs iamb ASndbpXmm \nehn
ep Fm {Kfpw A]{KYnm thn tIm
o cmPmhv aX]WvVnXmcpsS ktf\w hnfnp
tNp. Xpw kwhmZpw tijw DNnX
ambXns\ tImnWnbpw Xncpnbpw ss__n
Dmsp. B {K{]Imcw hnizmkw \Sm
Blzm\w sNbvX tdma cmPmhns I\I
hnetmIpIbpmbn. CXn\p]ndIn ]ecmob
eyfpw tdma `cWIqSn\pmbncpp. PqXm
AhcpsS ]gb BNmcm\pjvTm\fn Ddp\np.
ImcWw ]pXnb hnip{K{]Imcw ]eXpw Ahv
tIptIhn t]mepw CmXmb adnbns hnip
K`w , tbiphns Dbsgptv XpSnb Imcy
Ahcn A_cpw ApXhpapfhmn. tbiphns\
Hcp {]hmNI\mbn am{Xw Incp B P\Xv Cm

Xncoep]nnse BYI

cy Dsmphm Ignn FXmWp kXyw.

BZyw kam[\ns amn XpSnb ]cnh\
]noSv PqXmcpsS aX{K HSw Xobnp
\innpXnepw Ahsc IqpcpXn IgnpXnepw
Ieminp. sImo (F.Un 306337) cmPmhns
Ies {InkvXy Nv cq]nIcWhpambn _s
tcJIfnemWv aXhntcm[nIfpsS insb]nbp
hnhc
ImWm
IgnbpXv.
aXhntcm[nIsf
tXSnnSnv ]oUnnv thZ\ A\p`hnnv sImpI
Poht\msS NpscnpI XpSnbh CXnsSpw.
PqXmcmWv ss__nfns ASnm\w. PqXmcnsn
Cu IYbpan. Fnpw Cu \nba CtX PqX
hwis sImpIpgnpaqSm\mWv BZyw D]tbmKn
sXv. ImcWw??? (BtemNnpI. AhnSbnepm
bncp Ahcdnbp tbiphmWv ss__nfn DsX
n Ah hnizknmXncnpsXn\v?. AXn\v Ah
sImsSpsXn\v?).]noSv `cnh Cu inIsf
_esSpn {]hoIamn. F.Un. 430 Nv
A[nImcnI
aXhntcm[nIv
HutZymXnIambn
acWin GsSpn. Ans\ 12mw \qmn
teImIam\ap 200500 tImSn CXc aXkvXcmbn
phsc {InkvXpaXntev ]cnh\w \Sp
Xn\p Xncoe Dbp. CXns\ ""hnip Ipcnip
bpw''(PnlmZns asmcp apJw) Fphnfnp. t]mns
A[n\Xbn
hcmhsc
ssk\yw
D]tbmKnp
_e{]tbmKneqsS t\cnSpI FXp Xsbmbncpp
amw. {]tXInpw apnw hnip`qanbn. BZys
{]bXv\w hnPbIcambncpsnepw ]nnSv tXmhnbn
IeminpIbpw ssk\yw ]nhmpIbpw sNbvXp.

17

Xncoep]nnse BYI

AXn\ptijw bqtdmnse hgnsXnb IpmSpIsf

t\hgnv sImphcm\mbn Nns {iaw. Ans\
bmWv aXhnNmcW ]ndhnsbSppXv. kXyn Cu
{]hnIsfmw tbipamn sImphcnI FX
ItmenIv Nns Iogn sImphv hncnp
IncoSn\v AYapmn XfpsS cmPyw htcWta
FpsNmpI Xsbmbncpp eyw. AXn\pXsbm
bncpp kXy ]pdphcmXncnm {Ksfmw
Npscnv PqXmsc sImsmSpnbXpw. 30 hjw
\op\n (16181648) ImtmenIv s{]mv bpw
hnc NqpXpw Cu eys km[qIcnpXmWv.
aX]cnh\n\mbp {IqcXI Imefmbn
Nns Iogn \Sp hncpXmbncpXmsWnepw
AXv Ncn{Xn CSw]nSnXv A_nsPknb
aXhnNmcW, kv]m\njv aXhnNmcW XpSnbhbneqsS
bmWv.A_nsPknb aXhnNmcWbmWv ItmenIv
Nns Iognep BZys henb aXhnNmcW {IqcX.
(A_nsPknbkv: sX {^mknse Im
Fhn`mKns hnizmkambncpp. A_nsPknb
\nkw. Ah hnizknncpXv cp inIfnembncpp.
ssZhoI inbpw ss]imioI inbpw. temIw
ss]imioIXbpw ssZhoIXbpw Xnep t]mcmam
sWpw. ipamb Bmhv Cuizc inbmWpw.
Fm euIoItemIn Bmhpw aen\am
sncnpp shpw, AXn\m hnhmlnsen
IqSnbpw ssewKoIX HgnhmstSXmWpw X]ky
bmWv ssZhoIamntep GIeyw Fpw
Ah hnizknncpp. ]gb\nbanepw ]pXnb\nba
nepap ssZh cv ssZhfmbn Nn{XoIcn

18

Xncoep]nnse BYI

sSpXv Nn\v Zlnncpn. ItXmen aXhnizmkw

ASntnpXns `mKambn t]mv Cskv III--a
\Snb aXhnNmcWbn FUn 12091229 ImeLn
Fa \njvIfcpw km[mcWmcpamb P\fpsS
Poh\mWp s]menXv.)
t]mv {KnKdn IX F
Amcm aXXo{hhmZnbm
Wv F.Un 1233 "" hnip
hnNmcW '' F t]cn
IncmX \nba sImph
Xv.aXXo{hhmZnsb]Ztam
sNIpm F ]Ztam
t]mv {KnKdn IX \v tNcpIbn.
ImcWw C{Xbpw at\msshIeyap coXnbn {IqcX
bpsS ]ctamXbn Fpw Xs HcnSpw Hcp
sNIpms\bpw Ncn{Xn Imncphm Bpw
km[npIbn. AXn{Iqcmcpw, \oNmcpamb nc
ssk\oI hn`mKamb HcpIqw ]ptcmlnXmscbmWv Cu
ss]imNoIamb {]hnIv Atlw D]tbmKnncp
Xv. kvs]bn\nse hnip hnNmcWbn \npw Hpw
hn`nambncpn tKmhbn \SXv.
BcmKWnse s^Un\vII cmPmhpw Imnense Ck
s_I cmnbpw IqSnbmWv F.Un1478 kv]m\njv
aXhnNmcWbpsS Bcw`w IpdnXv. kv]m\njv aXhnNmc
Wv tijw 1569 saIvkntmhnepw s]dphnepw
aXhnNmcW \SpIbpmbn. 1542 t]mv t]mIII
tdman hniphnNmcW Bcw`np. hnipImcymebw

19

Xncoep]nnse BYI

Fmbncpp hnNmcWtmSXnbpsS t]. In\m

amcmbncpp {Iqcmcmb inm\SnpIm. ]nnSv C.E
1515 am\phI cmPmhpw tPmhvIII cmPmhpw t]mv
entbm X t\mSv hnNmcWtmSXnmbn A`yYnp.1520
t]mns acWtijw t]mv t]mIII aXhnNmcW
tImSXnIv A\phmZw \In. C.E1536 t]mpKen
hnNmcW Bcw`np. t]mpKepw, t]mpK A[o\X
bnep sImtfmWnb {]hiyIfmb {_ko, tIv
shsZ, tKmh FnhnSfntepw hnNmcW hym]np.
{_nnjv Nnse tUm.tmUnbkv _pjm\ F
kvtImnjpImc F.Un 1608 tKmhbnse t{Kv
lmfnse aXhnNmcWbn ]mhs lnpsf Poht\m
sS AXn{Iqcambn NppsImpXn\v kmnbmbn. F.Un
1812 AXns\]n Atlw t]mpK aXhnNmcW
bn FgpXnbnpv.
Bs{^sUm U sasm F Ncn{XImc t]mpK
tKmhsb]n hnhcnpp.""{InkvXpaXw {]Ncnnp
Xn\pw hn{Klmcm[\ XpSp\opXn\pw thn
tKmhbn \Snb B{IaW AXn{Iqchpw, ss]im
nIhpw , \oNhpw Bbncpp.''

20

Aymbw : \mev

ssZhoI \ymbhnNmcWI
temINcn{Xn {InkvXym\nIfm \Ss Ghpw
{Iqchpw ,\nyhpw, \oNhpw, ss]iminIhpamb aX
hnNmcWbmWv 1560 apX tKmhbn \SXv. {InkvXy
Nnsbpw t]mnsbpw ImmfXzamWv CXnepS\ofw
\ngenXv. Cu hnNmcWI ss]imNnIXsbbpw ISn
shpXmbncpp.
lnpsf `bsSppXn\pw, ]oUnnpXn\pw,
lnpP\XbpsS km{XIpdpXn\pw t]mpK
BZyw 02G{]n1560 epw, ]noSv 27\hw_1563 epw,
03G{]n1582 epw ,13amv1612 epw 31P\phcn1620 epw
hnNmcW DS_Sn ]pXpnbncpp. hnNmcW\nbaw 230
t]PpI Dmbncpp. ^m:UnbmtKm U t_mUmbpw
AssUzkdn hnIm sP\d antKz hmkpw (hnImcn)
tNv AXn\npw `oIchpw \nIrhpamb 41
inmcoXnI sXscsSpp.

Nne hnNmcW inm \S]SnIfntev Hscnt\mw..

