CHAPTER

14

GEOMETRY

INTRODUCTION
Line : A line has length. It has neither width nor thickness. It can
be extended indefinitely in both directions.

Angles : An angle is the union of two non-collinear rays with a

common origin. The common origin is called the vertex and the
two rays are the sides of the angle.
A

Ray : A line with one end point is called a ray. The end point is
called the origin.
Origin
Line segment : A line with two end points is called a segment.
Parallel lines : Two lines, which lie in a plane and do not intersect,
are called parallel lines. The distance between two parallel lines is
constant.
P

We denote it by PQ || AB.
Perpendicular lines : Two lines, which lie in a plane and intersect
each other at right angles are called perpendicular lines.

ABC with vertex B

Congruent angles : Two angles are said to be congruent, denoted

by @ , if their measures are equal.
Bisector of an angle : A ray is said to be the bisector of an angle
if it divides the interior of the angle into two angles of equal
measure.
TYPES OFANGLE
1.
A right angle is an angle of 90 as shown in [fig. (a)].
2.
An angle less than 90 is called an acute angle [fig. (b)].
3.
An angle greater than 90 but less than 180 is called an
obtuse angle [fig (c)].
4.
An angle of 180 is a straight line [fig. (d)].
5.
An angle greater than 180 but less than 360 is called a
reflex angle [fig.(e)].

We denote it by l ^ m.
PROPERTIES

Three or more points are said to be collinear if they lie on

a line, otherwise they are said to be non-collinear.
Two or more lines are said to be coplanar if they lie in the
same plane, otherwise they are said to be non-coplanar.
A line, which intersects two or more given coplanar lines
in distinct points, is called a transversal of the given lines.
A line which is perpendicular to a line segment, i.e.,
intersect at 90 and passes through the mid point of the
segment is called the perpendicular bisector of the segment.
Every point on the perpendicular bisector of a segment is
equidistant from the two endpoints of the segment.
If two lines are perpendicular to the same line, they are
parallel to each other.
Lines which are parallel to the same line are parallel to
each other.

Fig. (b)

Fig. (a)

Fig. (d)

Fig. (c)

Fig. (e)

PAIRS OF ANGLES
Adjacent angles : Two angles are called adjacent angles if they
have a common side and their interiors are disjoint.
Q

QPR is adjacent to RPS

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Linear Pair : Two angles are said to form a linear pair if they have
a common side and their other two sides are opposite rays. The
sum of the measures of the angles is 180.
N

Alternate angles : In the above figure, 3 and 5, 2 and 8 are

Alternative angles.
When two lines are itnersected by a transversal, they form two
pairs of alternate angles.
The pairs of alternate angles thus formed are congruent. i.e.
3 = 5 and 2 = 8

AMN + BMN = 180

Complementary angles : Two angles whose sum is 90, are
complementary, each one is the complement of the other.
A

2 + 5 = 3 + 8 = 180
Example 1 :

30

ABC + PQR = 90
Supplementary angles : Two angles whose sum is 180 are
supplementary, each one is the supplement of the other.
L

When two lines are intersected by a transversal, they form two

pairs of interior angles.
The pairs of interior angles thus formed are supplementary. i.e.

60

Interior angles : In the above figure, 2 and 5, 3 and 8 are

Interior angles.

In figure given below, lines PQ and RS intersect each other

at point O. If POR : ROQ = 5 : 7, find all the angles.
Solution :
POR + ROQ = 180 (Linear pair of angles)
But POR : ROQ = 5 : 7 (Given)
S

P
60

120
N

LMN + XYZ = 60 + 120 = 180

Vertically Opposite angles : Two angles are called vertically
opposite angles if their sides form two pairs of opposite rays.
Vertically opposite angles are congruent.

O
R

A
O

\ POR =

5
180 = 75
12

Similarly, ROQ =

AOD = COB and AOC = BOD

Corresponding angles : Here, PQ || LM and n is transversal.
Then, 1 and 5, 2 and 6, 3 and 7 and 4 and 8 are
corresponding angles.
When two lines are intersected by a transversal, they form four
pairs of corresponding angles.
The pairs of corresponding angles thus formed are congruent.
i.e.
1 = 5; 2 = 6; 4 = 8; 3 = 7.

7
180 = 105
12

Now, POS = ROQ = 105 (Vertically opposite angles)

and SOQ = POR = 75

(Vertically opposite angles)

Example 2 :
In fig. if PQ || RS, MXQ = 135 and MYR = 40, find
XMY.
X

135
P

4
3

8
7

40
R

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Solution :
Here, we need to draw a line AB parallel to line PQ, through
point M as shown in figure.
X

135
M
B

40
Y

Now, AB || PQ and PQ || RS AB || RS
Now, QXM + XMB = 180
(Q AB || PQ, interior angles on the same side of the
transversal)
But QXM = 135 135 + XMB = 180
\ XMB = 45
........(i)
Now, BMY = MYR (Q AB || RS, alternate angles)
\ BMY = 40
........(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
XMB + BMY = 45 + 40
i.e. XMY = 85

Solution :
Q POR and QOR for a linear pair
\ POR + QOR = 180 (Linear pair axiom)
or a + b = 180
........ (i)
But a b = 80
......... (ii) [Given]
Adding eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
260
= 130
2
Substituting the value of a in (1), we get
130 + b = 180
b = 180 130 = 50

PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM
The ratio of intercepts made by three parallel lines on a transversal
is equal to the ratio of the corresponding intercepts made on any
other transversal by the same parallel lines.
If line a || b || c, and lines l and m are two transversals, then
PR QS
=
RT SU
m
l

Example 3 :
An angle is twice its complement. Find the angle.
Solution :
If the complement is x, the angle = 2x
2x + x = 90
3x = 90 x = 30
\ The angle is 2 30 = 60
Example 4 :
The supplement of an angle is one-fifth of itself. Determine
the angle and its supplement.
Solution :
Let the measure of the angle be x. Then the measure of its
supplementary angle is 180 x.
1
180 - x = x
It is given that
5
5 (180 x) = x
900 5x = x 900 = 5x + x
900 = 6x 6x = 900 x =

Example 5 :
In figure, POR and QOP form a linear pair. If a b = 80,
find the values of a and b.

Example 6 :
In the figure, if PS = 360, find PQ, QR and RS.
P x Q

60

90

120

Solution :
PA, QB, RC and SD are perpendicular to AD. Hence, they
are parallel. So the intercepts are proportional.
\

AB PQ
=
BD QS

60
x
=
210 360 x

2
x
=
7 360 x

x=

720
= 80
9

\ PQ = 80
So, QS = 360 80 = 280
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R
b

900
= 150
6

Supplementary angle is 180 150 = 30

a=

2a = 260 \

4
Again,
\

TRIANGLES
The plane figure bounded by the union of three lines, which join
three non-collinear points, is called a triangle. A triangle is denoted
by the symbol D.
The three non-collinear points, are called the vertices of the
triangle.
In DABC, A, B and C are the vertices of the triangle; AB, BC, CA
are the three sides, and A, B, C are the three angles.

BC QR
=
CD RS

90
y
=
120 280 y

3
y
=
4 280 y

y = 120
\ QR = 120 and SR = 280 120 = 160
Example 7 :

In figure if l || m , n || p and 1 = 85 find 2.

m
1

3
2

Sum of interior angles : The sum of the three interior angles of a

triangle is 180.
A + B + C = 180
Exterior angles and interior angles

Solution :
Q n || p and m is transversal
\ 1 = 3 = 85 (Corresponding angles)

Z
A

Also, m || l & p is transversal

\ 2 + 3 = 180 (\ Consecutive interior angles)

2 + 85 = 180
2 = 180 85
2 = 95
Example 8 :
From the adjoining diagrams,
calculate x, y, z and w.
x y
Solution :
70
y = 70
x + 70 = 180
z w
..... (vertical opp. angle)
\ x = 180 70 = 110
.... (adjacent angles on a st. line or linear pair)
z = 70
.....(corresponding angles)
z + w = 180 ..... (adjacent angles on a st. line or
linear pair)
\ 70 + w = 180
\ w = 180 170 = 110
E
Example 9 :
From the adjoining diagram
C
D 70
Find (i) x (ii) y
y
Solution :
x = EDC = 70
(corresponding angles)
x
B
Now, ADB = x = 70
A
CBA=90
[AD = DB]
In D ABD,
ABD = 180 x x
= 180 70 70 = 40
BDC = ABD = 40
(alternate angles)
y = 40

B
C

(i)

The measure of an exterior angle is equal to the sum of the

measures of the two interior opposite angles of the triangle.
\ ACY = ABC + BAC
CBX = BAC + BCA and BAZ = ABC + ACB
(ii) The sum of an interior angle and adjacent exterior angle is
180.
i.e. ACB + ACY = 180
ABC + CBX = 180 and BAC + BAZ = 180
Example 10 :
If the ratio of three angles of a triangle is 1 : 2 : 3, find the angles.
Solution :
Ratio of the three angles of a D = 1 : 2 : 3
Let the angles be x, 2x and 3x.
\ x + 2x + 3x = 180
\ 6x = 180
\ x = 30
Hence the first angle = x = 30
The second angle = 2x = 60
The third angle = 3x = 90
CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLES
Based on sides :
Scalene triangle : A triangle in which none of the three sides is
equal is called a scalene triangle.
Isosceles triangle : A triangle in which at least two sides are
equal is called an isosceles triangle.
Equilateral triangle : A triangle in which all the three sides are
equal is called an equilateral triangle. In an equilateral triangle, all
the angles are congruent and equal to 60.

