The Road-RIPorter

Bimonthly Newsletter of the Wildlands Center for Preventing Roads. January/February 1998. Volume 3 # 1

Roadless Area Protection:

At What Price?
by Bethanie Walder

O
n our National Forests, roadless areas are Finally, protection should be extended
to all roadless areas, regardless of whether
often considered the key to wildland they are under the jurisdiction of the Forest
Service, the Bureau of Land Management,
protection and recovery. Across the the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, or any
country, environmental activists consistently decry other agency. Offering exemptions for
certain areas destroys the purpose of
timber sales in roadless areas, and rightly so. protecting them. If roadless area protection
The Salvage Logging Rider wreaked havoc on roadless areas throughout the is granted to the entire National Forest
National Forest System, as these areas were systematically roaded and logged system, and areas like the Tongass National
regardless of environmental laws and regulations. But roadless areas are only one Forest or the lands under the President’s
piece in an increasingly complex puzzle of wildland protection and recovery. Northwest Forest Plan are excluded, then
While efforts to protect roadless areas should be supported, they should be we are left with little real protection.
recognized as only the first step in a broader strategy to protect & restore wildland Wildlife need functioning, intact, low-
ecosystems. The next step: restoring ecological function and integrity to areas elevation habitat to survive. For long-term
already degraded. and lasting protection for the ecological
Since November, the Clinton Administration has been working with the resources that our National Forests contain,
Department of Agriculture to develop an interim protection plan for roadless areas it is time to rethink how the whole forest is
in the National Forests. In conjunction with this proposal, they are expected to managed. Are the National Forests for
announce a policy regarding road construction on National Forest land. Why this resource extraction or resource protection?
new focus on roadless areas and roads? It is related, in part, to the past year’s
Congressional debates over road construction, and a hope to avoid similar debates
in 1998. But can an administrative policy be effective? — continued on page 3 —

Roadless Areas
In order to evaluate a proposed policy, forget politics and
focus on the impact the policy will have on the ground. Any
policy to protect roadless areas must protect them from road
construction and resource extraction. For example, prohibit-
ing permanent, but not temporary, road construction might
allow roadless areas to remain roadless figuratively, but still
degrades the land. Likewise, allowing helicopter logging
without new roads won’t protect the ecological integrity of
roadless areas.
In addition to protecting roadless areas from resource
extraction and road construction, roadless area policies
should not be based on size — they should be based on
biological value. Any area should be protected from resource
extraction, regardless of whether it is 5,000 acres, 1,000 acres
or ten acres. Nor should an official Forest Service inventory
be a prerequisite for protection. Many “uninventoried” Low and mid-elevation roadless areas like the Scotchman’s Peaks in
roadless areas are as worthy of protection as inventoried western Montana await a new national policy. Photo by George
roadless areas. Wuerthner.
 From the Wildlands CPR Office...
Changes, changes, changes
It seems as if every issue we tell you about staff changes here at Wildlands CPR,
but I suppose that’s part of being a growing organization. We sadly said good-bye to
Dave Havlick as our RIPorter editor/producer with the November/December 1997
Wildlands
issue. Fortunately, we still see him almost every day since he works on the other side C
Center for
of our wall with the Wild Rockies Field Institute and Predator Project’s Roads Scholar P
Preventing
Project. Conservation activist and former editor of The Networker (Alliance for the R
Roads
Wild Rockies’ newsletter) Dan Funsch will be taking over Dave’s position, and Jim
Coefield will continue to work on the newsletter as well. Though we’ll miss Dave’s P.O. Box 7516
touch, we are looking forward to a great year with Dan and Jim. Missoula, MT 59807
We are thrilled to welcome our new half-time motorized recreation coordinator (406) 543-9551
Jacob Smith. Jacob has been working with the Biodiversity Legal Foundation for wildlandsCPR@wildrockies.org
www.wildrockies.org/WildCPR
several years, focusing on transportation planning and motorized recreation issues
like snowmobiles. He’ll be staying in Boulder, working half time for BLF and half
time for us. Jacob will consolidate the scientific and legal data we’ve been collecting
Wildlands Center for Preventing
on motorized recreation, and compile a “tool-box” of resources for activists to use to Roads is a national coalition of
challenge this insidious and destructive use of public lands. He is here to answer grassroots groups and individuals
your questions, to help you develop effective strategies, and within the next six working to reverse the severe
months or so, to set up a workshop on ecological impacts of wildland roads.
how to challenge motorized recreation We seek to protect native ecosystems
and ORV use. Thanks to the Harder In this Issue and biodiversity by recreating an
interconnected network of roadless
Foundation for providing the start-up public wildlands.
money for this program/position.
Roadless Area Protection: Director
What Price? p. 1 Bethanie Walder
Ask Dr. Roads Bethanie Walder
We have also added a new section to Development Director
The RIPorter: Ask Dr. Roads. Finally, an Odes to Roads, p. 4-5 Tom Youngblood-Petersen
authority you can turn to with your most Tom Youngblood-Petersen
Office Assistant
burning road and motorized recreation Dana Jensen
questions. Ever wonder, for example, Field Notes, p. 6-7
what type of road Jack Kerouac was on? (anti) Motorized Recreation
Find out the answer to this, and other, Regional Reports, p. 8-10 Program
profound questions in this issue. And Dana Jensen and staff Jacob Smith
don’t forget to send your questions for Newsletter
Dr. Roads to ponder on postcards, over Glossary of Terms, p. 11 Dan Funsch
the phone or e-mail, or preferably,
written on the back of road signs. We Bibliography Notes, p. 12-13 Interns & Volunteers
hope you appreciate our attempt to bring Erin Ebersberger Barb Cestero
Scott Bagely
some levity to The RIPorter. Brian Koltes
Ask Dr. Roads, p. 14
Thanks... Dr. Roads, Master of what? Board of Directors
Katie Alvord
We were thrilled to receive grants Mary Byrd Davis
from the Wilburforce and New-Land Kraig Klungness
Foundations and the Foundation for Deep Ecology in late 1997. Many thanks to all Sidney Maddock
three foundations for their support. These grants will expand our network, get our Rod Mondt
Cara Nelson
information out to more people, and continue to provide the best road and motorized Mary O'Brien
recreation-fighting resources we can develop. Thanks too, to all those of you who Tom Skeele
sent in end-of-the-year contributions and made our membership drive a success. Scott Stouder
Big thanks to Portland, OR cartoonist Matt Wuerker for donating the back cover
‘toon for this issue and several others that may appear in future RIPorters. We’ve got Advisory Committee
Jasper Carlton, Libby Ellis,
a lot of work to do to keep his vision (nightmare) from becoming reality. Dave Foreman, Keith
Hammer, Timothy Hermach,
Please read on, enjoy The RIPorter, and keep in touch with us about what we can Marion Hourdequin, Lorin
do to make your work easier. Lindner, Andy Mahler, Robert
McConnell, Stephanie Mills,
Reed Noss, Michael Soulé,
Dan Stotter, Steve
Trombulak, Louisa Willcox,
Bill Willers, Howie Wolke

