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    Leveling Methods

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    Adonis C. Bibat
    A surveying instrument is used to measure the positional relationship between two points on terrain. A level measures elevation differences using a telescope and leveling rod. A theodolite measures horizontal and vertical angles, while a total station can measure angles and distances. Differential leveling uses a level to determine unknown elevations by measuring the vertical distance between points of known and unknown elevation. Key terms include bench mark, backsight, foresight, height of instrument, and arithmetic checks to verify accuracy.

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    Leveling Methods

    Uploaded by

    Adonis C. Bibat
    158 views12 pages
    A surveying instrument is used to measure the positional relationship between two points on terrain. A level measures elevation differences using a telescope and leveling rod. A theodolite measures horizontal and vertical angles, while a total station can measure angles and distances. Differential leveling uses a level to determine unknown elevations by measuring the vertical distance between points of known and unknown elevation. Key terms include bench mark, backsight, foresight, height of instrument, and arithmetic checks to verify accuracy.

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    A surveying instrument is used to measure the positional relationship between two points on terrain. A level measures elevation differences using a telescope and leveling rod. A theodolite measures horizontal and vertical angles, while a total station can measure angles and distances. Differential leveling uses a level to determine unknown elevations by measuring the vertical distance between points of known and unknown elevation. Key terms include bench mark, backsight, foresight, height of instrument, and arithmetic checks to verify accuracy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    158 views12 pages

    Leveling Methods

    Uploaded by

    Adonis C. Bibat
    A surveying instrument is used to measure the positional relationship between two points on terrain. A level measures elevation differences using a telescope and leveling rod. A theodolite measures horizontal and vertical angles, while a total station can measure angles and distances. Differential leveling uses a level to determine unknown elevations by measuring the vertical distance between points of known and unknown elevation. Key terms include bench mark, backsight, foresight, height of instrument, and arithmetic checks to verify accuracy.

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    A surveying instrument is an instrument for

    measuring the positional relationship between


    two points on a terrain. An instrument that
    measures differences in elevation (a leveling
    instrument) is known as a "level," while an
    instrument that measures horizontal and
    vertical angles (an angular-measurement
    instrument) is known as a "theodolite." An
    enhanced version of the theodolite is the "total
    station," which can measure angles and
    distance.
    A level consists of a telescope for looking at a
    leveling rod, which is a kind of ruler, and a
    pedestal for rotating the telescope horizontally.
    The compensator type, automatic
    (engineer) level is made by various
    manufacturers, and is a precision, self-leveling
    instrument, equipped with a built-in
    compensator that automatically maintains a
    horizontal line of sight and has a telescope
    with approximately 30-power magnification.
    The level mounts on a standard surveying
    tripod, or a fixed-leg tripod for more precise
    leveling.
    Differential leveling is the process of measuring vertical
    distances from a known elevation point to determine
    elevations of unknown points. The most common
    methods to determine elevation are through the use of:
    1) a compensator type, automatic (engineering level)
    and level rod(s),
    2) an electronic digital barcode leveling instrument with
    barcode rod.
    A thorough knowledge of leveling principles and
    proper application of methods and equipment will
    prevent costly delays and generate the needed results
    and accuracy.
    The method in the figure above uses the
    difference in elevation between a known
    elevation and the height of the instrument, and
    then the difference in elevation from the height
    of instrument to an unknown elevation point.
    Key definitions:
    1. Bench Mark (BM) a definite point on an
    object of known elevation which serves as
    reference for leveling work. Their elevations
    are established by differential leveling.
    2. Backsight (BS) a rod reading taken on a
    point of known elevation and, is often
    referred to as a plus (+) sight.
    3. Foresight (FS) a minus (-) sight or a rod
    reading taken on a point the elevation of
    which is to be determined
    4. Turning Point (TP) an intervening point
    between two bench marks upon which point
    foresight and backsight rod readings are taken.
    5. Height of Instrument (HI) the height of
    instrument is the elevation of the line of sight
    of the telescope above a reference datum
    when the instrument is set-up and leveled.
    6. Elevation the vertical distance above or
    below some arbitrarily assumed level surface
    or datum (usually mean sea level).
    In differential leveling, the following two
    equations are repeatedly used
    HI = Elev + BS
    Elev = HI FS
    Where:
    HI = height of instrument above a reference
    datum
    BS = backsight reading on the rod (or plus sights)
    FS = foresight reading on the rod (or minus sights)
    Elev = elevation above a reference datum of a
    point sighted
    ARITHMETIC CHECK
    TO CHECK THE ACCURACY OF THE
    ARITHMETICAL COMPUTATIONS, ADD ALL
    BACKSIGHTS AS WELL AS ALL THE FORESIGHTS.
    THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO SUMS
    MUST BE EQUAL TO THE DIFFERENCE IN
    ELEVATION BETWEEN THE INITIAL AND FINAL
    POINTS OF THE LEVEL LINE.
    SAMPLE. Complete the differential level notes
    shown below and perform the customary
    arithmetic check.
    Level Notes from BM1 to BM4:
    STA BS HI FS ELEV
    BM1 1.256 127.133 m
    TP1 1.116 1.886
    TP2 1.228 1.527
    BM2 1.189 2.246
    BM3 1.070 2.017
    TP3 1.831 2.656
    BM4 2.765

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