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Based on angles :
Right triangle : If any one angle of a triangle is a right angle, i.e.,
90 then the triangle is a right-angled triangle.
Acute triangle : If all the three angles of a triangle are acute, i.e.,
less than 90, then the triangle is an acute angled triangle.
Obtuse triangle : If any one angle of a triangle is obtuse, i.e.,
greater than 90, then the triangle is an obtuse-angled triangle.
SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS
1.
Altitude (height) of a triangle : The perpendicular drawn
from the vertex of a triangle to the opposite side is called an
altitude of the triangle.
2.
Median of a triangle : The line drawn from a vertex of a
triangle to the opposite side such that it bisects the side, is
called the median of the triangle.
A median bisects the area of the triangle.
3.
Orthocentre : The point of intersection of the three altitudes
of a triangle is called the orthocentre. The angle made by
any side at the orthocentre = 180 the opposite angle to
the side.
4.
Centroid : The point of intersection of the three medians of
a triangle is called the centroid. The centroid divides each
median in the ratio 2 : 1.
5.
Circumcentre : The point of intersection of the
perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle is called
the circumcentre.
6.
Incentre : The point of intersection of the angle bisectors
of a triangle is called the incentre.
(i) Angle bisector divides the opposite sides in the ratio
of remaining sides

(ii)

BD AB c
=
=
Example :
DC AC b
Incentre divides the angle bisectors in the ratio
(b + c) : a, (c + a) : b and (a + b) : c

CONGRUENCY OF TRIANGLES
Two triangles are congruent if the sides and angles of one triangle
are equal to the corresponding sides and angles of the other
triangle.
(i) SAS Congruence rule : Two triangles are congruent if two
sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to the
sides and the included angle of the other triangle.
(ii) ASA Congruence rule : Two triangles are congruent if two
angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to
two angles and the included side of other triangle.
(iii) AAS Congruence rule : Two triangles are congruent if any
two pairs of angles and one pair of corresponding sides are
equal.
(iv) SSS Congruence rule : If three sides of one triangle are
equal to the three sides of another triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent.
(v) RHS Congruence rule : If in two right triangles, the
hypotenuse and one side of the triangle are equal to the
hypotenuse and one side of the other triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent.

SIMILARITY OF TRIANGLES
For a given correspondence between two triangles, if the
corresponding angles are congruent and their corresponding sides
are in proportion, then the two triangles are said to be similar.
Similarlity is denoted by ~.
(i) AAA Similarlity : For a given correspondence between
two triangles, if the two angles of one triangle are congruent
to the corresponding two angles of the other triangle, then
the two triangles are similar.
(ii) SSS Similarity : If the corresponding sides of two triangles
are proportional, their corresponding angles are equal and
hence the triangles are similar.
(iii) SAS Similarity : If one angle of a triangle is equal to one
angle of the other and the sides including these angles are
proportional, the triangles are similar.
PROPERTIES OF SIMILAR TRIANGLES
1.
If two triangles are similar,
Ratio of sides = Ratio of height = Ratio of Median = Ratio of
angle bisectors = Ratio of inradii = Ratio of circumradii.
If DABC ~ DPQR

AB AD BE
=
=
PQ PS QT

A
T

The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the

ratio of the squares of the corresponding sides.
If DABC ~ DPQR, then

( BC ) (AC)2
Ar(DABC) ( AB )
=
=
=
Ar(DPQR) (PQ) 2 (QR)2 (PR)2
2

PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the
sum of the squares of the other two sides.
C

If a right triangle ABC right angled at B. Then,

By Pythagoras theorem, AC2 = AB2 + BC2
BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM (BPT)
If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, to intersect the
other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided
in the same ratio.

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6
If DABC in which a line parallel to BC intersects AB to D and AC
at E. Then,
By BPT,

Solution :
If the interior angle is x, exterior angle is 2x.

AD AE
=
DB EC

E
C

MID-POINT THEOREM
The line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle
is parallel to the third side and half of it.
In DABC, if P and Q are the mid-points of AB and AC respectively
1
2

then PQ || BC and PQ = BC

2x
S

Q x + 2x = 180
3x = 180
x = 60
\ Exterior angle = 120
Hence sum of the other two angles of triangle = 120
(Exterior angle is the sum of two opposite interior angles)
Example 11 :
In figure, find F.

E
12cm

80
3 3 cm

3.8cm

F
6 3 cm
7.6cm

INEQUALITIES INATRIANGLE
(i) If two sides of a triangle are unequals, the angle opposite
to the longer side is larger. Conversely,
In any triangle, the side opposite to the larger angle is longer.

(ii)

If AB > AC then C > B

The sum of any two side of a triangle is greater than the
third side.

6 cm

Solution :
In triangles ABC and DEF, we have
AB 3.8 1
=
=
DF 7.6 2

Similarly,

60

BC 6 1
AC 3 3 1
=
= and
=
= , i.e.,
FE 12 2
DE 6 3 2

in the two triangles, sides are proportional.

\ DABC ~ DDEF (by SSS Similarity)
\ B = F (Corresponding angles are equal)
But B = 60 (Given)
\ F = 60
Example 12 :
In the given figure, find BAC and XAY.
A

PQ + PR > QR; PQ + QR > PR and QR + PR > PQ

Example 10 :
The interior and its adjacent exterior angle of a triangle are
in the ratio 1 : 2. What is the sum of the other two angles of
the triangle ?

40

30
B

Solution :
AXB = XAB = 30 (Q BX = BA)
ABC = 30 + 30 = 60 (Exterior angle)
CYA = YAC = 40 (Q CY = CA)
ACB = 40 + 40 = 80 (Exterior angle)
BAC = 180 (60 + 80) = 40 (Sum of all angles of a
triangle is 180.
XAY = 180 (30 + 40) = 110

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Example 13 :
In the fig., PQ || BC, AQ = 4 cm, PQ = 6 cm and BC = 9 cm.
Find QC.
A

In DAPC and DABC

ACP = ABC
A= A
D ACP ~ D ABC

AP PC AC
=
=
AC BC AB

AP 8
6
=
=
6
10 AB

6 cm
P
8 cm

10 cm

8
60
= 4.8 and AB =
= 7.5
10
8
AP = 4.8 cm and AB = 7.5 cm

AP = 6

Solution :
By BPT,

Solution :

AQ PQ
=
QC BC

4
6
= QC = 6 cm
QC 9

Example 14 :
Of the triangles with sides 11, 5, 9 or with sides 6, 10, 8;
which is a right triangle ?
Solution :
(Longest side)2 = 112 = 121;
52 + 92 = 25 + 81 = 106
\ 112 52 + 92
So, it is not a right triangle.
Again, (longest side)2 = (10)2 = 100;
62 + 82 = 36 + 64 = 100
102 = 62 + 82
\ It is a right triangle.
Example 15 :
In figure, DBA = 132
and EAC = 120.
E
Show that AB > AC.
Solution :
A 120
As DBC is a straight line,
132 + ABC = 180
ABC = 180 132 = 48
For D ABC,
132
EAC is an exterior angle
C
120 = ABC + BCA D B
(ext. = sum of two opp. interior s)
120 = 48 + BCA
BCA = 120 48 = 72
Thus, we find that BCA > ABC
AB > AC (side opposite to greater angle is greater)
Example 16 :
From the adjoining
diagram, calculate
(i) AB (ii) AP
(iii) ar DAPC : ar DABC

D ACP CP 2
82
=
= 0.64
=
D ABC BC2 102
QUADRILATERALS
A figure formed by joining four points is called a quadrilateral.
A quadrilateral has four sides, four angles and four vertices.
S

R
P

In quadrilateral PQRS, PQ, QR, RS and SP are the four sides; P, Q,

R and S are four vertices and P, Q, R and S are the four
angles.

The sum of the angles of a qudrilateral is 360.

P + Q + R + S = 360
TYPES OF QUADRILATERALS :
1.
Parallelogram : A quadrilateral whose opposite sides are
parallel is called parallelogram.
D

Properties :
(i) Opposite sides are parallel and equal.
(ii) Opposite angles are equal.
(iii) Diagonals bisect each other.
(iv) Sum of any two adjacent angles is 180.
(v) Each diagonal divides the parallelogram into two
triangles of equal area.

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2.

Rectangle : A parallelogram, in which each angle is a right

angle, i.e., 90 is called a rectangle.
A

3.

Properties :
(i) Opposite sides are parallel and equal.
(ii) Each angle is equal to 90.
(iii) Diagonals are equal and bisect each other.
Rhombus : A parallelogram in which all sides are congruent
(or equal) is called a rhombus.

Example 17 :
The angle of quadrilateral are in the ratio 3 : 5 : 9 : 13. Find all
the angles of the quadrilateral.
Solution :
Let the angles of quadrilateral are 3x, 5x, 9x, 13x.
\ 3x + 5x + 9x + 13x = 360
(Sum of the angles of quadrilateral)
30x = 360
x = 12
Hence angles of quadrilateral are :
3x = 3 12 = 36
5x = 5 12 = 60
9x = 9 12 = 108
13x = 13 12 = 156
Example 18 :
ABCD is a parallelogram. E is the mid point of the diagonal DB.
DQ = 10 cm, DB = 16 cm. Find PQ.
Solution :
EDQ = EBP (Alternate angles)
A

4.

5.

Properties :
(i) Opposite sides are parallel.
(ii) All sides are equal.
(iii) Opposite angles are equal.
(iv) Diagonals bisect each other at right angle.
Square : A rectangle in which all sides are equal is called a
square.

Properties :
(i) All sides are equal and opposite sides are parallel.
(ii) All angles are 90.
(iii) The diagonals are equal and bisect each other at right
angle.
Trapezium : A quadrilateral is called a trapezium if two of
the opposite sides are parallel but the other two sides are
not parallel.

Properties :
(i) The segment joining the mid-points of the non-parallel
sides is called the median of the trapezium.
Median =

1
sum of the parallel sides
2

\ DEQ = BEP (opposite angles)

\ DDEQ @ DBEP (By ASA congruency)
\ PE = EQ
(EQ)2 = (DQ)2 (DE)2
= 102 82 = 100 64 = 36
\ EQ = 6 cm and PQ = 12 cm.
Example 19 :
Use the information given in figure to calculate the value of x.