2 The Road-RIPorter January/February 1998

Roadless Area Protection: What Price?
— continued from page 1 —

To summarize, roadless area protection policies must:

¤ exclude all types of road construction (including temporary roads, roads for
ORVs/motorized recreation and user created roads);
¤ exclude resource extraction;
¤ be based on biological criteria rather than acreage (e.g. areas greater than 1,000
or 5,000 acres);
¤ include uninventoried as well as inventoried roadless lands; Developers can wreak havoc on an ecosystem
¤ not exclude roadless areas in certain regions or forests. without ever building a road. Photo by Bill
Cunningham.
Any policy that says, “no new roads in roadless areas” without saying “no
industrial resource extraction” is an empty policy with little or no impact. If we stop
the roads, but not the resource extraction, then we have not succeeded in our temporary, system or non-system roads)
ultimate goal: to protect and restore wildland ecosystems. A policy such as this is until the ground-based surveys and
simply a paper victory. prioritization are complete.

Road Construction As an organization dedicated to

The administration is expected to integrate its proposed roadless area policy fighting roads and motorized recreation,
with a roads policy. In the past two years, congressional debate has focused on road Wildlands CPR recognizes that the
construction funding in the National Forests. Whether or not the federal government problems caused by roads are integrally
pays for the roads isn’t the real issue. The real issue is where (if anywhere) we want linked to industrial resource extraction
to allow roads, where we want them prohibited, and why. and industrial recreation. Though any
road construction has an impact on the
To improve ecological conditions, a road policy must be based on and incorpo- land, road construction combined with
rate the following objectives: resource extraction has a greater
1. Complete a comprehensive, ground-based inventory of all roads that exist. impact. To protect wildland ecosystems,
This inventory should include all temporary roads, user-created roads, highways it is critical to prevent the roads and
and other paved roads that go through FS land — any routes on the land that allow extractive activities associated with
for the passage of motor vehicles. The inventory should act as the basis for road and them. To restore ecosystems, it is
access management and road restoration. critical to remove roads — we have an
2. Create comprehensive road density standards for wildlife habitat, with specific opportunity to recreate roadless areas
standards for road-sensitive species. and the biological diversity they
Such road density standards should take into account habitat quality as well as support. We encourage the Clinton
quantity (for example, low road densities along a ridge might be equivalent to higher Administration to adopt a policy that
road densities in flat areas), as well as aquatic versus terrestrial species’ needs. embodies these principles as the first
3. Prioritize the most ecologically significant roaded lands for protection and step towards protecting National Forest
restoration. lands, not the final answer.
While many roadless areas offer significant resources in terms of biological
diversity, some roaded areas do, too. Some lightly or moderately roaded areas might
offer more important biological diversity/ecological values (or potential) than some
roadless areas. National Forest manage-
ment should be based on ecological
rather than economic considerations.
(This would avoid direct conflicts Protecting
between ecologically important habitat
roadless areas
and commercial resource extraction.)
4. Prioritize ecosystem restoration is necessary but
through road removal and revegetation. not sufficient
Road removal and revegetation as a means
should be prioritized based on the to restore
inventories and values explained above. ecosystem health.
5. Implement a moratorium on new Active
road construction and reconstruction on
restoration of
National Forest lands.
Because the impacts of roads are so degraded
severe, and because they lead to the landscapes also
continued extraction of resources from will be essential.
public lands, the Forest Service should
place a moratorium on all forms of road Photo by Mark
construction and reconstruction Alan Wilson.
(including all forms of roads, e.g.

The Road-RIPorter January/February 1998 3

 Odes to Roads

The Road to Wilderness Recovery...

...is No Road at All
by Tom Youngblood-Petersen

W
e breathed a sigh of relief to assess their plans and work. The USFS
as our headlights flashed is fairly new to road removal, and a poor
restoration job can cause more harm
on the mud brown U.S. than good. Because Wildlands CPR has
Forest Service (USFS) sign, “Road had its ear to the ground on restoration
efforts, we thought we might have a few
Closed Ahead.” After driving five hours things to say.
from home and then ten jarring miles We knew the road switchbacked
into excellent wildlife habitat, and that
up a rutted dirt road in the Gallatin snowmelt waters pour each spring from
the 11,000 foot Taylor Peaks into the
National Forest of south-central drainage to Cache Creek. We knew
Montana, we were ready to camp for wildland road building fragmented the
The FS habitat, disrupting the movement of
the night, and start work the next sensitive species such as elk and griz,
wanted
morning. And we were relieved the and we knew roads devastate wild
feedback
USFS was beginning to
on their
close a few of their
restoration
440,000 miles of roads.
efforts,
and were Six of us — two from Wildlands
CPR — had volunteered to help the USFS
anxious for revegetate this closed road on a water-
us to shed restoration project in the upper
Cache Creek drainage, almost 8,500 feet
assess in elevation and a half-mile from the
259,000 acre Lee Metcalf Wilderness
their plans Area. It is home to grizzly bear, elk,
and work. moose and wolves.
The USFS acquired the old road
system — and its problems — in a
Wildlands CPR Director Bethanie Walder (left) gets her hands dirty restoring
recent land exchange. Many of the
this section of Forest Service road. Also pictured are Keith Stockmann
culverts had failed, causing the water to (middle) and a Forest Service worker. Photo by Tom Youngblood-Petersen.
divert and cut new channels, and the
road prism (road bed) was restricting cross slope flow, concen- fisheries, choking streams with sedi-
trating water into a few streams, and washing deep ruts in the ments that strangle fish by decreasing
highly erodible soil. Both the failed culverts and the eroding available oxygen and burying eggs.
road prism were causing increased sediment load in Cache But we didn’t know the other
Creek, where westslope cutthroat trout, a rare and native problems associated with this particular
Montana fish, zip through its waters. road until we saw the gate closure —
The USFS had removed 20 culverts and re-graded the and deep tire tracks — the next morn-
slopes to a stable angle. They wanted Wildlands CPR volun- ing. The wide berth around the gate
teers to re-establish vegetation on the disturbed soil, helping allowed a truck to drive easily around it,
reduce the erosion problem in Cache Creek. They also wanted splash through a water ditch on the
feedback on their restoration efforts, and were anxious for us uphill side, and thrash its way up the