*PqUmkv sNb: Iq ]ncanUns BIrXnbnep
acjvWw Db mn Ddnncnpw. {InkvXy aX
hnizmkns\Xncmbhsc \\mn Ibdm _nv
Dbn ]r`mKw AXnenSn coXnbn AXn\p

ssZhoI \ymbhnNmcWI

aotXv hopw hopw CSpp.

kvXoItfbpw ]pcpjmscbpw Cu
inv hnt[bcmmdpv. \sn
s Iogw, aeZzmcw, P\t\nbw
Fnhv amcIambn Xtap
Ibpw Ans\ acWw kw`hnp
PqUmkv sNb
Ibpw sNpp.
*slUvsshkv : aXhntcm[nsb ]nSnpsIn Xe
slsan cq]nep sImSnen Ddnpp. ]noSv
]pw, Xetbmnbpw XIv IpI shfnbnhcpw
hsc sImSnXncnv apdpn sImncnpp.
*apinmcoXnI: ImepI F,
arKsmgpv XpSnbhbn apnb
tijw XosImSppI.
*hmfpIfpw Ipfpw D]tbmKnv
icocn apdnhpI DmpI.
slUvsshkv
*agp D]tbmKnv XeshnnfpI.
*]nb : Aw __v t]msebncnp D]IcWw
aXhntcm[nbpsStbm Asn lnpaX{]Imcw Bcm
[\ \SnbXn\v ]nSnshcp
sStbm hmbntetm, tbm\npn
tetm XnIbnbtijw as
A{Kp\npw Xncnv __vcq]
nep `mKw hnIknnpp.
CXpaqew BcoI c{kmhhpw ,
]nb
hmbnemsWn
izmkXSkhpw
]noSv XmSnsbns _w hnpt]mIpXn\pw Fn

22

ssZhoI \ymbhnNmcWI

s\bmsWnepw chbnepw acWn Ieminp

Ibpw sNpp.
*Iq D]IcWfp]tbmKnv icocw IodnapdnpI.
*IpI, ]pI,\Jw,lrZbw Fnh NqgvsSppI.
*Igpv shn sImesSppI.
*kv{XoIsf \cmn acnpwhsc Hmen sInq
qnbnv ]oVnnpI.
*{msUm: innsbmfpsS ssII cpw ]nn
emn sIpp. AXn\npw Xs
In D]tbmKnv sInppp.
Ans\ sInpnb tijw
Imen `mcw XqnbnSpp. ]noSv
s]v
]IpXn`mKw
Xmgvnb
tijw s]mSps\ Dbpp.
{msUm
Atm ssIIfpw tNncnp
]miz`mKhpw Xnep_w XIv HSnpXqp
p.
*]nWnnv sImpI.
*dmnenv sInhenpapdpnb tijw hb Iodn IpSep
I ]pdsSppI.
*Xw_v kv{Iq: ssI hncepI Hcp {]tXyIXcw nn
hp _ntijw kv{Iq apdpn hncepI NXv
FpI s]mnpp. tijw _qns F jqkv
D]tbmKnv Nhnn Fpw amwkhpw NnXdnpI.

23

24

ssZhoI \ymbhnNmcWI

*s{_vdn: \cmnb kv{XoIsf ]nSnpsInb

tijw Iq]pI D D]I
cWw D]tbmKnv amdnSw sNdpIjv
Wfmbn Ipn ]dnsSppp.
hnkvXcnpt_m
{]tXyInv
kv{XoIsf \cmnbmWv hnNmcW
\SnbncpXv.inIp aptm
s{_v dn
Snbmbn kv{XoI ]ehw {Iqc
_emwKn\v hnt[bcmbnpmIpw.
*kv{Xosbtbm, ]pcpjs\tbm XeIogmbnsInqn
XeapX amdv hsc shn Xmgvpp.
*mv: innshsc Ipnbn
_nv Xobnv sImpp. an
hmdpw
Im`mKv hndIpI
ASpn Fsbmgnmbncnpw Poh
t\msSbp Cu Zlnn.
mv
*ho : aXhntcm[nsb _\
\mnbtijw ssIImepIfpw icochpw N{Intev
hp _npp, AXn\ptijw N{Iw Idm
XpSpp. Nnetm Xmsg\npw XobnSpItbm ]pIbv
pItbm sNbvXpsImncnpw.
*tkzmhnv : imk\ ewLn CXc
aXhnizmknsb \\mn Xe
Iogmbn ImepI AIn sInp
nbntijw CSpn\np hmfp]
tbmKnv Adppp.
tkzmhnv

ssZhoI \ymbhnNmcWI

*dmv: Ipmtcm]nXs\ ]nSnv Hcp

Xn InSn ssIImepI henp
sInb tijw Zv D]tbmKnv
Xncnv apdpnsImncnpp. Ah
km\w icocns tPmbnpI
hnpt]mIpw hsc Cu {]hn XpS
dmv
cpp.
{^v bm{XoI\mbncp tUm.Nmkv sUtem
tKmhbnte kpm ]meknse hnNmcWXSen
aX\n Btcm]nsv (16741677) Ignncpp.
Atlw {InkvXy ]ptcmlnXmcpsS {Iqchpw \nyhpw
\oNhpamb NqjWw sNepIv kmnbmbncpp.
hnipImcymebw tKmhbnse BZnJms ]gb
sImmcnembncpp. CXpXsbmbncpp t]mpKokv
KhWamcpsSbpw ssht{kmbnamcpsSbpw sImmchpw
hmkm\hpw.t]mpKen\v tKmhbmsX cv sImtfm
Wnb {]tZiwIqSnbpmbncpp. Za\pwZnbphpw Ahn
sSbpw t]mpKen\v hnNmcWXShpImsc ]mnm
XShdIfpmbncpp. Ccp\ndXpw ZpKw hanp
Xpw kuIcysfmpanmXpamb Cu XShdbpsS
`nnI Fmw Xs Hcao I\aqXpambncpp.
Nmkv sUe Za\n Bbncpp XmaknncpXv.
Atlw saUnkn\v {]mokv \Snbncp Imeambncp
p. Atlw aXhntem]n\v hnNmcW in t\cnSm
ImcWw ssht{kmbnbmb am\ph s^msUm U
sasmIbpsSbpw hnipImcymebnse sk{Idn
bmbncp In\mfnsbpw Akqbbn Ipcp {]XnIm
cnsbpw ^eambnmbncpp. ImcWw In\mfns
sNdphoSn\papnembn Hcp kv{Xo ]mncpp. Ahfn

25

ssZhoI \ymbhnNmcWI

Atln\v HcpIpmbncpp. sUeWns AhfpsS

hontep CSnsSbp hchv Atln\p
Zlnncpn. Ah sUeWn BIrbmbncpp
Fnepw kmlNcy FXncmbncpXn\m sUe
AXv IWnseSpncpn. Fm kmh[m\w
sUe Atlns Ghpw {]obs i{XphmWv
]ptcmlnX\v a\nemIpIbpw. sUeWn aXhntem]w
Nmn XShdbneSpIbpw sNbvXp.
tKmhbn BZnJms ]gb sImmcnembncpp.
hnNmcW. AhnsSbpw AhI hyXyambncpn
. ]pcpjmp XShdI `q\ncn\pXmsgbpw
kv{XoIfptSXv AXn\p apIfnepambncpp. AhnsS\npw
HcnS\mgn hnNmcWm Xmaknp sImmcnte
pmbncpp. ]ecm{XnIfnepw kv{XoIfpsS \nehnfn
I DbptIncpp. {]XnIcnm Icpnm Hcp
P\XbpsS Zb\obamb B\mZfmbncpp Ah.
1687 tUm.Nmkv sUtemWns Linquisition de goa
F ]pkvXIn \nlmbcmb CcIsf]n FgpXn
bncnpp "" Iq]pIfp D]IcW hv
ASnpXns ihpw B]mhfpsS \nlmbX
tbmsSbp \nehnfnbpw Fs IXpIfn tIpam
bncpp.''
hnm tIoIcnv hnip hnNmcWbpsS
Imcymebw Ctmgpw temI A[nImcns iamb
t{iWnbnsbmWv. t]mv t]m VI hnip
hnNmcWsb tIm{KnsKj Hm^v sUmIvssd Hm^v
s^bnv (k`) F Hma\tcnv hnfnpp Fnepw
CXv ASvm\]cambn hnNmcWmtImSXnI Xs

26

ssZhoI \ymbhnNmcWI

bmWv. NphSpI amn BXpctkh\sa `mhtmsS

bmWv {]h\w Fpam{Xw.
teIs apgph {InkvXobhcnm t]mv tPm
t]m- II a AtacnbpsS klmbtmSpIqSn Cv
hnPbIcambn""tPmjphm s{]mPIvv'' (joshuva project).
\SnsImncnpp.FmcmPyfntebpw {]_eamb
aXhpw PmXnbpw AwKkwJybpw AfpIpdnmWv CXv
\SsSpXv.(KqKnfn sskv kinpI) H
{InkvXym\nt]mepw Cm ev BZyw ]n]Wn
bpp. ]ns anjWdnam ]WnXpSpp. aX]cn
h\ns ]ptcmKXn Adnbm hsc sskn
amapv. BntXmeWn sNmbv \Sp
Cu aX]cnh\ BXpctkh\mbn tImSnI
HgpIpp. 4000 hntZianjWdnamcpw H\h[n kztZin
anjWdnamcpw amki_fmSnm\nepw Znhkqen
bnepw ]WnsbSppp. BXpctkh\w XIrXnbmbn
\Spp. at\mlcw ssZhns cmPyhpw {`mmebw
Xssbv Xo!