C
x

80

105

73
E

Solution :
Since, EAB is a straight line
\ DAE + DAB = 180
73 + DAB = 180
i.e., DAB = 180 73 = 107
Since, the sum of the angles of quadrilateral ABCD is 360
\ 107 + 105 + x + 80 = 360
292 + x = 360
and, x = 360 292 = 68

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Example 20 :
In the adjoining kite, diagonals
D
intersect at O. If ABO = 32
and OCD = 40, find
(i) ABC
40
(ii) ADC
C
A
O
(iii) BAD
Solution :
Given, ABCD is a kite.
32
(i) As diagonal BD bisects ABC,
ABC = 2 ABO = 2 32 = 64
(ii) DOC = 90
B
[diagonals intersect at right angles]
ODC + 40 + 90 = 180 [sum of angles in D OCD]
ODC = 180 40 90 = 50
As diagonal BD bisects ADC,
ADC = 2 ODC = 2 50 = 100
(iii) As diagonal BD bisects ABC
OBC = ABO = 32
BOC = 90
[diagonals intersect at right angles]
OCB + 90 + 32 = 180 [sum of angles in D OBC]
OCB = 180 90 32 = 58
BCD = OCD + OCB = 40 + 58 = 98
\ BAD = BCD = 98
[In kite ABCD, A = C)
POLYGON
A plane figure formed by three or more non-collinear points joined
by line segments is called a polygon.
A polygon with 3 sides is called a triangle.
A polygon with 4 sides is called a quadrilateral.
A polygon with 5 sides is called a pentagon.
A polygon with 6 sides is called a hexagon.
A polygon with 7 sides is called a heptagon.
A polygon with 8 sides is called an octagon.
A polygon with 9 sides is called a nonagon.
A polygon with 10 sides is called a decagon.
Regular polygon : A polygon in which all its sides and angles are
equal, is called a regular polygon.
Sum of all interior angles of a regular polygon of side n is given
by (2n 4) 90.

CIRCLE
The collection of all the points in a plane, which are at a fixed
distance from a fixed point in the plane, is called a circle.
The fixed point is called the centre of the circle and the fixed
distance is called the radius (r).
Chord : A chord is a segment whose endpoints lie on the circle.
AB is a chord in the figure.

r
d

Diameter : The chord, which passes through the centre of the

circle, is called the diameter (d) of the circle. The length of the
diameter of a circle is twice the radius of the circle.
d = 2r

Secant : A secant is a line, which intersects the circle in two

distinct points.
Tangent : Tangent is a line in the plane of a circle and having one
and only one point common with the circle. The common point is
called the point of contact.

PQ is a secant
MN is a tangent. T is the point of contact.
Semicircle : Half of a circle cut off by a diameter is called the
semicircle. The measure of a semicircle is 180.
Arc : A piece of a circle between two points is called an arc. A
minor arc is an arc less than the semicircle and a major arc is an arc
greater than a semicircle.
P

(2n 4)90
Hence, angle of a regular polygon =
n

Sum of an interior angle and its adjacent exterior angle is 180.

Sum of all exterior angles of a polygon taken in order is 360.
Example 21 :
The sum of the measures of the angles of regular polygon
is 2160. How many sides does it have?
Solution :
Sum of all angles = 90 (2n 4)
2160 = 90 (2n 4)
2n = 24 + 4
\ n = 14
Hence the polygon has 14 sides.

B
Q

AQB is a minor arc and APB is a major arc.

Circumference : The length of the complete circle is called its
circumference (C).

C = 2 pr

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10
Segment : The region between a chord and either of its arcs is
called a segment.

D
C

Major sector
O

Major segment
Minor
sector

Minor segment

Sector : The region between an arc and the two radii, joining the
centre to the endpoints of the arc is called a sector.

Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre.

The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord
bisects the chord.
Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre.
The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double the
angle subtended by it at any point on the remaining part
of the circle.
Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the
radius through the point of contact.
The length of tangents drawn from an external point to a
circle are equal.
CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL
If all the four vertices of a quadrilateral lies on a circle then the
quadrilateral is said to be cyclic quadrilateral.

The sum of either pair of the opposite angles of a cyclic

quadrilateral is 180.
i.e. A + C = 180
B + D = 180

30

70

A
B
O
Solution :
ACB = 90 [Angle in a semi-circle]
In D ABC, BAC + ACB + ABC = 180 [Sum of the
s of D is 180]
BAC + 90 + 70 = 180
BAC = (180 160) = 20
Now, ABCD being a cyclic quadrilateral, we have
ABC + ADC = 180
(Opposite s of a cyclic quad. are supplementary]
70 + ADC = 180
ADC = (180 70) = 110
Now, in D ADC, we have
CAD + ADC + ACD = 180
(Sum of the s of a D is 180)
30 + 110 + CD = 180
ACD = (180 140) = 40
Hence, BAC = 20 and ACD = 40
Example 23 :
With the vertices of D ABC as centres, three circles are
described, each touching the other two externally. If the
sides of the triangle are 9 cm, 7 cm and 6 cm. find the radii of
the circles.
Solution :
A
Let AB = 9 cm, BC = 7 cm
x
and CA = 6 cm
x
y
Let x, y, z be the radii of
z
circles with centres
z C
y
A, B, C respectively.
B
Then, x + y = 9, y + z = 7
and z + x = 6
Adding, we get 2 (x + y + z) = 22
x + y + z = 11
\ x = [(x + y + z) (y + z)] = (11 7) cm = 4 cm.
Similarly, y = (11 6) cm = 5 cm and z = (11 9)cm = 2 cm.
Hence, the radii of circles with centres A, B, C are 4 cm, 5 cm,
and 2cm respectively.
Example 24 :
In the adjoining figure, 2 circles with centres Y and Z touch
each other externally at point A.

B
A

Conversely, if the sum of any pair of opposite angles of

quadrilateral is 180, then the quadrilateral must be cyclic.

Example 22 :
A
Y
Z
In the adjoining figure, C and D are points on a semi-circle
described on AB as diameter. If ABC = 70 and
C
B
CAD = 30, calculate BAC and ACD.
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Another circle, with centre X, touches the other 2 circles

internally at Band C. If XY = 6cm, YZ = 9 cm and ZX = 7 cm,
then find the radii of the circles.
Solution :
Let X, Y, Z be the radii of the circle, centres X, Y, Z respectively
YAZ, XYB, XZC are straight lines (Contact of circles)
XY = X Y = 6
..... (1)
XZ = X Z = 7
..... (2)
YZ = Y + Z = 9
..... (3)
(1) + (2) + (3)
2X = 22 X = 11, Y = 5, Z = 4
The radius of the circle, centre X, is 11 cm.
The radius of the circle, centre Y, is 5 cm.
The radius of the circle, centre Z, is 4 cm.
SOME IMPORTANT THEOREMS
I.
If two chords of a circle intersect inside or outside the circle,
then the rectangle formed by the two parts of one chord is
equal in area to the rectangle formed by the two parts of the
other.
B

D
A
P

11
PQ is a tangent to a circle with centre O at a point A, AB is
chord and C,D are points in the two segments of the circle
formed by the chord AB. Then,
BAQ = ACB
BAP = ADB
COMMON TANGENTS FOR A PAIR OF CIRCLE
(A) Length of direct common tangent
L1 = (C1C 2 ) 2 (R1 R 2 ) 2
R1
C1

(B)

C2

where C1C2 = Distance between the centres

Length of transverse common tangent
L 2 = (C1C 2 ) 2 (R1 + R 2 ) 2 ;
where C1C2 = Distance between the centres, and
R1 and R2 be the radii of the two circles.

R1
D

C
(i)

PA.PB = PC.PD

R2

C1

(ii)

Two chords AB and CD of a circle such that they intersect

each other at a point P lying inside (fig. (i)) or outside
(fig. (ii)) the circle.
II.

R2

C2

Example 25 :
Find the angle marked as x in each of the following figures
where O is the centre of the circle.

If PAB is a secant to a circle intersecting it at A and B, and

PT is a tangent, then PA.PB = PT 2.

x
O

O
T

(a)

O
P

III.

Alternate segment theorem :

If a line touches a circle and from the point of contact a
chord is drawn, the angle which this chord makes with the
given line are equal respectively to the angles formed in the
corresponding alternate segments.
B

C
O

O
x

(c)

Solution :
We know that the angle subtended by an arc at the centre is
double the angle subtended by it at any point on the
remaining part of the circle.
1
(a) x = 2 25 = 50 (b) x = 110 = 55
2

D
P

(b)

(c)

x=

1
70 = 35
2

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12
Example 26 :
In the figure, RS = 12 cm and radius of the circle is 10 cm.
Find PB.
A
S

R
P

Solution :
CAD = DBC = 55 (Angles in the same segment)
\ DAB = CAD + BAC = 55 + 45 = 100
But DAB + BCD = 180 (Opposite angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral)
BCD = 180 100 = 80
Example 29 :
In figure, ABC = 69, ACB = 31, find BDC.

Solution :
RP = PS = 6 cm
OS2 = PO2 + PS2
102 = PO2 + 62
PO2 = 100 36 = 64
PO = 8 cm
\ PB = PO + OB = 8 + 10 = 18 cm
Example 27 :
In the figure, AB = 16 cm, CD = 12 cm and OM = 6 cm.
Find ON.
D
N
C
O
A
M
B

69

31

Solution :
In DABC,
ABC + ACB + BAC = 180
69 + 31 + BAC = 180
BAC = 180 100
\ BAC = 80
But BAC = BDC
(Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal)
Hence BDC = 80
Example 30 :
Find the length of the tangent from a point which is at a
distance of 5 cm from the centre of the circle of radius 3 cm.
Solution :
Let AB be the tangent. DABO is a right triangle at B.

Solution :
1
2

MB = AB = 8 cm (perpendicular from the centre of the

O

circle bisects the chord)

OB2 = OM2 + MB2
OB2 = 62 + 82 = 36 + 64 = 100
OB = 10 cm
OB = OD = 10cm (Radii)
OD2 = ON2 + ND2
102 = ON2 + 62
\ ON2 = 100 36 = 64
Hence ON = 8 cm
Example 28 :
In figure, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral in which AC and
BD are its diagonals. If DBC = 55 and BAC = 45,
find BCD.
D

B
C

5cm
A

3cm
B

By pythagoras theorem,
OA2 = AB2 + BO2
52 = AB2 + 32
25 = AB2 + 9
AB2 = 25 9 = 16
\ AB = 4
Hence, length of the tangent is 4 cm.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
The Cartesian Co-ordinate System : Let X'OX and YOY' be two
perpendicular straight lines meeting at fixed point O then X'OX is
called X axis Y'OY is called the axis of y or y axis point O is
called the origin. X axis is known as abscissa and y - axis is
known as ordinate.
Distance Formula: The distance between two points whose
co-ordinates are given :

( x 2 - x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 - y1 ) 2

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13
Then, we have

( x - 0) 2 + ( y - 0) 2

Distance from origin :

x 1 + x 2 = 2, x 2 + x 3 = 8, x 3 + x 1 = 4

and, y1 + y 2 = 2, y 2 + y 3 = 2, y 3 + y1 = 6

Y
2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant
X'

X
O
3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant
Y'
Section Formula : x =

m1x 2 + m 2 x1
m1 + m 2

(Internally division) y =

m1 y 2 + m 2 y1
m1 + m 2

These points divides the line segment in the ratio m1 : m2.