4 The Road-RIPorter January/February 1998

road. “I knew we had an erosion problem weak gate closure also begged the
up here, but I didn’t know we had an question: Why was the Forest Service
access problem,” said Susan Lamont, the just partially closing the road (removing
USFS restoration project leader. “We the culverts) and not ripping it out
might be able to reduce the sediment entirely? You can’t drive on a road if
load in Cache Creek and help those there’s no road to drive on.
cutthroats,” she continued, “but we’re “I’ll get a fire crew up here tomor-
going to have a hard time keeping out row morning,” Lamont offered, “and
the ORV’s” (Off-Road Vehicles). have them down a couple of the trees in
As we walked up the road, the tire these thick stands on either side of the
tracks appeared again and again at the closure to shut-off access.” She took a
humped dirt water bars built to drain deep breath. “No guarantees, though.
water off the road. We arrived at the Some of these ORV’ers carry chain
primary work site, a particularly steep saws.” It seemed more was needed to
switchback with a stream running keep this road closed than a physical
through its high and low ends. The blockade.
culvert had been removed and the road Some of what is needed, says David
pulled back to resemble the original Brower, a long-time environmental
stream crossing, leaving bare earth activist and former president of the
exposed on the still steep banks down to Sierra Club, is “... to stir up good
the stream. The tire tracks showed the turmoil... and add enough to our
truck had U-turned here and headed humility to concede rights to other
back. It was an unfortunate example of species....”
how roads make interior forests vehicle- Road-rippers can engage in this
accessible (although these forests had creative commotion — this “good
previously been clear-cut), and cause turmoil” — by following the legislative
Blessing the newly installed erosion control
stream disruption and erosion. blanket. Photo by Tom Youngblood-Petersen.
and political road battles and writing
“Let’s hope they don’t return,” strong letters to legislators in support of
Lamont said, looking at the tracks, not road prevention and restoration. We
sounding too convinced of the possibil- can write newspaper editorials, letters-
ity. to-the-editor, op-eds, or news stories on
“In the meantime, here’s the plan,” roadless areas, the importance of wild
she continued. “Let’s spread grass seed places, and the need to limit motorized
over this disturbed area, rake it in, and recreation. We can photograph roadless
then lay straw erosion mats on the areas at risk and send copies to our
steeper slopes near the stream to help legislators (and Wildlands CPR!). And
hold the soil.” we can follow Daniel Patterson’s advice
The six of us worked with Lamont (in the July/August Road-RIPorter) and
and two other USFS workers all day, “I knew we had an implement spontaneous road-closures
scattering a native seed variety of during our wildland excursions, using a
Chinook Barley, Sherman Big Blue, erosion problem up here, shovel to block a user created road with
Pryor Slender, Native Western, and soil, boulders, logs, and other dead and
Bromar Mountain Brome. (Even so, but I didn’t know we downed plant materials.
these seeds weren’t necessarily endemic Tens of thousands of road miles
to this area, an important detail in seed had an access problem... now scar the Northern Rockies, and
selection we discussed.) We showed the hundreds of thousands slice across the
USFS how to transplant sedges, willows, we’re going to have U.S. and Canada, cutting through the
and wild purple coneflowers from homes of critters from invertebrates to
established, undisturbed areas around a hard time keeping out the big bears. But early that evening,
the site to the bare soils near the camped near trout-filled Cache Creek,
streams and seeps where the culverts the ORV’s.” we heard coyotes yapping, elk bugling,
had been pulled. We showed them how and we scoped the high avalanche
to re-seed with the grasses already chutes and forest edges where griz like
growing nearby. We sweated — a lot — — Susan Lamont, USFS to roam. Removing roads will keep them
on that hot August day. there.
After working most of the day at the
switchback, we walked back, re-seeding —Tom Youngblood-Petersen is
and transplanting along the water bars. Development Director for Wildlands CPR.
Back at the gate, we knew our day’s His writing has appeared in Camas: An
work would be futile if the closure Environmental Journal, Northern Lights,
wasn’t blocked more effectively. The and other magazines.

The Road-RIPorter January/February 1998 5

 Field Notes

Dr. Splatt The project has the following goals for students:

“Count two roadkills ¤ to use roadkill data to compare and contrast dead “roadents”
between the participating schools.
and call me in the morning” ¤ to understand the migratory patterns of different animals.
¤ to understand the reciprocal relationship effects between hu-
This version of Field Notes focuses on an innovative
mans and wildlife.
program centered in Derry, New Hampshire, where one insightful
and creative teacher has students throughout the country ¤ to recognize the animals in their particular area of study.
counting roadkills and learning all about habitat and wildlife in ¤ to predict which type of animal will be most and least killed
the process. We encourage you to photocopy this article and by motor vehicles.
pass it along to school teachers in your community who might ¤ to understand the habitats and ecological impacts of small
be interested in a new project for their students, one that’s and large mammals.
connected to similar projects throughout the country. ¤ to understand the geographical differences between states
as evidenced by roadkill.

D
erry, New Hampshire is home of
Pinkerton Academy and the Dr. Splatt and
illustrious Dr. Splatt (real name— other teachers help
Brewster Bartlett). Back in 1992, Bartlett their students
participated in a National Science collect and analyze
Foundation project to integrate the roadkill data. The
internet into science programs and get field season lasts
local school teachers working together from early March
through the web. Prior to coming up with to early May each
his roadkill project, Mr. Bartlett developed year (though some
an acid rain monitoring project and students do more
needed an additional hook to get students extensive studies).
Each student is
interested in using the internet. While driving to school one day,
given a road to
he passed some roadkill, and Dr. Splatt was born. Bartlett
watch on their way to and from school for this 8 week period.
contacted the NH Department of Fish and Game (NHDFG) and Every day they record the number and type of roadkill they see.
learned that the only roadkill they actually counted were moose, Once a week, participating schools send the information to
bear and deer. They just didn’t have the people power to count Splatt’s website database. Prior to the field season, the students
anything else. record data about their road, such as how many lanes it has, the
What Dr. Splatt had that the NHDFG didn’t was student speed of traffic, what types of habitat are adjacent to it, etc. They
power, and that student power has multiplied from Pinkerton are able to compare to previous years’ numbers and species
Academy to over 100 schools throughout the country (mostly in killed, looking for trends and determining what those might
the East). The roadkill program is an interdisciplinary project that represent. This led one student to question whether the change
incorporates science, math, geography, art and statistics. But more to/from daylight savings may have significant impacts on roadkill
than providing a fun way for students to learn the basics, it because of the dramatic change in traffic during rush hour, and
interests them in the natural world and the cycles of life, seasons, the difference that might make for animals that were crossing the
weather and habitat adjacent to roads. All these factors and more road during previously low-flow periods.
may lead to increases or decreases in roadkill. As Splatt says, the Students also communicate with other schools involved in
program is about the project. As the data is entered, they
increasing can look at the type of roadkill counted
awareness, not and determine what type of habitat exists
about being 100% near certain schools. An abundance of
scientifically rats, for example, might reflect surveys
accurate. A case in completed in an urban setting. Dr. Splatt
point might be the works with a database coordinator to keep
number of urps the data consistent and make sure it can
(“unidentified road be used effectively. If you are interested in
pizzas’) that have setting up a roadkill survey at your school,
been tallied. But at contact Dr. Splatt by e-mail at
least this allows all Bartlett@whale.simmons.edu. On the
roadkill to be adjacent page, we have included a sample
counted, regard- data sheet. For more information, check
less of whether out the very informative and interactive
website at http://earth.simmons.edu/
you can tell if it’s a
roadkill/roadkill.html
toad or a frog.
Photos by Mark Alan Wilson — see roadkill poem on p. 15