27

Aymbw : Av

`oIcXbpsS ImhemfpI
anjWdnam _e{]tbmKneqsSbp ]cnh\
XpSpsImncpp.hn{K XIsp.ap]v apnw
{]mIrX A[n\nthiinI \nch[n t{X
XIv BXn\pta akvPnZpI ]WnXp. {InkvXy
anjWdnam IqSpX ss]iminIambpw shdptmsSbpw
AXpXs Bhnp.
^m.UnsbmsKm U s_msdmUbpw Atlns klm
bnbpw D]tZiI\pamb antKz hmkpw tNv lnp
sf
aX]cnh\w
sNm
]Xn Xmdmn. B ]Xn
A\pkcnv ssht{kmbn Btm
Wntbm U s\msdml F.Un
1566 t]mpKokns A[nImc
]cn[nbn hcp{]tZiw apgph
_m[IamIp
Xcn
Hcp
Dchv ]pdsSphnp.
""Dchv C{]Imcambncpp. t]mpK cmPmhns
A[nImc ]cn[nbn hcp tKmh {]hiybn H
lnp t{Xfpw \nnmt\m ]p\cpcnmt\m

`oIcXbpsS ImhemfpI

]mSpX. Dchv ewLnm B t{X \inn

sSpXpw hkvXphII IpsIpXpw, Dchv
ewLnphsc ITn\ambn innpXpambncnpw''
aX]camb shdppam{Xambncpn, \nch[n kwkvIrX
{K, imkv{X{K, tcmK\nhmcW{K,
KWnXimkv{X {K Fnh IhcpI F KqV
eyhpw
CXn\p]nnepmbncpp.
{^mknkv
tkhymdn \npamWv eov hmIvknt\j (AsXn
scbp {]Xntcm[acpv) CwojpImv e`nXv.
]nov {^oamk FUzmUv sP Fbm AXv
Ip]nSnXns AhImiw AbmfpsS t]cnemn.
aXw amdphv t]mpKokv t]cpI \In.
s^Wmkv, sdm{UnIyqkv, Un satm, Un tIm,Un
kqk, sds_tm, tKmkmhkv Fnh Cpw
XpSpsImncnp DZmlcWfmWv.
F.Un 1620 P\phcn 31 \v t]mpK Khav lnp
BNmc{]Imcap
hnhml
\ntcm[np.An
kmnbmbn sNp FmIfpw ]qPIfpw
\nemn. 4Unkw_1567 arXicoc
ZlnnpXpw lnp tZhXIsfbpw tZhmscbpw
Bcm[npXpw I\ambn \ntcm[np. lnpv
Khav tPmenI \ntj[nsp. 15 hbn\p
apIfnep Fmhcpw {InkvXy {]m\Ifnepw
aX{]`mjWfnepw
\n_ambpw
]sSpm
Dchnp. ]cnh\ns BwIqm _njv aXw
amdm Xmdmhmhscsmv tKmamwkw Ignnm
Dchnp.(aX
]cnh\w
\Snb
tijhpw
tKmamwkhpw aZyhpw \Inbncpp. ]gb kwkvImcs

29

`oIcXbpsS ImhemfpI

lnpfpsS a\n \npw ]msS ]ngpXpIfbpI

FXmbncpp Cu anj\dnamcpsS Dtiyw.)Cu
{IqcXI klnm Ignbmh Iqw Iqambn
tKmhbn \npw ]meb\w sNbvXp. IWmSIbnepw
tIcfns hSp`mKfnepw kmckzX {_W
FpXv Ans\bmWv. {io. ]n . tKm]meIrjvW
ss] bpsS"" kz]v\ kmckzX '' F {Kn
kzmckzX {_mWcpsS ]meb\snbpw Ah
A\p`hn ]oV\sf ]nbpw hnioIcnppv.
]cnh\ hnt[bcmbncp lnpv am\koIambn
bpnp\ncm Cu kwkvImcs Dsmm
Ignncpn. Ah clkyambn kzaX{]Imcap
Bcm[\I \Snbncpp. anjWdnam Ccw
kw`hv AXn{Iqcamb coXnbn Xs adp]Sn
\In. DbPmXnmcmb kmc
kzX {_mWcn \npw Xs
bmbncpp XpSw. {InkvXy
Bcm[\Ifn
]sSpm
t]mImhsc {Iqchpw `oIchp
amb hnNmcWv hnt[bcmn.
IpXncpdpw ]nepw bm{X
sNp {]`pmscbpw ]ptcm
lnXscbpw kv{XoIsfbpw hnNmcWv aptmSnbmbn
]nSnpsIn sImpt]mbn. FhnsS thZ]mcmbW iw
tIppthm B `h\ B{Iansp. thZ]Wv
VnXcpsS \mhv Adppamsp. amXm]nXmfpsS
It]mfI Adppamn. It]mfIfnm thZ\
tbmsS \nlmbXtbmsS A]am\tmsS Ccnp
AhtcmSp {IqcX Ahkm\np Fp\n IcpXn

30

`oIcXbpsS ImhemfpI

sbn sXn. CXv Hcp XpSw am{XamWv. Ahsc

sInbn tijw AhcpsS Iapn hv AhcpsS
Basf {Iqchpw \oNhp
ambcoXnbn sIme sNbvXp.
AhcpsS
s]
asf
AhcpsS Ipnenp Xs
AXn{Iqcamb Iq_emwK
ncbmn.
FXnm
{ianphsc Poht\msS Zln
np.
NnecpsS
ImXpI
AdpsSpp. ]ns Imen
temlImepdI [cnnv XobpsS apIfn \ndpn.
lnp]ptcmlnXcpsS apn hv hn{Kl Xns
dnnpIbpw XIpIbpw sNbvXp. ]cnh\w
sNshsc sImv lnpfpsS IpSnepIv
Xobnp. ]nSns]Sp lnp kv{XoI {Iqc_emwK
ncbmbncpp. NnecpsS apeI Adppam
sncpp. XpSpw Znnv AhcpsS thZ\I Iv
BkzZnv BpNncnv Dkn tijw Ahcn
]escbpw Poht\msS ZlnnpItbm, PbneneSp
Itbm sNbvXncpp. Ipw Nms]hcn NnecpsS
Xebn BtImtlm Hgnv Xo sImSpp. Nnesc
Ccp_p ZpIv apIfn InSn ssIImepI
hcnpsIn IpgeneqsS hmbntev shw Hgnv
hbn kw Iqnbtijw Ccp_pZpsImv
hbon\paosX ASnv hb s]mnpp, NnecpsS \Jw
]ngnsXSptijw B amwkntev BWnXdncpp.
kv{XoIfpsS tbm\nbntepw aeZzmcntepw Ccp_p
Zv ]gpn tijw Ipnbnbncpp. Nnev

31

`oIcXbpsS ImhemfpI

thZ\nv ]Xps acWw kw`hnm a {][m\am

Fm`mKhpw NpnI D]tbmKnv {]lcnv NXpp.
( Znhktfm aWnqdpItfm Ignmbncnpw Ch
acnpXv). CUymm hfsc klnjvWpXbphcpw
kam[m\{]IrXnmcpambnpt]mepw aplZns ssZhw
{InkvXym\nbpsS ssZhtm F{Xtbm t`Zw Fv
Ahp tXmntmbn. ImcWw apnw A[o\Xbnep
apK cmP`cW {]hiyIfn IpdXv lnphn\v
kam[m\]camb PohnXw Hcfhphsc km[yambncpp.
A{Xp `oIchpw ss]iminIhpw Bbncpp Ah\p
`hntnh ZpcnX. P\w Iqambn ]meb\w
\Sn. tKmhbpw Znbphpw acp`qant]m iyq\yambn
sImncpp.
dnmUv knscpsS ""KmUnb Hm^v Um'' F
]pkvXIn tKmh aXhnNmcWsbn hnhcnn
pv. Atlns A`napJn
]dbpp. ""tKmh aXhnNmcW
AXn{Iqchpw
Zbmlo\hpambncp
p.''
klnm tijnbnm ]mh
am]Ww \Sn ]cnh\
n\v XmdmIpp. Ipw Btcm]n
shsc
Igpacntetm,
XqWn sIn Zlnnmt\m sImpt]mIpt_m Ah
XnXsnpmbncnpw, icocw apgph ASnp
s]mnv sXmen s]mfnsnpmbncnpw, XosImv
s]mnsnpmcnpw, ssIIfpw \mhpw tOZn
sncnpw. HmpI ChcmWv Cs kam[m\

32

`oIcXbpsS ImhemfpI

ns shcn{]mhpI. tbiphns t]cn 262 hjw

sNbvX {Iqchpw ZmcpWhpamb IqsmeI Hpw
Xs
Adnbm
`mhn
Ncn{XnenXphsc
{InkvXpaX {]NcWn\mbn kam[m\ kphntijhpw
BXpctkh\hpamsX Hpw \Snn Fp hnizkn
phcpw hnizknnm {ianphcpw B Ncn{Xw
Hp adnpt\mpXv \mbncnpw.
AeIvkmsc slpems\m FgpXnb ""{^mKvav
F_uv
Z
CIypknj''
F]pkvXIn
ImWsSpp.K`nWnIfmb kv{XoIsf 7 apX 8 hsc
Znhkw {Iqc]oV\n\ncbmn K`On{Zw hcppp.
buh\ns `wKntbm kucytam hmIyns
AhiXtbm kv{XoItfmSp A\pI_bvv ImcW
ambncpn. {]mIrXhpw {Iqchpamb aX]cnh\
ns t]cnep Cu inmhn[nIfn \npw Bcpw
csncppan. slIpems\m XpScpp"" Ggpw Fpw
t]sc inm\S]SnIv hnt[bcmp Znhk
Dmbncpp._njpampw In\mampw hnImcnI
pw Amgw Ignp hnt\mZ amambnmbncpp
cm{XnIfnep Cu hnNmcWI. hnNmcWmcmb
_njpamcpw In\mamcpw {IqcXb\p`hnpsImncn
p kv{XoIfpsS icockucys hnp
IpdnpI Dmn Hpt\mn ]cnlknpXv Cu
]oU\nsSbp Hcp NSmbncpp. \n`mKy
hXnIfpw hnhmlnXcpamb \hh[pfpw Iuamc
{]mbnep s]IpnIfqw Akl\obamb Cu
thZ\I
klnm\mImsX
NpcppIqSpwt_m
Asn AXnXojvWamb ]oV\nSbn abn
hogpt_m Cu B`mkm ssIsImnncnpsImv