TRIANGLE
Suppose ABC be a triangle such that the coordinates of its
vertices are A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3). Then,
area of the triangle
1
[ x1 (y2 - y3 ) + x 2 (y3 - y1 ) + x 3 (y1 - y2 )]
2
Centroid of triangle : The coordinates of the centroid are
=

Example 31 :
Find the distance between the point P (a cosa, a sina) and
Q (a cosb, a sinb).
Solution :
d2 = (a cosa a cosb)2 + (asina a sin b)2
= a2 (cosa cosb)2 + a2 (sina sin b)2
2

= 4a2 sin2

a+b
a -b 2 a+b
+ cos 2
sin

2
2
2

= 4a2 sin2

a -b
2

d = 2a sin

a -b
2

Example 32 :
The coordinates of mid-points of the sides of a triangle are
(1, 1), (2, 3) and (4, 1). Find the coordinates of the centroid.
Solution :
(2, 3)

(x3, y3) C

(x1, y1) A

(1, 1)

(4, 1)
B (x2, y2)

1+ 2 + 4 1 + 3 +1
,

\ The centroid has coordinates

3
3

7 5
i.e. , .
3 3

Example 33 :
If distance between the point (x, 2) and (3, 4) is 2, then the
value of x =
Solution :

x1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3
,

3
3

a+b
b-a
a +b
a -b
2
2
sin
sin
= a 2sin
+ a 2 cos

2
2
2
2

From the above equations, we have

x1 + x2 + x3 = 7 and y1 + y2 + y3 = 5
Solving together, we have x1 = 1, x2 = 3, x3 = 5
and y1 = 3, y2 = 1, y3 = 3
Therefore the coordinates of the vertices are (1, 3), (3, 1)
and (5, 3).
- 1 + 3 + 5 3 -1 + 3
7 5
,
i.e. , .
Hence, the centroid is
3
3

3 3
Alternatively:
The coordinates of the centroid of the triangle formed by
joining the mid points of the sides of the triangle are
coincident

2 = (x - 3)2 + (2 - 4) 2 2 = (x - 3)2 + 4
Squaring both sides
4 = (x 3)2 + 4 x 3 = 0 x = 3
Example 34 :
Find the co-ordinates of a point which divides the line
segment joining each of the following points in the given
ratio :
(a) (2, 3) and (7, 8) in the ratio 2 : 3 internally
(b) (1, 4) and (0, 3) in the ratio 1 : 4 internally.
Solution :
(a) Let A(2, 3) and B(7, 8) be the given points.
Let P(x, y) divide AB in the ratio 2 : 3 internally.
Using section formula, we have,
x=

2 7 + 3 2 20
=
=4
2+3
5

2 8 + 3 3 25
=
=5
2+3
5
\ P(4, 5) divides AB in the ratio 2 : 3 internally.
(b) Let A (1, 4) and B (0, 3) be the given points.
Let P(x, y) divide AB in the ratio 1 : 4 internally
Using section formula, we have
1 0 + 4 ( -1)
4
x=
=1+ 4
5
1 ( -3) + 4 4 13
=
and y =
1+ 4
5

and y =

4 13
Let the coordinates of the vertices be A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and
\ P - , divides AB in the ratio 1 : 4 internally..
5 5
C(x3, y3).
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14
Example 35 :
Find the mid-point of the line-segment joining two points (3, 4)
and (5, 12).
Solution :
Let A(3, 4) and B(5, 12) be the given points.
Let C(x, y) be the mid-point of AB. Using mid-point formula,

Solution :
Area of quadrilateral = Area of D ABC + Area of D ACD
D (5,4)
C(7,6)

3+5
4 + 12
= 4 and y =
=8
2
2
\ C(4, 8) are the co-ordinates of the mid-point of the line
segment joining two points (3, 4) and (5, 12).

we have, x =

Example 36 :
The co-ordinates of the mid-point of a line segment are (2, 3). If
co-ordinates of one of the end points of the line segment are
(6, 5), find the co-ordiants of the other end point.
Solution :
Let other the end point be A(x, y)
It is given that C (2, 3) is the mid point
\
or
or
\

x+6
y+5
We can write, 2 =
and 3 =
2
2
4 = x + 6 or
6=y+5
x=2
or
y= 1
A (2, 1) be the co-ordinates of the other end point.

Example 37 :
The area of a triangle is 5. Two of its vertices are (2, 1) and
(3, 2). The third vertex lies on y = x + 3. Find the third vertex.
Solution :
Let the third vertex be (x3, y3), area of triangle
=

A (3,2)

B (5,4)

So, Area of D ABC=

1
1
| -30 - 40 - 14 |= | -84 | = 42 sq. units
2
2
So, Area of D ACD

1
| -3( -6 + 4) + 7( -4 - 2) + ( -5)(2 + 6) |
2

1
1
| +6 - 42 - 40 | = | -76 | = 38 sq. units
2
2
So, Area of quadrilateral ABCD = 42 + 38 = 80 sq. units.
Example 39 :
In the figure, find the value of x.

A
x
25 E

1
| [x1 (y 2 - y3 ) + x 2 (y 3 - y1) + x 3 (y1 - y 2 )] |
2

35

As x1 = 2, y1 = 1, x 2 = 3, y2 = -2 , Area of D = 5
1
| 2(-2 - y3 ) + 3(y3 - 1) + x 3 (1 + 2) |
2
10 = | 3x3 + y3 7 | 3x3 + y3 7 = 10
Taking positive sign,
3x3 + y3 7 = 10 3x3 + y3 = 17

5=

Taking negative sign

3x3 + y3 7 = 10 3x3 + y3 = 3
Given that (x3, y3) lies on y = x + 3
So, x3 + y3 = 3

......... (i)

......... (ii)
......... (iii)

7
13
Solving eqs. (i) and (iii), x 3 = , y3 =
2
2

Solving eqs. (ii) and (iii), x 3 =

1
| ( -3)(4 + 6) + 5( -6 - 2) + 7(2 - 4) |
2

-3
3
, y3 = .
2
2

7 13
-3 3
So the third vertex are , or ,
2 2
2 2
Example 38 :
Find the area of quadrilateral whose vertices, taken in order,
are A (3, 2), B(5, 4), C (7, 6) and D (5, 4).

60

B
D
C
Solution :
In the D ABC, A + B + ACB = 180
25 + 35 + ACB = 180
ACB = 120
Now, ACB + ACD = 180 (linear pair)
or 120 + ACD = 180
or ACD = 60 = ECD
Again in the D CDE, CE is produced to A.
Hence, AED = ECD + EDC
x = 60 + 60 = 120
Example 40 :
Find the equation of the circle whose diameter is the line
joining the points ( 4, 3) and (12, 1). Find the intercept
made by it on the y-axis.
Solution :
The equation of the required circle is
(x + 4) (x 12) + (y 3) (y + 1) = 0
On the y-axis, x = 0
48 + y2 2y 3 = 0 y2 2y 51 = 0

y= 1

52

Hence the intercept on the y-axis = 2 52 = 4 13

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15
Solution :
(a) The triangle PQR is isosceles
MN || QR by converse
of Proportionally theorem
(b) Again by converse of proportionally theorem, MN || QR

Example 41 :
In figure, if l || m , then find the value of x.
Solution :
As l || m and DC is

transversal
\ D + 1 = 180
60 + 1 = 180
1 = 120
Here, 2 = 1 = 120
(vertically opposite angles)
In the D ABC
A + B + C = 180
25 + x + 120 = 180
or x = 35

60

m
1

2
A

25

Example 42 :
M and N are points on the sides PQ and PR respectively of
a D PQR. For each of the following cases state whether MN
is parallel to QR :
(a) PM= 4, QM = 4.5, PN = 4, NR = 4.5
(b) PQ = 1.28, PR = 2.56, PM = 0.16, PN = 0.32

1.

In triangle ABC, angle B is a right angle. If (AC) is 6 cm, and

D is the mid-point of side AC. The length of BD is

Example 43 :
The point A divides the join the points ( 5, 1) and (3, 5) in
the ratio k : 1 and coordinates of points B and C are (1, 5) and
(7, 2) respectively. If the area of D ABC be 2 units, then find
the value (s) of k.
Solution :
3k - 5 5k + 1
,
A
, Area of D ABC = 2 units
k +1 k +1
1 3k - 5
5k + 1

5k + 1
2 k + 1 (5 + 2) + 1 -2 - k + 1 + 7 k + 1 - 5 = 2

14k 66 = 4 (k +1) k = 7 or 31/9

3.

ABCD is a square of area 4, which is divided into four non

overlapping triangles as shown in the fig. Then the sum of
the perimeters of the triangles is
A
B

(a)
B

8(2 + 2 )

(b)

8(1 + 2 )

(d) 4(2 + 2 )
4(1 + 2 )
The sides of a quadrilateral are extended to make the angles
as shown below :
(c)

(a) 4 cm

2.

(b)

6cm
(c) 3 cm
(d) 3.5 cm
AB is diameter of the circle and the points C and D are on
the circumference such that CAD = 30. What is the
measure of ACD ?

4.

75
x

C
D
A

70

115
90

(a) 40
(c) 30

(b) 50
(d) 90

What is the value of x ?

(a) 100
(c) 80

(b) 90
(d) 75

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16
5.

AB ^ BC and BD ^ AC. And CE bisects the angle C.

A = 30. The, what is CED.

D
B

A
30
D

6.

7.

8.