6 The Road-RIPorter January/February 1998

 RoadKill ‘97 Data Sheet
Date: ___________ ID#: __________
Lat: ______ ______ Temperature: _________
Long: ______ ______ Precipitation: _________
Lunar Phase: _________________________________

R OA
Remember . . . .
RESE DKILL
ARC
H
accuracy is very
important!

Copyright © 1997 Simmons College and others.

Paul D. Columbo, EnviroNet Network Director

The Road-RIPorter January/February 1998 7

 COLORADO,
Regional Reports & Alerts UPPER PIEDRA ROAD
San Juan National Forest
The Forest Service recently began
the analysis for the San Juan Forest Plan
revision, which will ultimately deter-
12 mine the fate of the Upper Piedra Road.
T- Colorado activists have attended
community meetings and raised public
interest in closing the road.
The conservation community has
drafted a “Citizen’s Alternative to the
Forest Plan” which would close an
additional 30 roads and provide a
broader vision of sustainable manage-
ment of the San Juan Ecosystem. The
road closures proposed by this plan
have been embraced by many, including
The logging trucks won’t be rolling in Vermont’s Lamb Brook roadless hunters and outfitters determined to
area anytime soon. Photo by Dan Funsch
keep ATVs and ORVs out of the Forest.

WHAT YOU CAN DO

VERMONT, LAMB BROOK ROADLESS AREA The Forest Service needs your
Decision to Build Roads and Clearcut Struck Down encouragement to close these roads. To
submit your comments or obtain a copy
by Second Circuit of the Forest Plan amendment, write to:

In a decision issued January 5th, the Lamb Brook is an ecological jewel, San Juan National Forest

-
US Second Circuit Court of Appeals critical to the survival of black bear, 701 Camino del Rio
ruled that a US Forest Service proposal interior dependent songbirds, and many Durango, CO 81301
to build roads and log in the 5,500 acre other species.
Lamb Brook Roadless Area, located in The project has been criticized by For more information contact:
Vermont’s Green Mountain National Vermont’s entire Congressional delega- San Juan Citizen’s Alliance
Forest, violated the National Environ- tion and the State’s wildlife biologist. 560 Clearview Road
mental Policy Act (NEPA). Plaintiffs in the lawsuit included Green Durango, CO 81301
The project had previously been Mountain Forest Watch, Conservation (970)259-6181
declared illegal by the Federal District Law Foundation, National Audubon
Court in Vermont two years ago (see The Society, Sierra Club, The Wilderness
RIPorter v1 #3, p. 7). That decision was Society, and the Vermont Audubon
appealed by the Forest Service, and was Council. The lawsuit was the first of its
heard by the Appeals Court last Febru- kind against the US Forest Service in
ary. In its decision, the Appeals Court New England’s history.
stated: “In sum, we agree that the Forest The ruling stopped short of being
Service violated NEPA by failing to precedent-setting for the entire 340,000
adequately consider all relevant environ- acre forest, and also held that District
mental factors prior to making its Court Judge Murtha overstepped his
finding of no significant impact....” This bounds when he ruled on the impacts of
led to a finding that the Forest Service’s the logging two years ago. Murtha had
decision was “arbitrary and capricious.” ruled that the impact of the project
The sale has been remanded back to the would be “arguably significant.”
agency for further analysis.
The lawsuit contested the agency’s Congratulations and thanks to Mathew
decision to construct and reconstruct Jacobson and all the members of Green
three miles of roads and log one of Mountain Forest Watch, which led the
southern Vermont’s most remote wild coalition of environmentalists who
forests, Lamb Brook. The area is located brought the suit.
on the Green Mountain National Forest,
southwest of Wilmington, VT. As one of
southern Vermont’s most remote areas,

Upper Piedra road in the San Juan Mountains.

Photo by Mark Alan Wilson.

8 The Road-RIPorter January/February 1998

S.W. OREGON, SCHOHEIM JEEP TRAIL
Cascade/Siskiyou Ecological Emphasis Area
The State of Oregon and Bureau of Land Management
(BLM) have formalized their plans for extending the Schoheim
Jeep Trail through the Cascade/Siskiyou Ecological Emphasis
Area and the citizen-backed Soda Mountain Wilderness
proposal.
Planning for the “Oregon Backcountry Discovery Route”
was farmed out to a private ORV contractor by the Oregon
Parks and Recreation Department. And despite Parks and Rec.
Coordinator Pete Bond’s assertion that: “From the beginning,
our intent has been not to conflict with existing or proposed
Wilderness areas,” all three options for the route would in fact
have direct and indirect impacts on proposed Wilderness.
The Northwest Forest Plan recognizes the importance of Proposed Soda Mountain Wilderness, threatened by the Schoheim Jeep
this area for biological connectivity, which would be jeopar- Trail. Photo by Dave Willis.
dized further by extending the trail. Furthermore, state ORV
tax dollars, the proposed source of funding for the project,
would be better spent decommissioning existing ORV trails
Write to:
Governor John Kitzhaber
-
and mitigating damage already caused by excessive ORV RE: PARKS/REC DEPT ORV DISCOVERY ROUTE
activity. 254 State Capitol
Salem, OR 97310
YOUR LETTERS ARE NEEDED
Please write to Oregon Governor Kitzhaber and tell him For more information contact:
that the Soda Mountain Proposed Wilderness and Cascade- Soda Mountain Wilderness Council
12
Siskiyou Ecological Emphasis Area are NO place for a state- PO Box 512
Ashland, OR 97520
T-
sponsored ORV route.
(541)482-9191