33

`oIcXbpsS ImhemfpI

AhcpsS ASppsNv AhfpsS apJv XtemSpw,

asmcph B kabv AhfpsS {]Imiw \nd
kucyw \nd IpIfn
XgpIpw. ]ns Ah AhfqsS
icocns DbXmgvIfneq
sSbpw amdnSfneqsSbpw ssIbv
Isf
NennpsImncnpw.
asmcph AhfpsS ssIIsf
Npw_nv XgpIn sImncnpp
mhpw.an{inXamb Cu {]hn
InSbn _enarKambv AIs AhfpsS \nlm
bmhsb NqjWw sNbvXpsImv Cu _njpamcpsS
bpw In\mfmcpsSbpw cw NqSp]nSnpw ]ns
Ah bmYm IemImcmcmIpw"".
Cu \nanjn ap Atacn {]knUv dnmUv
\nIvkWns hmpI Hmpt]mIpIbmWv. B
hmpI Rm \nmbn Xmsgpdnpp.
13 sabv 1971 ap Atacn {]knUv dnmUv
\nIvks A`napJn \nv "" Cu cmPyw B hgnsb
t]mIpXpImWm Rm B{Klnpn. \n
dnbpsam KopImv Fp kw`hnp Fv?
kzht{]aw Ahsc \innncnpp. Acns{mn
kzhK t{]anbmbncpp FXv XobmWv. AXv
\nsmw AdnbpIbpw sNmw. \ndnbptam
tdmamv Fp kw`hnsv? Ahkm\ Bdp
N{Ihnam Zmkythemcmbncpp. \ndnbp
tam hn\nse t]mpamv Fp kw`hnp Fv?
Ah I\ymkv{XoIfpsS IqsS cm{Xnbpw ]Iep
sanmsX InSphcmWv. AXv hjfmbpw

34

`oIcXbpsS ImhemfpI

\qmpIfmbpw
\Spp
FXpw
icnXs.
(temIs apgph ss]iminIamb hnNmcWbpsS
t]cn ]oVnnncp Imew apX). aqtm \mtem
\qmpIv ap]v Ah kzhKt`mKnIfmbncpp.
AXv Ahkm\nntXmbncpp. Cv {_n\n
\SpXv
AXpXsbmWv.
ap]v
{^mkn
\SncpXpw AXpXsbmWv''.

35

Aymbw : Bdv

Hcp kwkvImcns Ay\mfpI

F.Un 1560 apX henb hoSpItfm sImmctfm BWv
hnNmcWmbn D]tbmKnncpXv. BZnjmbpsS
sImmcfpw CXn s]Spw. ASnXpw CcpXpamb
apdnIfnemWv hnNmcWI \SncpXv. {InkvXy
aXhnizmknI HgnsIbphsc innm {]tXyI
D]IcW Dmbncpp. 200 A[nIw Imcm{Kl
fmWv hnNmcW XShpImsc ASp]qm D]tbmKn
ncpXv. hnNmcWapdn acnphsc IpgnpaqSpIbpw
]noSv ]ckyambn IpgntXmn ]pdsSppIbpw
tijw Iqnbnv InpIbpw sNbvXncpp. aXm
Nmc{]Imcap kwkvImcw \ntj[npXnepw lnp
sfbpw AhcpsS arXtZlsbpw A]am\npXn
t]mpKokv anjWdnam arKobamb BmZw Isn
bncpp. Hmtcm XShpImpw cv a]m{X
\Inbncpp. Hcp ]m{Xw shw IpSnm\pXm
bncpp. XShdI hrnbmm Hcp Nqepmbncpp.
tKmamwkhpw sdmnbpambncpp {][m\ `Ww.
\n_ambpw XShpIm i\nbmgvN hrXw (k_v)
A\pnWambncpp. XShdbn hv lnpssZhsf
{]mYnphsc XqWn _nv XosImfpn
Poht\msS Fcnncpp. Ipmtcm]nX am]Ww

Hcp kwkvImcns Ay\mfpI

\Snbnpw Imcyapmbncpn. AhcpsS Iv

kmnbmbhsc ]gnv AhscqSn Ipw Npa
Wambncpp. AhcpsS t]cpI k_v Znhkw
\Sp Akwnbn ]dbpIbpw kmnI AhnsS
lmPcmIpIbpw thWambncpp. anhmdpw IpSpw_mw
Kfqw Dhcpw _pfpambncnpw kmnI.
Ahscbpw _pn]qw NXnbneqsS IpSppI F
eyw Xsbmbncpp thnIfpsS a\pambn
\Sncp
_njpampw
In\mampw.
]nSnsSph
Poh]cyw
XShneIsSpItbm
h[inv hnt[bcmIpItbm sNsp. AhcpsS
kzp _njpamcpw ap hnNmcWmcpw ]php.
lnp am{Xambncpn, \maam{Xta Dmbncppq
Fnepw apnfpw hnNmcWinIv hnt[bcmbn.
anhmdpw apn Iuie]cambn {InkvXym\nIsf
]pWp\nv inm\S]SnIfn \npw csp.
F.Un 1567 s Ahkm\tmsS tKmhbpsS hS
{]tZiamb _tZin 300 t{X XIsp. 1583
Ftkm\bnepw IsImfnanepw ]mfw A\h[n
lnp t{X \innp. \nch[n akvPnZpIfpw
XIsp.
F.Un1516 apX F.Un1812 hsc AXn{Iqchpw ,\nyhpw,
\oNhpamb aX hnNmcWI A\{kyqXw \SpsImn
cpp. F.Un 1542 cvew P\ tKmhbn
Xmaknncpp. GItZiw 20000 \p ta BfpI
aXhnNmcWp hnt[bcmbn. Fm {^mknkv
tkhy C{Xb[nIw ss]minIX \Snbnpw AXns
^ew ImWm\p tbmKw Atln\pmbncpn.

37

Hcp kwkvImcns Ay\mfpI

F.Un1552 Unk_ 03mw XobXnv ssN\bn hv ]\n

aqew tkhy acnp.
{^mknkv tkhy, t]mv t]m III F sshIeyw
\nd a\pjy]nmNns\ {]oXnsSpm\mWv F.Un
1545 {Iqcamb inmhnNmcWI \SnbXv. CtX
t]mv t]m III BWv tdman ASnaXzw XncnpsImp
hXpw. ImeL\pkcnv apnw kv{XoIfpw
]pcpjmcpw ASnaIfmbn. F.Un1553 Unkw_ 11 \v
{^mknkv tkhydns arXtZlw ssN\bn \npw
tKmhbntev Iamw Fnp. lnp sXmb
{KfmWv ]npScpsXpw Idp IpIsfbmWv
Bcm[npsXpw
Ahv
DNnXamb
in
\IWsapw t]mv t]m III s\ {]tem`nnv {Iqchpw
ss]iminIhpamb coXnbn P\t{Zmlw, aX]cnh\w
Fnh \SnbXn\v (FpsImpw tbiphns injy
mscm IqSpX t]sc ) F.Un 1622 t]mv {KnKdn
XV a {^mknkv tkhydns\ hnip\mbn {]Jym]np.
{^mkokv tkhydn\ptijw AseIvskm Ubmkv
^msIm pw {^mknkvsIm amIyqkn\pambncpp
aXhnNmcWbpsS NpaXe.
Cmenb hym]mcnbpw bm{XoI\pamb ^nentm
kmsn (F.Un1578 apX 1588 Atlw acnpw hsc
tKmhbn Dmbncpp). Atlns hynXzw
shmcs ]nw ]nSn a\ns coXnbnem
bncpn. Akqbbpw Almchpw \nd coXnbnepw
Bbncpn. Atlw kwkvIrXw ]Tn hyn
Bbncpp. Cu ImeLn\nSbn Atlw Xs
hopImpw, ^vsemsdn\nse ""{Kmv Uyqv Hm^v

38

Hcp kwkvImcns Ay\mfpI

SmkvIm\n'' `cWIqSn\pw Ab IpIfn t]mp

Kokv `cWIqSns tKmhsXnscbp {Iqchpw
`bm\Ihpamb hnNmcWsbn \nch[nImcy ]dbp
pv. ""{InkvXy ]ptcmlnX {Iqchpw sshIrXhpamb
inI lnpsXnsc \SnemnbXv AhcpsS
hnip{Kfn \npw hcnI DcnpsImp Xs
bmbncpp. ss__n,sk^\ymhq 1: 56""btlmhsb hn
p ]nmdnbhscbpw btlmhsb At\zjnpItbm
Ahs\pdnp tNmZntbm sNmhscbpw tNZnp
Ifbpw.'' sk^\ymhp1:14,1:15,1:16 XpSnb hcnIfneqsS
ISp t]mIpt_m kzm`mhoIambn Dbcp kwibw
ssZhn\v a\pjys\bpw Ahs _pnsbbpw \ob{n
m\p Ignhv\sncnpp Fpw skannIv ssZh
kic FpamWv. Bbncpp Fn ssZh
n\v a\pjys\ A\pkcnn\pw Xs am{Xw Bcm[n
nm\pw sImbpw sImebpw \StnhcnIbnmbn
cpp.m\\nXnv a\pjy\pmb hnthIhpw acymZ
bpwt]mepw ssZhn\v \vsncnpp Fv ]gb
\nbahpw tXmdmbpw sXfnbnpp. m\\nXnp
mb hnhcw am{Xta ssZhn\pmbncppp Fpw
]nmev GZ tXmn B hrw DWntm
bncnpw FqIqSntXmntmIpp.kaNnX \sv
hn`atmsS Rm\mWpssZhw Fsam{Xw Bcm[npI
Fv hnfnp]dbp ssZhw ka\nesXn t{Im[w aqew
Fmhscbpw sImpsav `ojnWnsSppIbpw AXn
\mbn t{]cnnpIbpw sNpp. tl ssZhta! kmm
s t]cn Hcp bphpw Dmbnn. Bcpw csamgp
tnhnpan. Xm kmms\ Ip]Tnt
kabw AXn{Ianncnpp Fp]dbmsX h!.