C
(b) 60
(a) 30
(c) 45
(d) 65
Instead of walking along two adjacent sides of a rectangular
field, a boy took a short cut along the diagonal and saved a
distance equal to half the longer side. Then the ratio of the
shorter side to the longer side is
(a) 1/2
(b) 2/3
(c) 1/4
(d) 3/4
In a triangle ABC, points P, Q and R are the mid-points of
the sides AB, BC and CA respectively. If the area of the
triangle ABC is 20 sq. units, find the area of the triangle
PQR
(a) 10 sq. units
(b) 5.3 sq. units
(c) 5 sq. units
(d) None of these
PQRS is a square. SR is a tangent (at point S) to the circle
with centre O and TR = OS. Then, the ratio of area of the
circle to the area of the square is

14.

15.

(a) 1 : 4
(b) 1: 2
(c) 1 : 3
(d) Insufficient data
Find the co-ordinates of the point which divides the line
segment joining the points (4, 1) and (2, 4) internally in
the ratio 3 : 5
(a)

6 7
,
4 2

(b)

4 8
,
7 7

(c)

7 7
,
4 8

(d)

7 8
,
12 4

In DABC, DE | | BC and

AD 3
= . If AC = 5.6 cm, find AE.
DB 5
A

O
T

Q
(a)

9.

(b) 11 / 7
(c) 3 / p
(d) 7 / 11
Two circles touch each other internally. Their radii are 2 cm
and 3 cm. The biggest chord of the outer circle which is
outside the inner circle is of length
(a)

10.

12.

13.

16.

(d) 10 2 m
(c) 100 2 m
The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is 1620. The
number of sides of the polygon are :
(a) 9
(b) 11
(c) 15
(d) 12
From a circular sheet of paper with a radius of 20 cm, four
circles of radius 5cm each are cut out. What is the ratio of
the uncut to the cut portion?
(a) 1 : 3
(b) 4 : 1
(c) 3 : 1
(d) 4 : 3
In the adjoining the figure, points A, B, C and D lie on the
circle. AD = 24 and BC = 12. What is the ratio of the area of
the triangle CBE to that of the triangle ADE

(a) 2.1 cm
(b) 3.1 cm
(c) 1.2 cm
(d) 2.3 cm
In the adjoining figure, AC + AB = 5 AD and AC AD = 8.
Then the area of the rectangle ABCD is
D

(b) 3 2 cm

(c) 2 3 cm
(d) 4 2 cm
A triangle and a parallelogram are constructed on the same
base such that their areas are equal. If the altitude of the
parallelogram is 100 m, then the altitude of the triangle is :
(a) 100 m
(b) 200 m

17.

A
B
(a) 36
(b) 50
(c) 60
(d) Cannot be answered
In the given fig. AB | | QR, find the length of PB.
P

18.

3cm.

m.
6c

11.

2 2 cm

p/3

9 cm.

(a) 3 cm
(b) 2 cm
(c) 4 cm
(d) 6 cm
In DABC, AD is the bisector of A if AC = 4.2 cm., DC = 6
cm., BC = 10 cm., find AB.
(a) 2.8 cm
(b) 2.7 cm
(c) 3.4 cm
(d) 2.6 cm

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19.

20.

21.

22.

Two circles of radii 10 cm. 8 cm. intersect and length of the

common chord is 12 cm. Find the distance between their
centres.
(a) 13.8 cm
(b) 13.29 cm
(c) 13.2 cm
(d) 12.19 cm
ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral in which BC || AD,
ADC = 110 and BAC = 50 find DAC
(a) 60
(b) 45
(c) 90
(d) 120
The length of a ladder is exactly equal to the height of the
wall it is resting against. If lower end of the ladder is kept on
a stool of height 3 m and the stool is kept 9 m away from the
wall the upper end of the ladder coincides with the tip of the
wall. Then, the height of the wall is
(a) 12 m
(b) 15 m
(c) 18 m
(d) 11 m
In a triangle ABC, the internal bisector of the angle A meets
BC at D. If AB = 4, AC = 3 and A = 60 , then the length of
AD is
(a)

24.

25.

26.

2 3

(a)

15

( 2 - 1) 2

(b)

2( 2 - 1)2

(d) None of these

( 2 - 1) 2 / 2
If ABCD is a square and BCE is an equilateral triangle, what
is the measure of the angle DEC?

29.

E
D

30.

(a) 15
(b) 30
(c) 20
(d) 45
AB and CD two chords of a circle such that AB = 6 cm
CD = 12 cm. And AB || CD . The distance between AB and
CD is 3 cm. Find the radius of the circle.

(a)

31.

(c) 3 4
(d) 5 3
ABCD is a square, F is the mid-point of AB and E is a point
on BC such that BE is one-third of BC. If area of DFBE = 108
m2, then the length of AC is :

(b)

3 5

(a) 63 m
(c)

32.

(b)

63 2 m

2 5

36 2 m

(d)

72 2 m
On a semicircle with diameter AD, chord BC is parallel to the
diameter. Further, each of the chords AB and CD has length
2, while AD has length 8. What is the length of BC?

A
B

(c)

12 3
7

3
3
(d) 6
8
7
In a quadrilateral ABCD, B = 90 and AD2 = AB2 + BC2
+ CD2, then ACD is equal to :
(a) 90
(b) 60
(c) 30
(d) None of these
How many sides a regular polygon has with its sum of
interior angles eight times its sum of exterior angles?
(a) 16
(b) 24
(c) 18
(d) 30
The Co-ordinates of the centroid of the triangle ABC are
(6, 1). If two vertices A and B are (3, 2) and (11, 4) find the
third vertex
(a) (4, 3)
(b) (2, 1)
(c) (2, 4)
(d) (3, 3)
In given fig, if BAC = 60 and BCA = 20 find ADC

(c)

23.

(b)

28.

17
The figure shows a rectangle ABCD with a semi-circle and
a circle inscribed inside it as shown. What is the ratio of the
area of the circle to that of the semi-circle?

60

20

D
33.

27.

C
(a) 60
(b) 45
(c) 80
(d) 90
In a triangle ABC, the lengths of the sides AB, AC and BC
are 3, 5 and 6 cm, respectively. If a point D on BC is drawn
such that the line AD bisects the angle A internally, then
what is the length of BD ?
(a) 2 cm
(b) 2.25 cm
(c) 2.5 cm
(d) 3 cm

34.

35.

(a) 7.5
(b) 7
(c) 7.75
(d) None of the above
The line x + y = 4 divides the line joining the points (1, 1)
and (5, 7) in the ratio
(a) 2 : 1
(b) 1 : 2
(c) 1 : 2 externally
(d) None of these
If the three vertices of a rectangle taken in order are the
points (2, 2), (8, 4) and (5, 7). The coordinates of the fourth
vertex is
(a) (1, 1)
(b) (1, 1)
(c) (1, 1)
(d) None of these
The centroid of a triangle, whose vertices are (2, 1), (5, 2)

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18
such that BA ^ ED and EF ^ BC, then find value of
ABC + DEF.
A
D
P

and (3, 4) is

36.

37.

(a)

8 7
,
3 3

(b)

10 7
,
3 3

(c)

10 7
- ,
3 3

(d)

10 7
, -
3
3

If O be the origin and if the coordinates of any two points

Q1 and Q2 be (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) respectively, then
OQ1.OQ2 cos Q1OQ2 =
(a) x1x2 y1y2
(b) x1y1 x2y2
(c) x1x2 + y1y2
(d) x1y1 + x2y2
In the given figure, AB || CD, BAE = 45, DCE = 50 and
CED = x, then find the value of x.

43.

F
(a) 120
(b) 180
(c) 150
(d) 210
In the figure AG = 9, AB = 12, AH = 6, Find HC.
A

45

x
50

108
72
C
(a) 18
(b) 12
(c) 16
(d) 6
In the figure given below, AB is a diametre of the semicircle
APQB, centre O, POQ = 48 cuts BP at X, calculate AXP.
Q
P
X
B

38.

39.

40.

(a) 85
(b) 95
(c) 60
(d) 20
If the coordinates of the points A, B, C be (4, 4), (3, 2) and
(3, 16) respectively, then the area of the triangle ABC is:
(a) 27
(b) 15
(c) 18
(d) 7
Arc ADC is a semicircle and DB ^ AC. If AB = 9 and
BC = 4, find DB.
(a) 6
(b) 8
(c) 10
(d) 12
In the given figure given below, E is the mid-point of AB
and F is the midpoint of AD. if the area of FAEC is 13, what
is the area of ABCD ?
E

44.

48

45.

A
B
O
(a) 50
(b) 55
(c) 66
(d) 40
OA is perpendicular to the chord PQ of a circle with centre
O. If QR is a diametre, AQ = 4 cm, OQ = 5 cm, then PR is
equal to

F
O
R
C

41.

(a) 19.5
(b) 26
(c) 39
(d) None of these
Given the adjoining figure. Find a, b, c
C
50
b
A

42.

c
36

46.

(a) 6 cm
(b) 4 cm.
(c) 8 cm
(d) 10 cm
In the cyclic quadrilateral ABCD BCD =120 , m(arc DZC)
= 7, find DAB and m (arc CXB).
C
Z
X
D
B

D
a
70 B

(a) 74, 106, 20

(b) 90, 20, 24
(c) 60, 30, 24
(d) 106, 24, 74
In the given figure, ABC and DEF are two angles

A
(a) 60, 70
(c) 60, 50

(b) 60, 40
(d) 60,60

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19
47.

In the figure , if

NT 9
= and if MB = 10, find MN.
AB 5

E
x

M
54

B
A 950
N

48.

49.

850

650

(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 28
(d) 18
The perimeter of the triangle whose vertices are ( 1,4),
( 4, 2), (3, 4), will be :
(a) 38
(b) 16
(c) 42
(d) None of the above
In the figure, AB = 8, BC = 7 m, ABC = 1200. Find AC.

54.

55.

A
8
M

50.

53.

1200

(a) 11
(b) 12
(c) 13
(d) 14
Give that segment AB and CD are parallel, if lines l, m and n
intersect at point O. Find the ratio of q to ODS
m

57.

56.

58.

O
2x

y
R C

51.

2y
D

59.

(a) 2 : 3
(b) 3 : 2
(c) 3 : 4
(d) Data insufficient
In the given figure, AB is chord of the circle with centre O,
BT is tangent to the circle. The values of x and y are
60.
P
y
O

B
X
T

52.