W. VIRGINIA, CORRIDOR H 41 streams, and two Civil War battlefields. Projected traffic
levels are far short of the 10,000 vehicles per day engineers
Proposed 4 lane highway say would justify a new four-lane. Meanwhile, existing roads
are deteriorating. A Federal Highway study found that 45% of
Corridor H, the $1 billion “road to nowhere” across the West Virginia’s bridges are deficient.
Potomac Highlands of West Virginia, is still largely unfunded, The State of Virginia, citing the cost and local community
as Congress did not pass a five-year transportation bill in opposition, has refused to build its portion of Corridor H,
1997. The battle resumes in March, when Senator Robert C. which was to connect to I-81. ABC TV’s “It’s Your Money,” the
Byrd (D-WV) will try to corral $2 billion in Appalachian Boston Globe and other national media have dubbed Corridor
Corridor funds. H a “road to nowhere.” The road has been panned as “pork
Road backers say Corridor H is needed to promote barrel” by Citizens Against Government Waste and Taxpayers
economic development, while opponents say it is destructive for Common Sense. Corporate welfare would benefit road
and unnecessary. The road would cross two national forests, contractors, ski resorts, timber haulers, and the poultry
industry.
Corridor H opponents will appeal a lower court decision
which let highway agencies off the hook for failing to do
historical studies or consider alternatives to the major four-
lane. In the appeal, Corridor H Alternatives (CHA) will be
joined by over a dozen environmental and community groups
and several national groups (Scenic America, Friends of the
Earth, Save America’s Forests, the American Civil War Associa-
tion, and Taxpayers for Common Sense). CHA favors passing
lanes, slightly wider pavement, and straightening dangerous
curves to improve traffic flow and safety on existing roads.
The appeal hearing is expected this spring in federal appeals
court in Washington, D.C.

For more information contact:

Corridor H Alternatives
12
T-
PO Box 11
Kerens, WV 26276
We Hope! Photo by Bethanie Walder. (304)636-4522

The Road-RIPorter January/February 1998 9

 Regional Reports, cont’d
IDAHO, NORTH FORK BOISE RIVER
Roads Smothering Bull Trout?
The North Fork of the Boise River, in central Idaho, is
well-known to locals as a place to connect with nature and
escape the hubbub of downtown Boise. Historically, the waters
have provided habitat for bull trout. Scenic canyons give
boaters a range of options from flat to whitewater, and
ponderosa pine forests filter the abundant sunlight into warm
hues of vanilla-scented green.
A pair of field researchers from the Bozeman, MT-based
Predator Project devoted two weeks in 1997 to roam the North
Landslides and road washouts like this one are, unfortunately, a common
Fork Boise River basin for a different reason: to document the sight in the North Fork of the Boise River drainage. Photo by Dave Havlick.
total road density in the lower basin by systematically driving,
bicycling, or hiking every road that could be found.
The point? Bull trout are gone from all the lower tributar- While the Key Watersheds report acknowledges that roads
ies of the North Fork of the Boise, and the North Fork itself no can lead to increased sedimentation and loss of aquatic
longer has resident populations. With salvage logging continu- habitat, the document fails to call for any road-related restora-
ing in the heavily roaded basin, numerous landslides and road tion actions beyond fixing a handful of culverts to permit fish
failures, and a river channel that is visibly plagued with passage. The report concludes that “the Boise River key
sandbars, sediment-filled pools and cloudy water, the North watersheds are in good shape and have considerable potential
Fork of the Boise is a victim of excessive road densities and for recovery of complex interacting groups of bull trout.”
aquatic damage caused by roads.
Predator Project’s “Roads Scholars” inventoried 119 WHAT YOU CAN DO
square miles of the watershed. The analysis area, just over half The State of Idaho failed to invite public comment on the
of the entire watershed, had a total road density of an alarm- draft Key Watersheds report, so we’ll extend the offer that they
ing 3.9 miles/square mile (elk habitat effectiveness falls to neglected. Write to:
50% with road densities of 2 miles/square mile). Not only are Division of Environmental Quality
there a lot of roads, but the region’s granitic soils do not lend
themselves to staying in place. The researchers also docu-
Attn: Southwest Fish W.A.G.
1445 North Orchard
-
mented twenty-five significant erosion events, such as road Boise, ID 83706-2239
failures, blown culverts, and road surface sloughing.
The North Fork and the rest of the Boise River watershed Request a copy of the draft Key Watersheds report, and be
currently is the subject of some attention. Idaho released a sure to let them know that high road densities damage fish
draft of its “Boise River Key Watersheds Bull Trout Problem habitat. For more information or results from Predator
Assessment” in October, 1997. The State intends to use this Project’s watershed inventory, email predproj@avicom.net or
document as part of its conservation plan to recover bull trout. call (406)543-8424.
(The US Fish and Wildlife Service has been court-ordered to
consider the bull trout for listing under the Endangered ED NOTE: The two field researchers were none other than
Species Act; and the State of Idaho would like to avoid a Road-RIPorter editors past and present, Dave Havlick and Dan
federally-mandated recovery.) Funsch.

FLORIDA, I-75 AND US 41

Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve
Road-watchers are pushing for measures to lessen the There is some good news for south Florida and the
impact of US 41 on wildlife habitat and security in the south- critically endangered Florida panther. Big Cypress Preserve has
ern portion of the Everglades and Big Cypress Preserve. One taken steps to minimize the impact of roads on panther
measure would raise the highway to facilitate natural hydro- movement. The Preserve constructed 36 panther underpasses
logic processes and animal movements, and another would (costing nearly $1 million apiece) under I-75. The success of
place extra culverts under the highway. Unfortunately, the this program (not a panther mortality on I-75 since), has led to
high cost of these measures makes their adoption unlikely. additional underpasses being considered for State Road 29.
The Florida Biodiversity Project is negotiating a legal
settlement over two recreational access points that proliferate For more information contact:
ORV usage off of I-75. The Army Corps of Engineers has Florida Biodiversity Project
12
drafted an EIS on the ORV management plan, and is soliciting
further public comment on these controversial access points.
1060 Tyler Street
Hollywood, FL 33019
T-

10 The Road-RIPorter January/February 1998

 Glossary of National Forest Road Definitions

M
any Road-RIPorter readers have written or called seeking information about the different types of
road designations used by the Forest Service. What does the Agency mean when it talks about
system vs. non-system roads? What is the difference between temporary and long-term roads?
This glossary will give you answers to some of your questions. (In the next issue of The RIPorter we will
discuss temporary roads specifically.) Definitions in quotations are from the USDA Forest Service Handbook
7709.54 Forest Transportation Terminology Handbook which expired in 1992. However, FSM 7700 currently is
being revised. The revisions will include definitions from the old handbook plus new definitions, such as road
decommissioning or obliteration. The revision isn’t final, but is expected in 1998. Definitions with (R1) in
parentheses are specific to Region One of the Forest Service. These same concepts might be addressed by
different terms in other regions— please check with your own regional office.