39

Hcp kwkvImcns Ay\mfpI

an.Bs{^Uv Unsagvkn ({^v InjW Hm^v

t]mpK BUv kvs]bn)F.Un1862 hnNmcW
tcJI ]cntim[n tijw FgpXn."" \Ss 40000
hnNmcW \SnpI AXn{Iqchpw `bm\Ihpw
XsbmWv Ncn{Xn. IYmIrppw \mSI
mpw FgpXnom Ignbm hn[w Xocm
IehdbpamWv''.
hnNmcWhn[nsb ""Bsm U s^'' FmWv hnfnncp
Xv. BZys hn[n \Snv F.Un 1650 Bbncpp.
Av 4 t]sc Poht\msS NppsImp. ASpXv 14
Unkw_ 1653 Bbncpp. Av 18 t]scbpw ]ns
8G{]n 1666 apX1679 hsc sUe tKmhbnse
XShdbnembncnp ImeLn 1208 t] inn
sSpIbpmbn. 1711\hw_ 22 \v 41 t]sc {Iqcambn
sImesSpn. F.Un1736 cmbnw, kmtIv Fn
hnSfnep IpSp_sf apgph\mbn Xobnenp Npp
sImp. AhcpsS hoSpI \innp. _njpamcpw
In\mamcpw {]mtZinI ]cnhnXcmb Imtmen
innSnIfpw AhcpsS kzpw ehpw ssItdn.
Asn Npfphnebn ssIemn.
]c_cmKXambn lnp A\pjvTnp t]mcp
kwkvImcs CmbvasNpI F DtiytmsS
]ucmWoIhpw ]c_cmKXhpamb FmhmtZym]IcW
fpw \ntcm[np. AXpXsbmWv Cpw tKmh
BNmcfnepw hnhmlfnepw ]mmXy hmtZym]
IcfpsSbpw t]mv ayqknnsbpw AXn{]kcW
n\v ImcWw. ]cnhnXsc lnp \mafn XpScm
A\phZnn. Ahv t]mpKokv t]cpI \In.
AhcpsS `W coXnI amnadnp. Ans\ AhcpsS

40

Hcp kwkvImcns Ay\mfpI

`Wn aZyhpw, ]nbndnbpw, amndnbpw A`n

hmPyLSIfmbn. tKmh ]ucmWoI hmkvXp
imkv{X Fmw amdnadnp. tKmhbn ]e`mKpw
t]mpKokv coXnbnep sInSfpw `h\fpw
]nIfpw Dbp. AcmYn tKmhsb Hcp
sNdnb t]mpK BpIbmbncpp `cWm[nImcnIfpw
anjWdnamcpw. Cu am Dsmm Ignbmh
amwqcntepw Iqcns sXvhSv `mKfntepw
IpSntbdn.
F.Un 1684Pq 27 \v sImWn `mj Cmbva sNpI
F eytmsS {^knkvImkv ssht{kmbn
Dchndn. sImWn kwkmcnphv {Iqcamb
inIfpw XShpw \In. 17mw \qmns Ahkm\w
apX 18mw \qmns BZyImeLn\nSbn hsc
\S admmkm{amPyns B{IaWw Cu ]Xn
Zp_eamnsbnepw ]noSv IqSpX _e{]tbmK
tmsS t]mpKokv `mj P\fn ASntnm
XpSn. _mssk, Nu, kmtkv FnhnSfn
apt] Cu `mjm\hoIcWw ]cn]q tXmhnbnem
bncpp IeinXv.
21\hw_ 1745,Bv_njv temsdsIm U kmadnb
tKmhbn t]mpKokv `mj Adnbmhp ]ptcmlnXsc
\nbanp. _msamkv(tdma ImXenIv {_nkv)
NmsZmkv(tdma IXenIv {Xobmkv) hn`mKw Bdpam
kn\Iw t]mpKokv `mj himnbncnWsapw
Am]w Ahv hnhmlw Ignm\p tbmKyX
\nnamIpsapw Dchp]pdsSphnp. Cu `mjm
{]iv\w Pnkpbnv hn`mKn Xs ISp A{]oXnbp
mn. F.Un1812 IpnI kvIqfn sImWn

41

Hcp kwkvImcns Ay\mfpI

kwkmcnpXv \ntcm[np. 1847 skan\mcnIfnepw

sImnWn \ntcm[np. F.Un1869 sImWn kvIqfp
Ifn \npw ]qambn \ntcm[np.
thmb F Ncn{XImc tKmh aXhnNmcW
sb]n FgpXn"" tKmh a\pjyXznt\mSpw IhSn
t\mSpw aXhnNmcWbpsS t]cn Htct]mse Ip{]knn
bmnncnpp.
t]mpKokpIm
tKmhbnse
P\ kmms\ Bcm[npshv temIs
hnizknm t{]cnnncnpp. Fnv Ah kzbw
sNIpmmsctmse hnpIbpw sNpp.''
tUm. {SmkvX s{_KmI Ipl F tKmh
ItmenI hnizmknbpsS teJ\n ImWpp
""Ncn{Xw AwKsshIeyw kw`hnv ]pdwtemIw Adnbm
sXbncnpp. tKmhmcnse {InkvXpaX hnizmkw
t]mpKokpImcpsS _e{]tbmKneqsSbp {]h
nbpsS ^eamWv \nwibw ]dbmw. AXpaqew
\psS BfpIfpsS kwkvImcw Xs amdntmbncnp
p. tKmhbnte {InkvXy P\km{XbpsS hf
FXv
aX{]`mjWfqsSbpw
kfpsSbpw
{IqcXIfpsSbpw BsIpIbmWv. CXns B[nImcn
IXbntev Fsnepw sXfnhp thWsan \apv
\nbakwlnXI fn\npw, AmeLnse {]tZioI
`cWm[nImcnIfpsS DchpIfn \npw tcJIfn
\npw e`npw. {InkvXy hn`mKns tcJIfpw
B{ibnmhpXmWv. FpXsbmbmepw aXhnNmc
W FXv {InkvXpaXns t]cn \S cd
]pc Xo{hhmZw XsbmWv''.

42

Aymbw : Ggv

BinbpsS {]Xntcm[apIpf
F.Un1510 t]mpKokpIm tKmh IogSnb tijw
]cnhnXcmb ItmenIv tKmhm {InkvXp
aXt{]am lo\hpw {Iqchpamb IpIrXy
Hn\p ]nse Hsmmbn sNbvXpsImncpp.
lnpsf ]oUnnpw, AhcpsS hoSpIv Xohpw
Dhsc sImesNbvXpw, kv{XoIsfbpw s]asfbpw
_ewKw sNbvXpw, t{Xfpw hn{Klfpw
XIpw ,Ans\ XpScpp B{IqcXIfpsS ]nI.
F.Un 1560 tKmhbn hnNmcWtImSXn \nehnh
tijw Pokpbnv hn`mKw tUmw tImos\m
ssht{kmbnbpsS Iogn kmn(Cs kmtIv)
aX]cnh\w iamn. Fm kmnse P\
Cu {IqcXtbmSv iambn {]XnIcnp. Ah
PnkpbnpIsf B{Ianp. {InkvXym\nI AhcpsS
\mYt\mSp acymZsI hcthmbn CXns\ hnfnp.
Ah Cu {]hnv ]Icw sNm Xocpam\np.
AXpsImv F.Un1567 tUm BmsWm U
s\msdml
ssht{kmbnbpsS
Iogn
kmnepw
Nqp]mSpap t{X FmwXs AXn{Ianp
\innp. GItZiw 300 Hmfw t{X XISnp.

BinbpsS {]Xntcm[apIpf

CXn IsImfnanse kmaqlnI km_oI BoI

m\fpw DsSpp.
""NppNm_emnb t{X tbiphn\p ka
WamWv''tKmakvhmkv (anjWdn). Fm ss[cyimen
Ifpw hnizmknIfpamb ItImfnw \nhmknI Cu
t{X
]p\\nnp.
ssht{kmbnbpsS \ntcm[\w \ne
hnencnp Imeambncpp AXv.
_mPn]q kpms ImeL
n {]mtZinI P\fpsS
A`yY\am\nv F.Un1570
kpms ssk\yw 10 amkw
bpw \Sn. Fm Ahiy
hkvXpfpsS A`mhw aqehpw
bpkmam{KnI Fnm\p sshjayw aqehpw
kpm ]cmPbw kXnv ]nhmn.
F.Un1583 5 ]ptcmlnXv kmn ]cnh\
n\v BwIqm DchpInn. IsImfnw ]cnh
\sbpw DchpIsfbpw sNdpp \nncp
Xn\m , ]ptcmlnX XfpsS {]h\w IsImfn
an \npw XpSm Xocpam\np. Fm ss[cyimen
Ifpw
icpw
hnizmknIfpamb
{KmahmknI
\ntcm[\w Dmbncpnpw t{X Hmtcmmbn
]p\cpcnm XpSn. CXns\Xnsc \pcps]mnb
Aajw XsbmWvv ]ptcmlnXsc IsImfnan
\npw ]cnh\w XpSm t{]cnnXpw.
F.Un1583 Pqebv 15 \v Av Pokkv skmkbvn
AwKfpw(Pokpbnv) 15 ]cnhnXcmb klmbnIfpw

44

BinbpsS {]Xntcm[apIpf

IqSn IsImfnantev aptdn. {]kvXpX {]tZiv

Ipcnip\mm\pw ]n]Wnbm\pw Ah ew Ip
hncpp. hnhcw e`n {KmahmknI DS AhnsS
FntcpIbpw hcpwhcmbvIIsfpdnv AhnsSbpm
bncp 5 PokpbnpItfmSpw 15 ]cnhIpw apdn
bnv \IpIbpw sNbvXp. P\qn\p apdnbnp
sImSpv am{Xw ioeap Hcp ]ptcmlnX IsImfnan
se BfqIfqsS Cu {]hnbn tcmjw ]qv P\q
n\pt\sc tXmv NqpIbpw {]tIm]nXcmb P\qw
B 20 t]scbpw Iqsme sNpIbpw sNbvXp.
CXv kmlNcy hnNmcnXnepw IqSpX hjfmn.
t]mpKokv Ban Iym]v taP Asm\m
t]mn Fntp. PokpbnpIfpsS sIme]mXI
n\v ]Icw sNm Atlw Xocpam\np. lnpfmb
A{IanIsf tXSnnSnv A{Ianm Atlw Dchnp.
{Iqcmcmb t]mpK ssk\yw {KmaoWcmb lnp
pta A{Iaw Agnphnp. GsXmw hn[n Ahsc
t{Zmlnm\pw ]oUnnm\pw Ignbptam AsXmw Ah
sNbvXp.
Asm\bnse km \Zncbn Iym]v ]Xn\mdp
tKmh t\XmIsfbpw PnIsfbpw k_q kpc
hmKvZm\w sNbvXpsImv ktf\w hnfnpIqn.AhnsS
hv t]mpK ssk\yw Ahsc arKobambn NXnv
sImesSpn.
Hcp
t\Xmhv
IWmSIbnse
Imhmdntev csp. Cu {Iqchpw \oNhpw h\m
]chpamb IqsmebpsS hmtIv ItImfnw,
thfnw, Atm\, Aws_enw FnhnSfnse P\
Iw sImSppXv \ncknp. Fm Khav
{KmahmknIfpsS mhcPwKa hkvXp IpsIn.