61.
32
A

(a) 52, 52
(b) 58, 52
(c) 58, 58
(d) 60, 64
In the given figure, m EDC = 54. m DCA = 40. Find
x, y and z.

z y

x
40

(a) 20, 27, 86

(b) 40, 54, 86
(c) 20, 27, 43
(d) 40, 54, 43
The distance between two parallel chords of length 8 cm
each in a circle of diameter 10 cm is
(a) 6 cm
(b) 7 cm
(c) 8 cm
(d) 5.5 cm
In a quadrilateral ABCD, the bisectors of A and B meet
at O. If C = 70 and D = 130, then measure of AOB is
(a) 40
(b) 60
(c) 80
(d) 100
In DABC, E and D are points on sides AB and AC
respectively such that ABC = ADE. If AE = 3 cm, AD =
2 cm and EB = 2 cm, then length of DC is
(a) 4 cm
(b) 4.5 cm
(c) 5.0 cm
(d) 5.5 cm
In a circle with centre O, AB is a chord, and AP is a tangent
to the circle. If AOB = 140, then the measure of PAB is
(a) 35
(b) 55
(c) 70
(d) 75
In DABC, A < B. The altitude to the base divides vertex
angle C into two parts C1 and C2, with C2 adjacent to BC.
Then
(a) C1 + C2 = A + B
(b) C1 C2 = A B
(c) C1 C2 = B A
(d) C1 + C2 = B A
If O is the in-centre of DABC; if BOC = 120, then the
measure of BAC is
(a) 30
(b) 60
(c) 150
(d) 75
Two parallel chords of a circle of diameter 20 cm are 12 cm
and 16 cm long. If the chords are in the same side of the
centre, then the distance between them is
(a) 28 cm
(b) 2 cm
(c) 4 cm
(d) 8 cm
In a D ABC,

AB BD
=
, B = 70 and C = 50, then
AC DC

BAD = ?
(a) 60
(b) 20
(c) 30
(d) 50
In a D ABC, AD, BE and CF are three medians. The perimeter
of DABC is always

(a)

equal to AD + BE + CF

(b)

greater than AD + BE + CF

(c)

less than AD + BE + CF

(d)

None of these

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20
62.

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

In a D ABC, AD, BE and CF are three medians. Then the ratio

( AD + BE + CF) : ( AB + AC + BC ) is
3
3
(a) equal to
(b) less than
4
4
3
1
(c) greater than
(d) equal to
4
2
Two circles with radii 25 cm and 9 cm touch each other
externally. The length of the direct common tangent is
(a) 34 cm (b) 30 cm
(c) 36 cm (d) 32 cm
If AB = 5 cm, AC = 12 and AB ^ AC then the radius of the
circumcircle of DABC is
(a) 6.5 cm (b) 6 cm
(c) 5 cm
(d) 7 cm
The radius of the circumcircle of the triangle made by xaxis, y-axis and 4x + 3y = 12 is
(a) 2 unit (b) 2.5 unit
(c) 3 unit (d) 4 unit
The length of the circum-radius of a triangle having sides
of lengths 12 cm, 16 cm and 20 cm is
(a) 15 cm (b) 10 cm
(c) 18 cm (d) 16 cm
If D is the mid-point of the side BC of D ABC and the area of
D ABD is 16 cm2, then the area of D ABC is
(a) 16 cm2 (b) 24 cm2
(c) 32 cm2 (d) 48 cm2
ABC is a triangle. The medians CD and BE intersect each
other at O. Then D ODE : D ABC is
(a) 1 : 3
(b) 1 : 4
(c) 1 : 6
(d) 1 : 12
If P, R, T are the area of a parallelogram, a rhombus and a
triangle standing on the same base and between the same
parallels, which of the following is true?
(a) R < P < T
(b) P > R > T
(c) R = P = T
(d) R = P = 2T
AB is a diameter of the circumcircle of D APB; N is the foot
of the perpendicular drawn from the point P on AB. If
AP = 8 cm and BP = 6 cm, then the length of BN is
(a) 3.6 cm (b) 3 cm
(c) 3.4 cm (d) 3.5 cm
Two circles with same radius r intersect each other and one
passes through the centre of the other. Then the length of
the common chord is
3
r (d) 5r
2
The bisector of A of DABC cuts BC at D and the
circumcircle of the triangle at E. Then
(a) AB : AC = BD : DC
(b) AD : AC = AE : AB
(c) AB : AD = AC : AE
(d) AB : AD = AE : AC

(a)
72.

(b)

3r

(c)

73.
74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.
80.

81.

82.
83.

84.

Two circles intersect each other at P and Q. PA and PB are

two diameters. Then AQB is
(a) 120
(b) 135
(c) 160
(d) 180
O is the centre of the circle passing through the points A, B
and C such that BAO = 30, BCO = 40 and AOC = x.
What is the value of x ?
(a) 70
(b) 140
(c) 210
(d) 280
A and B are centres of the two circles whose radii are 5 cm
and 2 cm respectively. The direct common tangents to the
circles meet AB extended at P. Then P divides AB.
(a) externally in the ratio 5 : 2
(b) internally in the ratio 2 : 5
(c) internally in the ratio 5 : 2
(d) externally in the ratio 7 : 2
A, B, P are three points on a circle having centre O. If
OAP = 25 and OBP = 35, then the measure of AOB is
(a) 120
(b) 60
(c) 75
(d) 150
Side BC of DABC is produced to D. If ACD = 140 and
ABC = 3BAC, then find A.
(a) 55
(b) 45
(c) 40
(d) 35
The length of tangent (upto the point of contact) drawn
from an external point P to a circle of radius 5 cm is 12 cm.
The distance of P from the centre of the circle is
(a) 11 cm (b) 12 cm
(c) 13 cm (d) 14 cm
ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, AB is a diameter of the circle.
If ACD = 50, the value of BAD is
(a) 30
(b) 40
(c) 50
(d) 60
Two circles of equal radii touch externally at a point P. From
a point T on the tangent at P, tangents TQ and TR are
drawn to the circles with points of contact Q and R
respectively. The relation of TQ and TR is
(a) TQ < TR
(b) TQ > TR
(c) TQ = 2TR
(d) TQ = TR
When two circles touch externally, the number of common
tangents are
(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) 2
(d) 1
D and E are the mid-points of AB and AC of DABC. If
A = 80, C = 35, then EDB is equal to
(a) 100
(b) 115
(c) 120
(d) 125
If the inradius of a triangle with perimeter 32 cm is 6 cm, then
the area of the triangle in sq. cm is
(a) 48
(b) 100
(c) 64
(d) 96
If two circles of radii 9 cm and 4 cm touch externally, then
the length of a common tangent is
(a) 5 cm
(b) 7 cm
(c) 8 cm
(d) 12 cm

ANSWER KEY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(b)

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

(c)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

(a)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(b)

34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44

(c)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)

45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55

(a)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(c)
(c).
(c)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(d)

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66

(c)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)

67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77

(c)
(d)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(d)

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78
79
80
81
82
83
84

(c)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(d)

21

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22

1.

(c) In a right angled D, the length of the median is

length of the hypotenuse . Hence BD =

2.

3.

(a)

(b)

1
the
2

2
2
+ y = x + y
2

1
AC = 3cm.
2

x2
+ y 2 + xy = x 2 + y 2
4

D = 180 - B = 180 - 70 = 110

\ ACD = 180 - D - CAD
180 - 110 - 30 = 40

7.

O
C

y 3
=
x 4
(c) Consider for an equilateral triangle. Hence DABC
consists of 4 such triangles with end points on mid
points AB, BC and CA
A
4xy = 3x 2 4y = 3x

a
D

x 2 + 4xy = 4 x 2

ABCD is square a 2 = 4 a = 2
AC = BD = 2 2
perimeters of four triangles

= AB + BC + CD + DA + 2(AC + BD)

4.

= 8 + 2(2 2 + 2 2 ) = 8(1 + 2 )
(c) Sum of all the exterior angles of a polygon taken in
order is 360.

B
Q
1
ar (DABC) = ar (DPQR)
4
ar (DPQR) = 5 sq. units

75

8.

(a)

a S

P
a

a
r

115

90

5.

(d)

a 2 = 3r 2 or a = 3r

22 2
r
Area of circle
22
22 p
= 7
=
=
=
\
Area of square ( 3r) 2 7 3 21 3

9.

(d)
2 cm

x 2 + y2

r
T

In DSOR , a 2 + r 2 = (2r ) 2 = 4r 2

i.e. x + 90 + 115 + 75 = 360

or x = 360 280 = 80 or x = 80
(b) In DABC, C = 180 - 90 - 30 = 60
60
\ DDCE =
= 30
2
Again in DDEC , CED = 180 - 90 - 30 = 60

6.

O'
O

1 cm

According to question,
( x + y) - x 2 + y 2 =
( x + y) -

3 cm

2 2 cm

x
2

x
= x 2 + y2
2

AB =
\

32 - 12 = 2 2 cm

AC = 4 2 cm

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23
10.

(b) Let the common base be x m.

Now, area of the triangle = area of the parallelogram

16.

Altitude of the triangle = 200 m

(b) The sum of the interior angles of a polygon of n sides
is given by the expression (2n 4)

( 2n 4)

(c)

p
2

p
p
= 1620
2
180

Ratio of uncut portion (p 20 20) - (100p)

=
Ratio of cut portion
(4 p 5 5)
=

13.

(a)

b
a

a 2 + b 2 = (b + 8) 2 = b 2 + 64 + 16b

or a 2 = 16b + 64 = (4b - 8) 2 = 16b 2 + 64 - 64b

[From (iii)]

17.

16b 2 - 80b = 0 or b = 0 or 5
Putting b = 5 in (iii), a = 4b 8 = 20 8 = 12
Area of rectangle = 12 5 = 60
(b) DPAB ~ DPQR

PB PR
PB 6
=

=
AB QR
3
9

300p 3
=
100 p 1

AD = 24, BC = 12

....(i)
AC + AB = 5AD or AC + a = 5b
....(ii)
AC - AD = 8 or AC = b + 8
Using (i) and (ii) , a + b + 8 = 5b or a + 8 = 4b ...(iii)
Using Pythagorous theorem,

1620 2
= 18
( 2n 4) =
180
or 2n = 22
or n = 11

12.