Road — “a general term denoting a way for purposes was constructed is completed, and the occupied land is
of travel by vehicles greater than 50" in width.” It does reclaimed and managed for natural resource purposes.”
not include trails which are operated and maintained
under the trail classification. NOTE: This definition is Activities
used to identify roads (e.g. user-created, temporary) on
the ground. New road construction — “The investment in
construction of a road to provide access that adds new
Ownership/Jurisdiction miles of road to the transportation system.”
Forest development roads are not public roads (FSM
7705) in the same sense as roads that are under the Road maintenance — “Expenditures in the minor
jurisdiction of public road agencies, such as states or restoration and upkeep of a road necessary to retain the
counties. ...(T)hey are authorized only for the administra- road’s approved traffic service level.” (Replacements of
tion and utilization of National Forest System lands. existing structures, such as culverts or bridges is consid-
ered maintenance, while increasing culvert size or
Forest road — “A road wholly or partly within, or improving a bridge would be considered “betterment.”)
adjacent to, and serving the National Forest System and
necessary for the protection, administration, and use of Road reconstruction — “The investment in con-
the National Forest System and the use and development struction activity that results in betterment, restoration
of its resources.” or in the realignment of a road as defined below:
1. Realignment: Investment in construction activity
Forest development road — “A ‘forest road’ under that results in the new location of an existing road or
the jurisdiction of the Forest Service.” portions thereof;
2. Betterment: Investment in construction activity
System road — Same definition as forest develop- that raises the traffic service level of a road or improves
ment road. its safety or operating efficiency;
3. Restoration: Investment in construction activity
Non-system road — Forest roads not under the required to rebuild a road to its approved traffic service
jurisdiction of the Forest Service. (This term is used in level.”
Region One and also may be used in other regions.)
Contracts
Historical road — A former forest road that is no
longer used. (R1) Specified road — Roads authorized for a specific
resource need (e.g. logging, mining, grazing). This term
Service Life can be applied to constant, intermittent or short-term
roads.
Constant service (long-term road) — “A long-term
facility developed and operated for continuous or annual Temporary road — Roads constructed for specific
recurrent service.” resource needs, but not intended to be part of the
permanent transportation system. Temporary roads are
Intermittent road — “A road developed and operated most often constructed by timber contractors for remov-
for periodic service and closed for more than one year ing timber. Temporary roads are required to be reveg-
between periods of use.” The road can be stored for etated within 10 years of completion of their use. Tem-
future use by removing culverts and improving drainage porary roads can remain active for upwards of 5 years as
so the road causes minimal damage to watershed/ part of timber sales. Temporary roads are not invento-
ecosystem health until it is reconstructed. ried or considered a part of the transportation system.
There are no design standards for temporary roads other
Short-term road — “A facility developed and oper- than location and clearing width and State best manage-
ated for a limited period of time which will cease to exist ment practices (where they exist), unless the road is
as a transportation facility after the purpose for which it classified as a specified short-term road.

The Road-RIPorter January/February 1998 11

 Bibliography Notes
Bibliography Notes summarizes and highlights some of the
scientific literature in our 6,000 citation bibliography on the ecological
effects of roads. We offer bibliography searches to help activists access
important biological research relevant to roads. We keep copies of most
articles cited in Bibliography Notes in our office library.

Roads and Exotic Plants,

Pests and Pathogens
by Erin Ebersberger Fragile
wildflowers are

A
n exotic “invader” is defined as often displaced
any organism that is able to by intrusive
colonize and persist in an area exotic species.
where it has never existed before
(Mooney and Drake 1986). Exotic Photo by
species of plants, pests and pathogens Mark Alan Wilson.
are a serious threat to native ecosystems
(Liebhold et al. 1995, Vitousek et al.
1996). Invasions by exotic species can variety of host trees, especially in the eastern United States
reduce biodiversity, spread disease and (Liebhold et al. 1995). Exotic pathogens also are a problem.
alter ecosystem processes. They also can For example, Port-Orford cedar root rot (Chamaecyparis
destroy wildlife habitat and damage lawsonia) is a soil-borne disease that is known to spread by
agricultural crops, rangelands, forests movement of soil infected with the fungus (Castello et al.
and wildlands (Vitousek et al. 1996). 1995, Perry 1988). The disease often spreads with the
The continuing establishment and construction of wildland roads.
spread of exotic species has severe
ecological and economic impacts. Exotic Invasions and Disturbance
Roads provide access for the dispersal It is widely accepted that invasions by exotic organisms
and introduction of exotics. Ecosystem are facilitated by disturbance (Elton 1958, Mooney and Drake
disturbance caused by road building 1986). Pickett and White (1985) define disturbance as “any
provides a perfect ecological climate for relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem,
the establishment of invasive species. community or population structure and changes resources
Once an exotic organism takes hold in substrate availability, or the physical environment.” Grime
an area, the options for control are often (1979) views disturbance as any process that removes or
costly, dangerous and ineffective. To damages biomass. Those involved in the debate on defining
stop the arrival, establishment and disturbance seem to agree that it is a discrete event that
spread of exotics, preventing invasions is changes the conditions in an ecosystem. According to these
important. Limiting the construction of definitions, roads are clearly a form of human caused ecosys-
roads into undisturbed ecosystems is tem disturbance. The disturbance caused by roads allows
effective in preventing further invasion. exotic invaders access to undisturbed ecosystems.

Damaging Effects of Roads and Exotic Plants

Invaders Roads foster the entry of exotic plants by providing access
In the realm of exotic plants, for dispersal through human activities. Vehicles and machin-
St. Johnswort,
Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) ery are major transport mechanisms that spread exotic plants.
Hypericum
has a severe effect on the grasslands of When a vehicle drives through a weed infested area, seeds,
perferatum L.
the intermountain west. Knapweed spores or vegetative parts may become lodged in the tire treads
This invasive
crowds out the native grasses, damages and undercarriage. They can travel for miles before becoming
species is also
wildlife habitat and cattle rangelands, dislodged in uninfested areas (BLM 1993, Cale and Hobbs,
valued for
and contributes to erosion (Lazell 1989, Sheley et al. 1997). For example, the arrival of Tansy Ragwort
its medicinal
Lacey et al. 1997). Knapweed spreads, (Senecio jacobaea) in Montana is directly attributed to seeds
properties.
in large part, via movement of seeds on moving in on logging equipment from Oregon (Kollmeyer
vehicles along roadways. 1997). Tansy Ragwort is a noxious Eurasian weed that is toxic
Perhaps the most well known exotic to livestock, and can outcompete native vegetation. Tansy
pest, the Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar), thrives in grasslands and disturbed sites, including the com-
has caused massive defoliation of a pacted soil of roadbeds (Kollmeyer 1997).