45

BinbpsS {]Xntcm[apIpf

aX]cnh\w IqSpX XojvWambpw {Iqcambpw

aptmpt]mbn. \nhnsI {KmaoW av ]e`mKfn
tev ]meb\w sNbvXp.
Pq 1897 Bv _njv Cthmd C{]Imcw ]dp.""
aXhnNmcWI FmbnSpw \mWwsI \oXn\ymb
tImSXnI Bbncpp. ]s B \mWtSv Hcnepw
]ctamXnbn
Fnbn,
\oNamImXncppan.
{]mtZinIamb XmXv]cyn\pthn IqSpXencpXpw
`oXnP\Ihpw ]qhpamb Xocpam\hpambncpp. ]s
tKmh \oXn\ymb tImSXntbm hntcm[m`mk
ambnoXv AXns\ hnipImcymebw Fp hnfn
sXmWv.
hnNmcWShpImcmb kv{XoIfpsS ASptv hnNmc
Wmcpw anjWdnamcpamb In\mfmcpw _njpamcpw
AhcpsS ImmfXzw \nd coXnbneqsS ImawXom
sNpt_m
Ahv
sNdpp
\nm
Ignbpambncpn. aXhntcm[nI Ft]cn Ahsc
Poht\msS NppIcnpw Fv `ojnWnsSpnbncpp.
]cnhnXcmb ]pXnb {InkvXym\nI lnpfpsS
IpSnepIv Xohbvm t]mbncptmgpw Ahsc
Iqsme \Sm t]mbncptmgpw AhcpsS `mcy
amcpsSbpw s]fpsSbpw nXnbpw hn`nambn
cpn. {_nojpImcpsS hcthmsS tKmhbn Cu
{IqcXIv \qcantSnhp. lnpsfbpw apn
sfbpw cnpXn\pthnbpw, {]mIrXcmb Itmen
cpsSbpw ]oU\ CmpXn\pthn hnNmcW
tmSXnbmbn D]tbmKnncp sImmcfpw, henb
hoSpIfpw \innsp. C{Xb[nIw ]oU\

46

BinbpsS {]Xntcm[apIpf

A\p`hntn hnpw C{Xsbms sNbvXpIqnbnpw

{^mkokv tkhy Bcm[nsSpp. CUymv
Innb km\w. lnp tkhydns arXicocw
ImWphm tKmhbnse ""_koen Hm^v t_mw
Pokkv''tev t]mIpIbpw {]mYnpIbpw sNpp.
F{X hntcm[m`mkIcamWv Cu kw`h.
16 Pq 1812 hnNmcWtmSXnI AStXmSpIqSn
IphmfnIsf {Iqcambn ]oUnnXns HutZymXnI tcJ
I Fmw ZaZnbp FnhSfnse ASw BZyw
tKmhbn kqnpIbpw ]noSv en_vkWntev IS
pIbpw _mnbph \innpIfbpIbpw sNbvXp.
F.Un1684 admn, sImWn, kwkvIrX {K
]cntim[nm t]mpK ]nXmsc GsSpn.
CXv Cu {Kfn ItmenIv hnizmkns\Xnsc
Fsnepw FgpXsnptm Fv XosSpm
Bbncpp.aX]nXmcmbncp _njpmcpw, ]ptcm
lnX kaqlhpw anjWdnamcpw Amev hnhctSn
s Dmbnbnembncpp. Ah hnizknncpXv aXw
]Tnn hnhctSv \nd Dn knmw
am{Xambncpp. AXn\pdtv Bscnepw Fsn
epw ]dm Fsnepw AhXcnnm Ahscmw
aXhntcm[nI BIpambncpp.F.Un1616 imkv{X
\mb Keoentbm Keoen {]]ns tI{w
kqcy\mWpw {Klfmb `qan DsS kqcy\p Nppw
IdpIbmWpw FgpXnbXpw hymgns D]{Kl
sfn tIm \nkv ]dXnt\mSv tbmPnXpw
Keoentbm hnizmknIsf aXhntcm[ Bib ]Tnn
pp F ImcWm hnm Atlns\
innp. Ccw hnhctSv Dnep ]nX

47

BinbpsS {]Xntcm[apIpf

(]macFXv IqSpX DNnXw)kaqlw `mcXn

\ne\nncp Hcp]mSv {K Xobnp \innp. ]v
apnw {]mIrXcpw CXn\v Hpw ]nnembncpn. \f
khIemimebn Jpdms Htmnt]mepw Csp
Iv {Kv Xobnenv \innpIbpw kIem
imev XobnSpIbpw sNbvXp. _mnbp {K
apKpfm ASp aqp amkmew `Ww ]mIw
sNm D]tbmKnpIbpw sNbvXp. F.Un 1603 epw
F.Un 1640 epw UpIm t]mpKokpImsXnsc
iamb bpw \Sn. Cu iIXamb B{IaW
fneqsS
Upkm{amPyw
kpKhy\fpsS
hn]Wn ]nSnsSpp. CXv t]mpKen\v henb XncnSn
bmbn.Ah IhSn\mbn ]pXnbam tXSpIbpw
AXn\mbn {_ko Ip]nSnpIbpw sNbvXp. ]ns
PmXymepXv Xqm t]mIpIn F ]gsamgnsb
{]Iminnp hw aX]cnh\n\p Hcp
]pXnb tanpdw InnbXns kwXr]vXn IqSnbp
mbncpp t]mpKen\v. Cu XpSbmb B{Ia
Wfpw Uvt]mpK Xnep kwLjmhbpw
tKmhmsXnscbp {IqcXpw aX]cnh\n
\pw hensbmcfhn ia\apmn.

48

Aymbw : Fv

cv cmPmm
O{X]Xn inhPn almcmPv ; sslh kwkvImcn s
Dbpthn bXv\nnp alXv hyn{]`mh
n\pSabpw alm ss[cyimenbpamb cmPmhpw admm
km{amPyns m]I\pambncpp. \nch[n kpm
mcpsS Iogn lnp \cIbmX\ A\p`hnpXv
Atln\dnbmambncpp. CXn
s\Xnsc Xs amXmhmb `mcX
`qansb Cu A[n\nthi in
Ifn \npw cnv [s
\ne\nphm At-lw B{K
lnncpp. F.Un 1660 apX 1661
O{X]Xn inhPn almcmPv
hsc ImeLn IhS Ibn
dpaXnbpsS `mKambpw Xs km{amPyntep
ISamap B{IaWsf sNdpphm sI
XoctZiw GsSppI Dtimepw ]oUnnsp
sImncnp
lnpsf
tamNnnpI
F
eytmSpIqsSbpw Atlw tKmhsb B{Ianp.
sNdpnte Xs A PoPm `mbnbpsSbpw Kpcp
cmwZmknsbpw {]`mhn hf Atln
amXr`qantbmSpw kzkwkvImctmSpw D kvt\lhpw
aaXbpw \ndp\nncpp.t]mpKokpIm lnpsf

cv cmPmm

aX]cnh\ eytmsS arKobambn ]oUnnp

sImncnp hnhcw Atlw Adnncpp. Xs
P\sXnsc \nZbw \Sp Cu sImSpw {IqcX
IsXnsc {]XnIcnm Xs Atlw Xocpam\np.
Itmenm hnizmknIfmbncp {InkvXym\nI lnp
cmPmhmb inhPn\pIqeambn Hcp DS_Snpw Hcp
ambncpn. ImcWw AXv AhcpsS aXns\bpw
[sbpw hnNmcWsbbpw btlmhbpsS XncphN\
tbpw ]cnXymKw sNpXn\p Xpeyambncpp.
Atlns
DS_SnI
AwKoIcnmXn\m
inhPn UnsImfn(_nsImfn) ssk\yhpambn Fn.
hXmUntbmIv UnsImfn Ipmbncpp. Ah
t]mpKokpImcpw admmkpambn DS_Sn Dmn
bncpp. UnsImfn admmkpw t]mpKokpImcpw
Xn bphpw Dmbncpn. AhnsS t]mpKn\v
aX]cnh\Xn\v A\paXn Dmbncpp. Nne tKmh
m X admm cmPmhns Iognembncpp Fn
FmtemNnv hnjanncpp. IpdXv Cu sImSnb
]oU\fn \npw ct\Smambncpp Fv Ah
B{Klnncpp. Fm Chcnepw t]mpKokpImv
Ftmgpw Hcp {ibpmbncpp FXmWp kXyw.
_mPn]q kpm inhPnbpsS Cu B{IaWn
{]tIm]nX\mbn.
Atlw
Xs
tk\m[n]\mb
A^vkJmt\mSv inhPnsb Poht\msStbm sImtm
sImphcm Dchnp. A^vkJm inhPnsb NXn
{]tbmKneqsS sImm ]Xn Xmdmn.. Fm
CXp a\nemnb inhPn A^kJm F Aymb
s Fstpambn Ahkm\nnp. _mPnq
kpm hopw inhPnbpsS in Ipdphm

50

cv cmPmm

thn ssk\ys Abp. AXpw Zb\obamb ]cmPb

n Ieminp. s]tWw, _ntImfnw,kmcn, t]m,
kmypw,Iyqt]w,ImtImW XpSnb {]tZi At
lw ]nSnSnbXns]Spp. kmhzmXn t_msbpw
kutZ cmPmhpambncpp Atls klmbnm
Cu bpn DmbncpXv.