1
x Altitude of the triangle = x 100
2

11.

(c)

\ PB = 2 cm
18.

(a)

In DBCE & DADE

since CBA = CDA (Angles by same arc)
BCE = DAE (Angles by same arc)
BEC = DEA (Opp. angles)

4.2 cm

\ BCE & DAE are similar Ds

with sides in the ratio 1 : 2
Ratio of area = 1:4 ( i.e square of sides)
14.

(c) Here x1 = 4, x 2 = -2, y1 = -1, y 2 = 4

B 4 cm
D
using angle bisector theorem

and m1 = 3 and m 2 = 5

15.

19.

\ AB = 2.8 cm
(b) Here, OP = 10 cm; O'P = 8 cm
P

7 7
\ The required point is ,
4 8
(a) In DABC, DE | | BC
By applying basic Proportionality theorem,

O'

PQ = 12 cm

AD 3
= (Given)
But
DB 5
AE 3
AE
3
AE 3
=
or
or
=
=
AC
8
EC + AE 5 + 3
EC 5

AE 3
= 8AE = 3 5.6 AE = 3 5.6 /8
5.6 8
\ AE = 2.1 cm.

or

10

AD AE
=
DB EC

AC DC
4.2 AB
=

=
AB BD
6
4

m x + m 2 x1 3( -2) + 5( 4) 7
\x = 1 2
=
=
m1 + m 2
3+5
4
m y + m 2 y1 3(4) + 5(-1) 7
and y = 1 2
=
=
m1 + m 2
3+5
8

6 cm

1
12 PL = 6 cm
2
In rt. DOLP , OP 2 = OL2 + LP 2
(using Pythagoras theorem)

\ PL = 1/2 PQ PL =

(10 ) 2 = OL2 + (6) 2 OL2 = 64 ; OL = 8

In DO' LP, (O ' L) 2 = O ' P 2 - LP 2 = 64 36 = 28

O'L2 = 28 O ' L = 28

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24
O'L = 5.29 cm
\ OO' = OL + O' L = 8 + 5.29

O O' = 13.29 cm
20.

(a) ABC + ADC = 180 (sum of opposites angles of

cyclic quadrilateral is 180)

3 4
2 12 3
x 3 =
2x 7
1
7
2
2
2
(a) We have, AD = AB + BC + CD2
y=

23.

D
50

110
C

90
B

ABC + 110 = 180

( ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral )
ABC = 180 110 ABC = 70 (Q AD || BC)
\ ABC + BAD = 180 (Sum of the interior angles
on the same side of transversal is 180)
70 + BAD = 180
BAD = 180 70 = 110
BAC + DAC = 110 50 + DAC = 110
DAC = 110 50 = 60
21.

24.

In DABC
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AD2 = AC2 + CD2 ACD = 90
(c) Let n be the number of sides of the polygon
Now, sum of interior angles = 8 sum of exterior angles
p
= 8 2p
2
or (2n 4) = 32
or n = 18
(a) Let the third vertex be ( x, y)
\ The centroid of the triangle is given (6, 1).

i.e. (2n 4)

25.

(b)

x + x2 + x3
3 + 11 + x
1
=6
= 6 14 + x = 18
3
3
x=4

3+x

y1 + y 2 + y 3
2+ 4+ y
=1
=1 6 + y = 3
3
3
y = 3
\ Third vertex is (4, 3)
(c) In DABC, B = 180 (60 + 20) (By ASP)
A

and

3m

26.

9m

Using pythagoras , x2 + 81 = (3 + x)2

22.

or x 2 + 81 = 9 + x 2 + 6 x 6 x = 72 or x = 12m
Height of wall = 12 + 3 =15 m
(b)
A

60
D

20

4 30 30 3
y
B

C
D
x
Using the theorem of angle of bisector,
4
3
BD AB 4
BD = x & DC = x
=
=
7
7
DC AC 3

In DABD, by sine rule, sin 30 = sin B

y
4/ 7x
In DABC, by sine rule;

or

27.

C
B = 100
But B + D = 180
(Q ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral;
Sum of opposite is 180)
100 + D = 180 ADC = 80
A
(b) As AD biseets CA, we have

......(i)

sin 60 sin B
=
x
3

3 sin 30.y
=
[putting the value of sin B from (i)]
2x 4 / 7x 3

BD DC
=
AB AC

or

DC 5
=
BD 3

or

DC
5
+ 1 = +1
BD
3

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25
or

DC + BD 5 + 3
=
BD
3

or

BC 8
=
BD 3

28.

29.

BD =

Area of DFEB =

x2
= 108
12
x2 = 108 12 = 1296
In DADC, we have
AC2 = AD2 + DC2
= x2 + x2 = 2x2
= 2 1296 = 2592

C
D
In DDEC , DCE = 90 + 60 = 150

or

180 - 150
= 15
2
(a) Draw OE ^ CD and OF ^ AB

32.

C
4

E
O
4
BO = radius = 4 = AO

B
D

E
O

\ BC = AD AE FD = 8 -

(using Pythagoras theorem)

1
1

r 2 = x 2 + (6) 2 \ ED = CD = 12 = 6cm
2
2

-1 + 1 - 4 1
=
(b) Ratio = -
5 + 7 - 4 2

34.

(c) Let fourth vertex be (x, y), then

and

....(i)

In rt. DOFB, (OB) 2 = (OF) 2 + (FB) 2

35.

r 2 = ( x + 3) 2 + (3) 2 r 2 = x 2 + 6 x + 9 + 9

36.

....(ii)

From (i) and (ii), we get x 2 + 36 = x 2 + 6 x + 18

36 = 6x + 18 36 - 18 = 6x
18 = 6x 3 = x
For (i), r2 = (3)2 + (6)2
r2 = 9 + 36 r2 = 45

1 1
- = 7 (Q AE = FD)
2 2

33.

(OD) 2 = (OE) 2 + (ED) 2

r 2 = x 2 + 36

22 + 42 - 42 2 1
= =
AE = 2 cos A = 2
2 2 4 4 2

AB || CD
(Given)
Let r be the radius of the circle
Now in rt. D OED,

31.

r 2 = x 2 + 6 x + 18

AC = 2592 = 36 2

(b)

6cm
A

1 x x x2
=
2 3 2 12

Now,

60

CDE = DEC =

30.

BC 3 6 3 9
=
= = 2.25 cm
8
8
4
(d) Let the radius of the semi- circle be R and that of the
circle be r, then from the given data, it is not possible
to express r in terms of R. Thus option (d) is the correct
alternative.
B
(a)
A

or

x +8 2+5
=
2
2

y + 4 -2 + 7
=
x = -1, y = 1
2
2

2 + 5 + 3 10
1+ 2 + 4 7
=
=
and y =
3
3
3
3
(c) From triangle OQ1Q2, by applying cosine formula.
Y

(b)

x=

Q2 (x 2 , y2 )

Q1 (x1 , y1 )

r = 45 r = 3 5 cm.
(b) Let the side of the square be x, then
x
x and
BF =
BE =
O
2
3
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26
Q1Q22 = OQ12 + OQ22 - 2OQ1.OQ 2 cos Q1OQ 2

46.

or (x1 - x 2 ) 2 + (y1 - y 2 ) 2
= x12 + y12 + x 22 + y 22 - 2OQ1.OQ2 cos q
37.

or x1x 2 + y1y2 = OQ1.OQ2 cos Q1OQ 2

(a) EDC = BAD = 45 (alternate angles)
\ x = DEC = 180 (50 + 45) = 85.

38.

(d)

39.

1
[56 60 + 18] = 7
2
(a) m ADC = 90
(Angle subtended by the diameter on a circle is 90)
D

(c) m DAB + 180 120 = 60

(Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral)
m (arc BCD) = 2m DAB = 120.

(b)

41.

(a)

42.

(b)

43.

(b)

1
[4 - (2 + 16) + 3 (-16 - 4) + 3 (4 + 2)]
2

40.

C
B
A
\ D ADC is a right angled triangle.
\ (DB)2 = BA BC ..
(DB is the perpendicular to the hypotenuse)
= 9 4 = 36
\ DB = 6
As F is the mid-point of AD, CF is the median of the
triangle ACD to the side AD.
Hence area of the triangle FCD = area of the triangle
ACF.
Similarly area of triangle BCE = area of triangle ACE.
\ Area of ABCD = Area of (CDF + CFA + ACE + BCE)
= 2 Area (CFA + ACE) = 2 13 = 26 sq. units.
a + 36 + 70 = 180 (sum of angles of triangle)
a = 180 36 70 = 74
b = 36 + 70(Ext. angle of triangle ) = 106
c = a 50 (Ext. angle of triangle ) =74 50 = 24.
Since the sum of all the angle of a quadrilateral is 360
We have ABC + BQE + DEF + EPB = 360
\ ABC + DEF = 180 [Q BPE = EQB = 90 ]
m AHG = 180 108 = 720
\ AHG = ABC .....(same angle with different
names)
\ D AHG DABC .....(AA test for similarity)
AG
AH
=
;
AC
AB

9
6
=
12 AC

12 x 9
= 18
6
\ HC = AC AH = 18 6 = 12

\ AC =

1
(48)
2
(at centre = 2 at circumference on same PQ) 24
AQB = 90 (In semi- circle)
QXB = 180 90 24 ( sum of D ) = 66

44.

(c) b =

45.

(a) AO = OQ2 - AQ2 = 52 - 42 = 9 = 3

Now, from similar Ds QAO and QOR
OR = 2OA = 2 3 = 6 cm.

47.

\m (arc CXB) = m (BCD) m (arc DZC)

= 120 70 = 50 .
(d) MBA = 180 95 = 85
AMB = TMN ...(Same angles with different names)
\ D MBA D MNT ......(AA test for similarity)
MB
AB
=
MN
NT

48.

.......(proportional sides)

10
5
90
=
\ MN =
= 18.
MN
9
5
(d) The three length AB, BC, AC will be

AB = [(-1 + 4)2 + (4 + 2)2 ] = 45

BC = [(-4 - 3)2 + (-2 + 2) 2 ] = 7 2 + 22 = 53

49.