12 The Road-RIPorter January/February 1998

 Soil disturbance plays a major role in the spread of exotic what can be done. The traditional approach to invasions is
plants (Elton 1958, Mooney and Drake 1986, Hobbs and retrospective, focusing on control methods, including chemical
Huenneke 1992, Pickett and White 1985). Soil disturbance pesticides, herbicides and biological methods.
caused by road building changes the microclimate of the area, The damaging effects of exotics on ecosystems are clear,
allowing opportunistic exotic plants the opportunity to but the focus on control rather than prevention exacerbates
colonize. Several studies have focused on experimental soil the problem. Managing an area to prevent further disturbance
disturbance (Kotanen 1997, Zink 1996). Both studies found would be most effective in stopping the spread of exotics. This
that when soil was excavated and biomass removed, exotic would include a policy to prevent new road construction in
plant species colonized quickly and completely, outcompeting undisturbed areas. The ecological costs are too high to allow
native vegetation. Johnstone (1986) asserts that plant invasion exotics to spread. Preventing invasions by leaving areas
is caused by removing a barrier that previously excluded a undisturbed is a viable, yet rarely considered alternative.
plant from a site. An exotic seed or propagule can “wait” as a
dormant seed or suppressed seedling until some disturbance Erin Ebersberger is a graduate student in Environmental Studies
destroys its at the University of Montana.
competitors.
Roads clearly
Roads provide access for remove barriers Bibliography
(vegetation/ Bureau of Land Management Publication. 1993. Noxious
the dispersal and biomass) that Weeds: A Growing Concern.
introduction of exotics. exclude plants Cale, P. and R. Hobbs. 1991. Nature Conservation 2: The Role
from a site. of Corridors. Saunders, D.A. and R. J. Hobbs eds. Surrey
Beatty, New South Wales, Australia.
Castello, J.D., D.J. Leopold and P.J. Smallidge. 1995.
Roads and Exotic Pests and Pathogens Pathogens, Patterns and Processes in Forest Ecosystems.
Bioscience, v. 45.
Roads facilitate invasions by exotic pests and pathogens.
Dobson, A.P. and R.M. May. 1986. Patterns of Invasions by
As with exotic plants, ecosystem disturbance can cause
Pathogens and Parasites. The Ecology of Biological
“outbreaks” of exotic pests and pathogens. For example, an
Invasions of North America and Hawaii. 1986. Springer-
exotic species may be present at low levels and not drastically
Verlag, New York.
impact the ecosystem. With human disturbance, outbreaks can
Grime, J.P. 1979. Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes.
occur where one or two species rise to higher levels of
Wiley, New York.
abundance than in undisturbed areas (Dobson and May 1986).
Hobbs, R.J. and L.F. Huenneke. 1992. Disturbance, diversity
Roads change the microclimate of the area, causing
and invasion: implications for conservation. Conservation
outbreaks that can have serious ecological implications. Roads
Biology, 5: 324-333.
also provide access for intentional or unintentional human
Johnstone, I.M. 1986. Plant invasion windows: a time based
introduction of exotics. One common method for human
classification of invasion potential. Biological Reviews, 61:
transport is in the soil of diseased nursery stock (Liebhold et al
369-394.
1995). Exotics also can vector each other, causing additional
Kollmeyer, J. 1997. Tansy Ragwort control project: Proposed
invasions (Lazell
action plan. U.S. Forest Service. Flathead National Forest,
1989). For
MT.
example, an
Kotanen, P.N.M. 1997. Effects of experimental soil disturbance
invading pest
on revegetation by natives and exotics in coastal California
might be the
meadows. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34: 631-644.
vector, or means
Lacey, C.A., J.R. Lacey, P.K. Fay, J.M. Story and D.L. Zamora.
of transport for an
1997. Controlling Knapweed on Montana Rangeland.
exotic pathogen.
Montana State University Extension Service C.311.
There even are
Lazell, J. 1991. The evils of exotics. Sanctuary, 31 (1).
soil-borne
Liebhold, A.M., W.L. MacDonald, D. Bergdahl and V.C. Mastro.
pathogens, like
1995. Invasion by exotic forest pests: A threat to forest
Port-Orford cedar
ecosystems. Forest Science Monograph.
root rot, which
Mooney, H.A. and J.A. Drake, (eds.). 1986. Ecology of
can be spread
Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii.
directly by road
Springer-Verlag, New York.
construction (Cale
Perry, D.A. 1988. Landscape patterns and forest pests. The
and Hobbs 1991). The infamous Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea Northwest Environmental Journal, 4.
maculosa). Pickett, S.T.A. and P.S. White. 1985. The Ecology of Natural
Conclusion Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press, Inc.,
It is important to note that much of the literature on Florida.
invasions and ecosystem disturbance does not mention roads Sheley, R., M. Manoukian and G. Marks. 1997. Preventing
directly. The information can be applied to roads, but few Noxious Weed Invasion. Montana State University
studies were designed specifically to study the effects of roads. Extension, MT 9517.
More studies need to be conducted. The literature acknowl- Zink, T.A. M.F. Allen, B. Heindl-Tenhunen, and E.B. Allen. 1996.
edges that roads contribute to the spread of exotics in a The effect of a disturbance corridor on an ecological
“matter of fact” way, but does not provide suggestions about reserve. Restoration Ecology, 3 (4): 304-310.

The Road-RIPorter January/February 1998 13

 Ask Dr. Roads
Send questions to:
Ask Dr. Roads, c/o
Dear Dr. Roads, Wildlands CPR
Why build a road along a pristine river, when PO Box 7516
Missoula, MT 59807
by doing so you increase your risk of drowning? or
— B. Trout, Whitefish, MT wildlandsCPR@wildrockies.org