(inhPnbpsS ]nXmhv jlmPn t`ms _mPnp

kps Iognse ssk\yeh\mbncpp. ZmtZmPn
sImUm tZhn \npw `cWIebpw Bbp[Iebpw
A`ykn
inhPn
Xmgvhmcfn
Xmaknn
cp {KmahmknIfmbncp bphmsf AWn\nc
n ssk\ys cq]nIcnpIbpw ]e {]hiyIfpw
IogSpIbpw sNbvXp. ]sm]Xmas hbn
sSmWm tIm ]nSnSnb tijw Atlw ]noSv
NmI, knvl L, ]pc Fo tImI B{Ianp
IogSnbncpp.Cu aqp tImIfpw _mPnq kpm
t\ns
Iognep
{]hiybnsXmbncpp.
kpm inhPnbn kw sNepmthn.
Atlns ]nXmhns\ XpdneSp. ]noSv Ipsd
Imetv im\mbncp inhPn hopw B{IaW
apmpXv tKmhbpsS sIm XocnemWv).
F.Un1657 apK km{amPyn\pt\sc inhPn
B{IaWw \Sn. HudwKtk_ns ssk\ym[o]
ssjkvXmJms Iogn ssk\yw ]q\bn X_Snn
cpp .Fm Cu ssk\oI Iym_n\p t\v Hcp
cm{Xnbn inhPn Xs A{IaWw Agnphnp. ssjkvXm
Jm Xe\mcngv csp.

51

cv cmPmm

F.Un 1680 inhPnbpsS acWtijw Atlns

]p{X kmw`mPn F.Un 1681,1683 epw t]mpKokpImsc
ASn\npXn\mbn B{IaWw \Snbncpp.
kmw`mPn t`ms alm\pw ss[cyimenbpamb Hcp
cmPmhmbncpp. ]nXmhns tZlhntbmKn\ptij
ap
hnimeamb
admm
km{amPyns NpaXe Atl
ns Icfn kpcnX
ambncpp.
inhPnv
Xs
{]nb]Xv\nbmb kmbn `mbn 14
sabv 1657 ]pc tImbnem
bncpp kw`mPn P\nXv. cmw
hbn Asb \s
Atlw apnbmb PoPm`mbn
kmw`mPn
bpsS kvt\lhmeyf\p`hnmWv hfXv. Bbp[
IeIfn A{KKWy\mbncp Atlw apK cmPhwi
tmSpw,knnItfmSpw, ssakq cmPmhnt\mSpw, tKmhbn
t]mpKokpImtcmSpw \Snb bp {]knam
Wv. F.Un 1682 kmw`mPn APZohv tIm]nSnSpI
F eym Hcp tk\m[o]s\ NpaXesSpn
Fnepw, tk\bpsS sFIyanmbva B Ahkcw
\sSpn. t]mpKen\v sImsfmWnb tKmhbn
\npw
apKfmcpambn
hy]mchmWnPy
_w
Dmbncpp. IqSmsX apKfv tKmh XpdapJ
D]tbmKn t]mpK A\paXnbpw \Inbncpp.
O{X]Xn kw`mPn F.Un1683 Unkw_dn tKmh
apgph\mbpw ]nSnSn. ssht{kmbn {^mknkvsIm U
Xshmc, sIms U Ah Fnh XfpsS _mn
ssk\yhpambn skv: {^mknkv tkhydns\ kqnn

52

cv cmPmm

p In{Uen A`bw tXSn. hnPbw kw`mPn alm

cmPmhns ssIXp_n Fnbtmsgpw apKcmPm
hmb HudwKtk_v ]Xn\mbncwt] ASp Hcp
ssk\yns\ admm ssk\ys B{Ianm\mbn
t]mpK Khsn\v Abp sImSpp. ]s Ch
W `mKyw kw`mPnsb XpWn. Ans\ t]mpKokp
Imcpambn kam[m\ DS_Snbpmn admmssk\yw
tKmh Dt]npt]mbn. ]noSpw kmw`mPn tKmhmcp
sS {]mtZinI ]npWtbmsS t]mpKokpImsc B{Ian
psImncpp. F.Un 1717 t]mpKssk\yw
kmw`mPnbn \npw NmtmdtIm ]nSnsSppIbpw
\hoIcnpIbpw sNbvXp. F.Un 1739 admmssk\yw
cp hjs ssIbvp \nd bpns\mSphn
Ntmd tIm Xncnp]nSnp.
F.Un 1741 admmssk\yw tKmh GItZiw Xncnp
]nSnth ssht{kmbn amIypkv Hm^v eqdnI s
A{]XonXamb ]Ssbmcpn tXmnsp
]nhmtnhp. As\ Ahv tKmhbpsS Nne
{]hiyI
\sp.
Fm
CmeLn
t]mpKokv `cWIqSn\v \nccamb A{IaW
t\cntSnhXn\m aX]cnh\ Akmy
ambnsImncpp. Fpam{Xa {]tZinI P\ Cu
ImS hnNmcWIsf ]npWmsXbmbn;
F.Un1761 \S ]m\nv bpn\ptijw t]jvhmkv
`cWIqSn\v tKmh \sp. ]noSv t]mpKokv
XfpsS
A[o\Xbntev
IqSpX
{]hiyI
]nSnSn. 18mw \qmns a[ytmSpIqSn tKmhsb
Cs
AXnn
koaIfn
Fnphm
t]mpKokv `cWIqSn\p Ignp.Ah tKmhsb

53

cv cmPmm

""FmsUm U CUymt]mpKokv AYh tv Hm^v

t]mpKokv CUy Fv \maIcWw sNbvXp.
B ImeLn AXmbXv F.Un 1749 apX Pokpbnv
hn`mKs t]mpK Hgnhmn: ImcWw Ah tdma
t]mns ssInse IfnmhIfmWv t]mpKen\v
tXmnpSnbncpp. CXv tKmhbnse aX]camb
kn\v Abhphcpn. ]noSv hnNmcWmcpsS
m\w PnkpbnpI GsSppIbpw (ItmenIv
{InkvXym\nI) AhcpsSXmb ]pXnb {IqcXm ssien
bneqsS aX]cnh\hpambn aptmp t]mIpIbpw
sNbvXp.

54

Aymbw : H]Xv

kzmX{ns s]mIncW
F.Un 1797 {_nnjpIm tKmhbn hp. aX
hnNmcWmsXnsc iamb \S]SnI kzoIcnp.
{_nojv`cWIqSns Hcp t\mw t]mpK tKmhp
ta Ftmgpw Dmbncpp. t]mpKokv tKmhsb
XpIogn \nm Ah B{Klnp. F.Un 1812
aXhnNmcW Ftpambn tKmhbn \npw XpS
p amsp. F.Un 1813 {_n XfpsS ssk\ys
tKmhbn \npw ]nhenp.
F.Un1947 CUy {_nnjpImcn \npw
kzmX{ambtmgpw tKmh t]mpKokv A[nImcn
Xsbmbncpp. CUy {][m\a{nbmbncp {io.
Phl em s\{lp XfpsS cmPyns `mKambn
cp tKmhsb Xp XncnpXcphm t]mpKen
t\mSv Bhiysp. cmPyns kpcpw Ftm
thWsanepw t]mpK shphnfnbmtbmw FXpw
asmcpImcWamWv. Fm CUybpsS Bhiyw
t]mpK \ncmIcnpIbmWv sNbvXXv.
F.Un1954 tKmhbn Bbp[ZmcnIfmb hntamN
I {]hI Zm{Zbnepw \mKm lthenbnepw X_Snn

kzmX{ns s]mIncW

cp t]mpKokpImsc B{IanpIbpw kw {]tbm

Knv IogSm {ianpIbpw sNbvXp.
1955 BKkvXv 15 3000\pw 5000 \pw CSbn hcp
\ncmbp[cmb CUy {]hI tKmhbntev
Bdp`mKfnembn {]Xnt[apbnv Xnbdm
{iansnepw t]mpK t]meokv ASnan.
kw`hn 25 Hmfw BfpI sImsp. Cu hm
t]mpKens\Xnsc iamb P\hnImcw Bfnnp.
24 \hw_ 1961 k_aXnbn \npw APnZohp hgn
sImnbntev t]mb bm{XIens\Xnsc APnZohn
hv t]mpK ssk\yw shSnhp. CXn I
FPn\obv ]cntpIbpw bm{XoI acnpI
bpw sNbvXp.
1961 Unkw_ 11 \v CUym Khav APnZnhv
]nSnsSpm 17 INF DIV pw tNp {Kqn\pw D
chpsImSpp. sF.F.Fkv sakqcn\pw, sF.F.Fkv
{Xniqen\pw Bbncpp NpaXe. iamb B{IaW
ns\mSphn 18 Unkw_1961 \v \nch[n t]mpKokp
Im IogSn. 19 Unkw_dn\v _mnbphcpw IogSp
Ibpmbn. 1961 Unkw_ 19 \v `mcXns tZiob
]XmI APnZohn ]mdnfnp. CtXkabwXs
t]mpKens
A[o\Xbnep
mbncp Za\nepwZnbp hnepw
CUy ssk\yw aptdpI
bmbncpp. Za\n Hscm shSn
bpt]mepw D]tbmKnmsX
t]mpK ssk\yw IogSn.
Znbphn ssk\yw AXni
amb B{IaWw \SpIbpw Ahkm\w KXycanmsX