AC = 42 + 82 = 80
Perimeter = AB + BC + AC
(c) m ABM = 180 120 = 60
\ D AMB is a 30 60 90 triangle.

\ AM
MB =

3
3
AB =
8=4 3
2
2

1
1
AB = x 8 = 4
2
2

(AC)2 = (AM)2 + (MC)2 = (4

50.

3 )2 + (4 +7)2

= 48 + 121 = 169 ; AC = 169 = 13.

(c) Let the line m cut AB and CD at point P and Q
respectively
DOQ = x (exterior angle)
Hence, Y + 2x (corresponding angle)
\y=x
...(1)
Also . DOQ = x (vertically opposite angles)
In D OCD, sum of the angles = 180
\ y + 2y + 2x + x =180
3x + 3y = 180
x + y = 60
...(2)
From (1) and (2) x = y = 30 = 2y = 60
\ ODS = 180 60 = 120
\ q = 180 3x = 180 3(30) = 180 90 = 90.
\ The required ratio = 90 : 120 = 3 : 4.

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27
51.

52.

(c) Given AB is a circle and BT is a tangent, BAO = 32

Here, OBT = 90
[ QTangent is ^ to the radius at the point of contact]
OA = OB
[Radii of the same
circle]
\ OBA = OAB = 32
[Angles opposite to equal side are equal]
\ OBT = OBA + ABT = 90 or 32 + x = 90 .
x = 90 32 = 58 .
Also, AOB = 180 OAB OBA
= 180 32 32 = 116
1
Now Y =
AOB
2
[Angle formed at the center of a circle is double the
angle formed in the remaining part of the circle]
1
=
116 = 58 .
2
1
(b) m ACD = M(are CXD) = m DEC
2
\ m DEC = x = 40
1
\ m ECB = m (are EYC) = m EDC
2
\ m ECB = y = 54
54 + x + z = 180 (Sum of all the angles of a triangle)
54 + 40 + z = 180
\ z = 86.

A + B + C + D = 360
A + B = 360 (130 + 70) = 160
A B
+ = 80
2 2
In D AOB,
A B
+ + 0 = 180
2 2
0 = 180 80 = 100

55.
56.

57.

(d)
(c)

(a)

In D AOB, A + B + O = 180
A + B = 180 140 = 40
A = B = 20
{AO = BO}
PAO = 90
A
PAB + BAO = 90
PAB = 90 20 = 70

(c)

B
60

In D ADC,
A + D + C1 = 180; A + C1 = 180 90 = 90
In D BDC,
B + D + C2 = 180; B + C2 = 180 90 = 90
A + C1 = B + C 2
C1 C2 = B A
58.

(b)

59.

(b)

D
O

6 cm C 6 cm
N

8 cm

8 cm
D

Two parallel chords AB & CD & AB = CD = 8 cm

Diameter of circle = AD = 10 cm.
\

radius = AO = OD =

10
= 5 cm
2

OD =

AM = MB =

54.

(d)

B
A

cm
10

In DADO,

AB
= 4 cm.
2
DAOM is Right angle D,
AO2 = AM2 + OM2
52 = 42 + OM2
OM2 = 25 16 = 9
OM = 3 cm.
Similarly,
OM = ON = 3 cm
\ Distance between parallel chords = MN
= OM + ON
= 3 + 3 = 6 cm

(AO)2 - AD2

= 100cm 2 - 64cm 2 = 6 cm
In DBCO,
OC =

OB2 - CB2

= 100cm 2 - 36cm 2 = 8 cm
distance between chords = OC OD = 2cm
60.

(c)

O
70
50
C
B
C
D
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130
D

70

C1 C2

53.

...(1)

28
AB BD
=
Given,
AC DC
According to angle bisector theorem which states that
the angle bisector, like segment AO, divides the sides
of the triangle proportionally. Therefore, A being
the bisector of triangle.
In D ABC,
A + B + C = 180
A = 180 70 = 60

BAD =
61.

65.

63.

67.

68.

Let the two circles with centre A, B and radii 25 cm and

9 cm touch each other externally at point C.
Then AB = AC + CB = 25 + 9 = 34 cm.
Let PQ the direct common tangent. i.e., BQ ^ PQ and
AP ^ PQ . Draw BR ^ AP. Then BRQP is a rctangle.
(Tangent ^ radius at point of contact)
In D ABR,
AB2 = AR2 + BR2
(34)2 = (16)2 + (BR)2
BR2 = 1156 256 = 900

BR = 900 = 30 cm
(a) In D ABC,
BC2 = AB2 + AC2

s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)

Area of Triangle = 24 12 8 4 = 8 3 4 cm2

12 16 20
R=
= 10 cm
4 8 3 4
(c) Area of DABD = 16 cm2
Area of DABC = 2 Area of DABD [Q In triangle, the
midpoint of the opposite side, divides it into two
congruent triangles. So their areas are equal and each
is half the area of the original triangle]
32 cm2
1
(d) Area of DODE = OK DE
2

1 1

= BC OK
2 2

69.

1
1
2

BC AF - AF
4
3
2

1 1 1

1
= AF BC =
area of DABC = 1 : 12
4 3 2
12
(d) Parallelogram Area = l b
Rhombus Area = l b
l b
2
Therefore R = P = 2T.
(a) Since AB is a diameter. Then APB = 90 (angle in the
semicircle)
DBPN ~ DAPB
So, BN = BP2 / AB
Triangle Area =

70.

1
= [BC (AO - AK)]
4

64.

abc
4 Area of triangle
[where a, b and c are sides of triangle]

Circum Radius (R)=

P
9R
16
A

(b)

a+b+c

= 24
\ s =
2

(c)
(b)

BC 13
= = 6.5 cm
2
2
(b) Putting x = 0 in 4x + 3y = 12 we get y = 4
Putting y = 0 in 4x + 3y = 12 we get x = 3
The triangle so formed is right angle triangle with points
(0, 0) (4, 0) (0, 3)

Area of Triangle =

Let ABC be the triangle and D, E and F are midpoints

of BC, CA and AB respectively.
Hence, in D ABD, AD is median
AB + AC > 2 AD
...(1)
Similarly, we get
BC + AC > 2 CF
...(2)
BC + AB > 2 BE
...(3)
On adding the above in equations, we get
(AB + AC + BC + AC + BC + AB) > 2 (AD + BE + CF)
2 (AB + AC + BC) > 2 (AD + BE + CF)
\ AB + AC + BC > AD + BE + CF
Thus, the perimeter of triangle is greater than the sum
of the medians.
62.

So diameter is the hypotenus of triangle = 16 + 9

= 5 unit
radius = 2.5 unit
66.

Radius of triangle =

60
= 30
2

12
5

BC = 169 = 13 cm

(b)

BC2 = (5)2 + (12)2

BC2 = 25 + 144
BC2 = 169

BN =

66
= 3.6cm
10

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29
71.

(b) In DAOM
r2 = AM2 + x2
AM2 = r2 x2
...(1)
In DAMO'
r2 = (r x)2 + AM2
AM2 = r2 (r x)2 ...(2)
From eqns. (1) & (2)
r2 x2 = r2 (r x)2
2rx = r2

r
O

76. (a) In DOBP.

OB = OP(Q radius)

\ OBP = OPB = 35
25
In D AOP
OA = OP (Q radius)
O
\ OAP = OPA = 25
Now, APB = OPA + OPB
35
P
B
= 25 + 35 = 60
Hence, AOB = 2APB
(Angle be substended by are at centre is twice)
= 2 60 = 120

M O'
B

r
2
From eq. (1)
x=

77. (d)
2

3
r
AM 2 = r 2 - = r 2
4
2
AM =

3
r
2

140
B

3
r = 3r
Length of chord AB = 2AM = 2
2
72.

(d)

(d)

BAC =

78. (c)

B
S

A
30

O
B

5 cm

75.

p p
+ p or 180
2 2

(b) In DAOB
AO = BO (radii of circles)
\ ABO = BAO = 30
In DBOC
BO = CO (radii of circles)
\ BCO = OBC = 40
ABC = ABO + OBC
ABC = 30 + 40 = 70
2 ABC = AOC x = 140
R
(a)
Q

12 cm

p
BQP = (Angle in the semicircle is 90)
2

74.

140
= 35
4

p
AQP = (Angle in the semicircle is 90)
2

AQB = AQP + BQP =

ACB + ACD = 180 (linear pair)

\ ACB = 180 140 = 40
In D ABC
BAC + ABC + ACB = 180
BAC + 3 BAC + 40 = 180
4 BAC = 180 40

P
73.

x
40

T
D PQB and D PRA are similar triangle by AAA criteria.

AP is a tangent and OA is a radius.

Therefore, OA is ^ at AP.
So, In D OAP
OP2 = 52 + 122
OP2 = 25 + 144 = 169
C
D
OP = 13 cm
50
79. (b) In D ABC, ACB = 90
A
\ ACB + ACD
O
90 + 50 = 140
As angle mode by triangle
in semicircle is equal to 90.
\ In quad. ABCD BAD + BCD = 180
angle of (opp. pair of quad is equal to 180)
BAD = 180 140 = 40
80. (d)

T
Q

P
AP AR 5
=
=
\
BP BQ 2
P divides AB externally in the ratio of 5 : 2
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30
TP = TQ

[The length of tangents drawn from

an external point to a circle are equal]
Similarly, TP = TR
Using both equation, we get
TQ = TR
The relation of TQ and TR is TQ = TR.
81. (b)

83. (d) Area of triangle = Inradius Semi-perimeter

= 6 16 = 96 sq. cm
84.

(d)

O 9 cm

C
9 cm
4 cm

4 cm
O'

There are three common tangents AB, CD and EF

A
82. (b) DE is parallel to BC
So AED = C = 35
80
Since A = 80
Then ADE = 65
E
EDB is supplement to ADE. D
So, EDB = 180 ADE
= 180 65 = 115
35
C
B

In figure, AC = AO CO
= 9 cm 4 cm = 5 cm
{CO = BO'}
Also, CB = OO = 13 cm
In D ABC
AB =

CB2 - AC 2

(13cm)2 - (5cm)2
= 12 cm

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31

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