Only an arrogant bureaucrat would even consider it. Some

uncaring cretin with a bulldozer, tax exempt diesel fuel, a barf
green shirt and a bottom line attitude. If you or I put our kid in
that kind of risk, the powers that be would take the little ankle-
biter in a minute and leave its mother with no one to run to the
store for cigars and beer. But if the USFS builds a road next to a
river and imperils thousands of innocent “forest visitors” they get “Kids today know what’s what and they know when they are
candy, cookies and other goodies from fat people that are too naughty or nice” (S. Clause). Accept that your precious brat is a
lazy to get off their spreaders and on to their feet. What amazes product of your YUPPIE lifestyle and prescription drug abuse and
me is that these are the same fat people that will be the first to go be happy. Be open and honest with her and she will tell you when
when the damn road falls in the river and they take the (Pontiac) she feels the need to express her rage.
plunge. It makes the old doc sick to think that we continue to 2) Close the road and force she and her friend/s (as the case
spend tax dollars on the construction of these riparian death may be) onto more open county roads or into dark alleys in town.
traps while at the same time asking the Red Cross to hold a bake Note: do not let her know you have done this (see above).
sale to pay for swimming lessons. These are sad times. 3) Trundle her away to an all-girls school in Topeka where
they have no FS roads.
P.S. Pristine is only a state of mind. A social construct. Native — D. Roads, MSW
people were driving their 4x4’s through here before Columbus so
get off your eco-elitist high horse.
— D. Roads, MLA Dear Dr. Roads,
I’ve heard that both cows and cowbirds use roads
Dear Dr. Roads, to get into the forest. Which one is better/worse?
Why can’t we build a few more roads on our — R. McDonald, San Juan, Costa Rica
national forest even though we don’t need them? BOTH ARE WORSE THAN BETTER. Imagine cow bird
— Fred E. Bilder, Washington, DC collisions. The stinking little invaders muck up your windows and
leave cowbird piles on your tent. This of course is in contrast to a
We can’t because Dr. Roads says so. And Dr. Roads does not cow that leaves cow pies on the trail. I would recommend that we
like to have to tell smokey the jokey and woodsy the wimp more try to keep these creatures in their place. There is nothing worse
than once. Got it? Once again you qualify your question with than an uppity cow bird. If you can eliminate cow birds, you will
some namby-pamby mush word like “need.” What is with you eliminate cows. That’s my take on it.
people? Of course we “need” more roads — just ask the nearest — D. Roads, BS
forest supervisor or engineer. Roads allow access to our land so
all the people can drive all their cars and trucks out to the forest
products display and enjoy the peace and tranquillity offered by Dear Dr. Roads,
the working forest. They allow for bigger budgets and more What type of road was Jack Keroac on?
employment. Are you for skyrocketing unemployment? Are you
against jobs? Are you anti-American? I didn’t think so. God Bless. – H. Thompson, Haight & Ashbury, San Francisco, CA
— D. Roads, MA First let me say I knew Jack Keroac and you are no Jack
Keroac. I know this may come as a shock, but Jack was not on
any road. Jack was on various pharmaceuticals and hallucino-
Dear Dr. Roads, genic native biota. He was often under the impression that he was
I’m afraid my teenage daughter is going off on the road but he was really in a studio in Hollywood. There are
onto FS roads to neck. What should I do? roads in studios in Hollywood and they tend to be paved in gold.
Ha, only kidding. The roads in Hollywood are no damn different
— N. Nelly, Virgin, UT than the roads in Tucson or Missoula. They are smelly, black tar
that leaks all kinds of chemical mush into the LA River by way of
Necking is dangerous. Look what happened to Big Nose Bill. university parking lots. Jack always said that he wished he could
You should tell her to “just say no.” If that doesn’t work you can have spent time on forest roads but there just weren’t that many
always have her pierce her lip with a horseshoe. Now, as for the in them daze. Today with our present forest policy, any young
road, there are several ways to view this unfortunate intrusion. Keroac hack can spend the next five life times walking forest
1) At least you know where she is. Ask the Forest Service for roads. Provided he/she proves his/her worth and doesn’t spend
a map of their roads and then you can spend the next four years too much time practicing their dharma and not watching for the
trying to find these same roads on the ground. By that time your rednecks in their oft pathetic CARma (sic). Put that in your pipe
daughter will be away at college and out from under your and smoke it.
obviously overfed paranoia and totally weird guilt trip. Lay off.
— D. Roads, MS, pending
 Join Wildlands CPR Today!
Membership benefits both you and Wildlands CPR. You
lend your support to our efforts, giving us more leverage in sub-
mitting comments, filing lawsuits, and creating pressure to pre-
vent and close roads on public lands. In addition, your financial
support helps us to continue providing information and re-
My Friend sources to activists throughout North America.

As a Wildlands CPR member, you'll have better access to

I stopped to help a friend today these resources, because you’ll receive:
He could no longer ❇ Our bimonthly newsletter, The Road-RIPorter.
help himself ❇ 10 free bibliography searches per year.
❇ National support for your campaign through our newsletter
He lay quiet in man’s path, and alerts.
asleep forever ❇ Access to activist tools and public education materials.
❇ Connections with groups working on similar issues, and net-
A tear came in lifting the works with experienced road-fighting activists, lawyers and
once warm body scientists.
❇ Discounts on Wildlands CPR publications.
Thinking it as my own
He rests now, under a tree, Wildlands CPR Publications:
Road-Ripper's Handbook ($15.00, $25 non-members)) —A
where he dwelt comprehensive activist manual that includes the four Guides
Without sign nor chatter, listed below, plus The Ecological Effects of Roads, Gather-
ing Information with the Freedom of Information Act, and
he was there more!
Road-Ripper's Guide to the National Forests ($4, $7 non-mem-
Watching from the other side.... bers) —By Keith Hammer. How-to procedures for getting
Roadkill roads closed and revegetated, descriptions of environmen-
tal laws, road density standards & Forest Service road poli-
cies.
Jeff Striebel, Midland, MI Road-Ripper's Guide to the National Parks ($4, $7 non-mem-
bers) —By David Bahr & Aron Yarmo. Provides background
on the National Park System and its use of roads, and out-
lines how activists can get involved in NPS planning.
Road-Ripper's Guide to Off-Road Vehicles ($4, $7 non-mem-
bers) —By Dan Wright. A comprehensive guide to reducing
the use and abuse of ORVs on public lands. Includes an ex-
tensive bibliography.
Road-Ripper's Guide to the BLM ($4, $7 non-members) —By
Dan Stotter. Provides an overview of road-related land and
resource laws, and detailed discussions for participating in
BLM decision-making processes.

Join Wildlands CPR Today!

____$30 Standard Name:__________________________________________________
____$15 Low Income
____$50 Friend
____$200 Supporter Organization:____________________________________________
____$500 Sponsor
____Other: $____________ Address:________________________________________________
____$15 ($25 non-members)
Handbook (includes all 4 guides)
City/State/Zip:___________________________________________
____$4/Guide ($7 non-members)
- circle your choices BLM, ORV, NF, NP Phone/Fax/e-mail:________________________________________
____Total enclosed $______________ ________________________________________________________
Visions...

Non-profit Organization
US POSTAGE
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MISSOULA, MT 59801
PERMIT NO. 569

Wildlands Center for Preventing Roads

P.O. Box 7516
Missoula, MT 59807

“I have always thought that the

substitution of the internal combustion
machine for the horse marked a very
gloomy milestone in the progress of
mankind.” -Winston Churchill