56

kzmX{ns s]mIncW

t]mpKens ssk\yw tXmhn kXnv shsmSn

ImWnv IogSpIbmbncpp.
16 Unkw_ 1961 CUy ssk\yw tKmh
AXnn ISp. tKmhsb kzmX{amm\p Cu
bpw""Hmtdj hnPbv'' F t]cn AdnbsSpp.
IcbneqsSbpw ISeneqsSbpw BImi amKneqsS
bpap `mcXns hoc[ocPhmmcpsS 36 aWn
qds B{IaWns\mSphn 19 Unkw_ 1961 \v
t]mpKokv ssk\yw CUypapn IogSn.
Ans\ \o 451 hjs {Iqchpw \oNhpw
ss]iminIhpamb t]mpK sImtfmWnb `cWw
Ahkm\np.
1966 t]mv t]m VI aXhnNmcWsbnbp
tcJI Fmw \ntc[np. 21mw \qmn Cu
aXhnNmcWbntev _w m]nm\mImhn[w
Imcy {iaIcamnoncnpp. 11 Unkw_
1553 {^mkokv tkhydns arXtZlw Fw_mw
sNbvXv CUybntev sImphsXn\v? CXn
t]mnsbpw
hnm\nsbpw
KqVey
hyamWv. Cu arXicocn\v hnizmknIv `mKyhpw
tcmKimnbpw \Im Ignbpw Fv hcpn
XopIXs. hnm t]m t_mbvkv Fw_mw
sNbvX arXicocw ""t_mw
Pokkv _koenbn '' kq
nncnpp. Hmtcm ]p
hjw
IqSpwt_m
CXv
{]Zi\n\mbn ]pdtmp
sImphcpp.
ss__n
hn.{^mknkv tkhy
(Bh\w Ay 12: hm 3

57

kzmX{ns s]mIncW

""AhcpsS _en]oT CSnpIftbWw ; AhcpsS

_nw_sf XItWw ; AhcpsS Atic{]XnjvTIsf
Xobnenp NppIftbWw ; AhcpsS tZh{]XnaIsf
shnfp AhbpsS t] B ep\np
\inntWw.'') F{X hntcm[m`mkamWv Cv Ch
Xs lnpaXnepXnt\m IqSpX hn{Kl
sf Bcm[npp. Ctm t{]Xsfbpw.
]nm_pdw: {^mknkv tkhydnsXmsWv Ah
ImisSp
arXicocw
Hcp
_pk\ymknbpsS
XmWv ]nXeapdmcmb ]ptcmlnX hn`mKw Nqn
mWnpp. Cu arXtZlns Un.F.F ]cntim
[\ \SWsapw Ah Bhiyw Dbnpp.
Fm hnm CsXmw \ncmIcnpp. Imiy
mc\mb Iense Iym]v tcmK_m[nX\mbn acn
{^mknkv tkhydns arXtZlw ISen XpIbm
bncpp. _pk\ymknbpsS arXtZlw t]mpKokpIm
XnsbSpv tKmhbn sImph
npXmbncpp.
{^mknkv
tkhy
shfpv
Dbcap
Bfmbncpp. Fm arXtZlw
Idpv Dbcw Ipd BfptS
XmWv.Imyw ssltUmIvsskUv
D]tbmKnv
kwkvIcnsSp
t_mw Pokkv _koen
Xn\memWv
Cu
\ndhnXymk
n\pImcWsav \ymbw ]dbpt_m \apdnbmw.
""ssean\v (Imyw sslt{UmIvsskUv)'' icocw AmsS
bmsXmcp amhpanmsX Htct]mse \ndamm Ignbn
FXv. hnip {^mkokv tkhymdns hcnI Rm
HcnqSn ChnsS Bhns. ""lnp hfsc

58

kzmX{ns s]mIncW

A]nhn{Xamb hwiamWv. Ah NXnbmcpw, \pWb

mcpw, ZpmVymcpamWv. AhcpsS Bcm[\ aqn
I ss]imnIhpw IdpXpw hncq]hpw Ftmgpw
FbpsS Zpw hanpXpamWv. acnpInSp
Cu sNIpms\t\mn ]cnlmktmsS Xs
]dbs({ioe _pk\ymknsbn ]dsXmw
XncnsSpncnpp. \ncp]m[nIw amt]npp.)
F{]Imcw Idpv ZpKw hanp Poh\nm
Ins\ Bcm[np A]hn{X PmXnbmWv lnp
Fp]d Xm Xs kzbw Ans\ BbnXo
ncnpp. \nsf Bcm[np tklnp P\X
AtX A]hn{X PmXnbpambncnpp; Fmbmepw ]mh
s lnpsf aXmNmc{]Imcw kwkvImcw \Sm
t]mepw A\phZnmXns ]m]w Hcp sXmSnpgn
t]mepw Inmhn[n tkhysd sImp sNs
np FXv XobmWv.
temIw IXn hv Ghpw \h R Fv
Duw sImpt_m , Ncn{Xs Xs \mWnnpw
hn[w Icn{X kl{kmfmbp ]cnNb
n sa\sSppt_m kXys `qapJp \npw
XpSp\opt_m ]pXnb Xeapd AdnbmsXt]mIp
Hcp kXyapv. sXmb Ncn{X XfpsS s\tmSp
tNv Duw sImp Cu ]pXnb XeapdtbmSv
]dbm Hpam{Xw .""ChnsS Ipsd a\pjy Pohnncpp.
\nfpsS ]qhoI. Ahc\p`hn Cu thZ\Iv,
A]am\n\v, A]IjXv, ASnaepIv
ssZhns t]cn \S Cu `o`amb ss]min
IXv ;a\pjys\ sImv sImehnfnm ]d ssZh
tmSv, krnbpsS IpdhpIsf , Ipsf krnbpsS

59

kzmX{ns s]mIncW

Xebn sInhv Rms\mpadnn F `mh

n CSnsS krnbpsS sXpIpaosX Bt{Imin
v ]nmipsamv apopIfnv B\np sImncn
p Hcp ssZhs \nsns\ kvt\lnm
Ignbpp?
a\n
Dbphcp
tNmZyw
CXmWv.
FpsImmWv \psS Ncn{X]pkvXI Ibvp
\nd Cu Ncn{X \s ]TnnmXv?.
FpsImv kXys IpgnpaqSn {_npjpIm Xnc
YsbgpXnb sXmb Ncn{X \apv Xebn
tetnhXv?. Fmw Xpd ssIIfm kzoIcn
sSp ]mhw `mcXP\Xsb Bnaqv ]W
n\pw A[nImcn\pw thn HnsmSppt_m
Ch Adbpnt; bqZmkv Kpcphns\ am{Xta Hnsm
Sppp Fm Ch HnbXv kzw amXr`qansb
XsbmsWv?.
Cu
hnUvVnIfm
amXr`qanv
ChnSps P\v AhcpsS {]Xo \sn
cnpp. `mcXobsc \n FmWv Bm`nam\w
F hmns AYw a\nem t]mIpXv?
adpt]mIp Hcp thZ]mTw ChnsS Hmnn
pIbmWv."" Bcv [s cnppthm Ah
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61

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62

Ahew_w
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_Inquisition
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Goan_Catholics_during_t
he_Goan_Inquisition
3. http://www.hindujagruti.org/news/13112.html
4. http://www.oocities.org/hindoo_humanist/goa1.html
5. http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2010/12/portuguese-inquisition-ingoa-and.html
6. http://www.dightonrock.com/inquisition_goa.htm
7. http://www.nairaland.com/478028/images-christian-inquisition
8. http://www.miqel.com/reading_library/archived_stories/nixon-racismmarijuana-pope-gays.html
9. An account of the inquisition at goa ,M.Dellon
10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier
11. http://krishnaj.blogspot.com/
12. http://www.cuttingedge.org/news/n1676.cfm
13. http://indiapride.com/portuguese%20invasion.html
14. http://borndigital.com/tinq.htm
15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji
16. http://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/national-icons/shivaji-maharaj/
17. http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-history/shivaji.html
18. http://www.importantindia.com/9529/shivaji-maharaj-biography/
19. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambhaji
20. http://www.hindujagruti.org/history/sambhaji-maharaj
21. http://www.sambhajimaharaj.com/
22. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Zimler
23. http://www.amazon.com/Guardian-Dawn-RichardZimler/dp/0385338813
24. http://askwhy.co.uk/christianity/0815Inquisition.html
25. http://freelori.org/news/01apr26_liberaction.html
26. http://remnantofgod.org/n10406.htm
27. http://www.sundayschoolcourses.com/inq/inqcint.htm
28. http://borndigital.com/racking.htm

Ahew_w
29. http://www.askwhy.co.uk/christianity/085Inquisition.html#medieval
%20Roman%20Inquisition
30. http://www.askwhy.co.uk/christianity/085Inquisition.html#Methods%
20of%Torture
31. Inquisition in 1560 in Goa
32. Goa inquisition: Bloodiest conversion by Christian in history of
bharat,Sandeep shelke
33. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_liberation_movement
34. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_annexation_of_Goa
35. http://defenceforumindia.com/forum/military-history/6547-operationvijay-liberation-goa.html
36. http://vgweb.org/unethicalconversion/GoaInquisition.htm
37. https://archive.org/details/accountofinquisi00dell
38. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbBBezxalXU
39. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMomUz-ro3g
40. http://jmgainor.homestead.com/files/PU/pu.htm
41. http://jmgainor.homestead.com/files/PU/OP/OP.htm
42. http://www.danielpipes.org/comments/74926
43. http://www.the-jewish-story.org/Goa.html
44. http://www.goaholidayhomes.com/information/inquisition-horrors-ingoa.html
45. http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/14inter1.htm
46. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition
47. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/557573/Spain/70387/Th
e-Spanish-Inquisition
48. http://www.catholic.com/magazine/articles/secrets-of-the-spanishinquisition-revealed
49. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition
50. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa
51. http://www.scribd.com/doc/204039973/Goa-Inquisition-Bloodiestconversion-by-Christians-in-Bharat#scribd
52. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Bom_Jesus
53. http://ivarfjeld.com/2014/02/17/xavier-was-aware-of-the-brutality-ofthe-inquisition/

64

65

Ahew_w
54. http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/travel/in-old-goa-india-asaints-relics-raise-mysterious-questions/2014/08/14/c3eaa30c-1e7511e4-ab7b-696c295ddfd1_story.html
55. http://ivarfjeld.com/2009/12/04/off-bitten-toe-of-francis-xavier-to-beon-exposition-in-lisbon/
56. http://watchmanafrica.blogspot.com/2014/02/when-satanscounterfeit-religions-fight.html
57. http://higherperspective.com/2014/05/1500-year-oldbible.html#8oPtuzRHriLLQdlH.01
58. http://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-figures/spanishinquisition3.htm

44

Hindus arise awake and do not stop

Until the goal is reached
-Swami vivekanand

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